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140 results for “N2O”
Mean age of air anomaly derived from ACE-FTS N2O
<p>The deseasonalized mean age of air (AoA) anomaly is derived using N2O observations from ACE-FTS and simulations of N2O and AoA from CLaMS. Results are provided as a monthly zonal mean in 10 degree latitude bins and on 19 pressure levels ranging from 100 hPa to 3.162 hPa. Four different versions of the AoA are provided, each using CLaMS simulations that were forced with a different reanalysis (ERA5, MERRA-2, JRA-55, ERA-Interim). AoA based on ERA5 is available from 2004/2 to 2021/12. AoA based on the other reanalyses is available from 2004/2 to 2017/12.</p>
Differential elastic and ionization cross sections of electron - N2O scattering in the energy range 30 - 800 eV
<h2>Datasets on the electron- elastic and electron-impact ionization cross sections of N2O</h2> <h3>Elastic Cross Sections</h3> <p>Elastic differential (DCS) as well as integral (ICS) and momentum transfer (MTCS) cross sections are given in the energy range 30-800eV and angular range 20°-150° (experimental), 0°-20° and 155°-180° (extrapolated experimental data using the IAM-SCAR+I model)</p> <h3>Ionization Cross Sections</h3> <p>Doubly differential electron-impact ionization cross sections (DDCS) are given for primary energies T=30-800 eV and secondary energies up to (T-I)/2, where I is the ionization threshold. The angular range of the measurements is 30°-150°.</p> <p>The singly differential cross sections (SDCS) and total ionization cross sections (TICS) were numerically integrated from the DDCS.</p> <p> </p> <p>Additional Information can be found in the README.</p>
Including non-growing season emissions of N2O in US maize could raise net CO2e emissions 31% annually: Code and supporting data
<p>Buma B. 2024. <em>"Including non-growing season emissions of N2O in US maize could raise net CO2e emissions 31% annually," </em>Agriculture and Environmental Letters.</p> <p>Code, county level nitrogen application data, and maize off-season emission factor ratio. For the citations for both the county level data and the maize data, see the manuscript. Both datasets are also publicly available from their respective citations, but included here for ease of review.</p>
Soil and understory CO2 respiration, CH4, and N2O fluxes, tree biomass and litter, and soil carbon stock after a long-term N fertilization of a Scots pine forest in Finland
<p>Data of forest soil respiration, soil and undestory respiration, CH4, and N2O fluxes, soil temperature and volumetric water content (Data_Karstula_GHG_temp.swc.csv), continuous soil temperature and moisture data (Data_Karstula_measured_temperature_2021_2023.csv, Data_Karstula_measured_moisture_2021_2023.csv), forest biomass and litter (Data_Karstula_total_biomass_litter.csv, Data_Karstula_measured_litter_2021_2023.csv), and soil C stocks (Data_Karstula_soc.csv) from the boreal Scots pine forest site Karstula after a long-term N fertilization in Finland (62°54'43.343"N; 24°34'16.021"E).</p> <p>The dataset is used for the publication "Tupek et al. : <strong>Lower sensitivity of microbial respiration to soil moisture after long-term N fertilization increases soil carbon retention in a Scots pine forest</strong>. 2024".</p>
N2O and CH4 fluxes/concentrations reported in Krauss et al. 2017
<p>The two data sheets:</p> <p>A) Kraussetal_2017_N2O-CH4_Gas_concentration_per_Sampling</p> <p>B) Kraussetal_2017_N2O-CH4_Fluxes</p> <p>contain greenhouse gas concentrations and fluxes published in</p> <p>Krauss, M., Ruser, R., Müller, T., Hansen, S., Mäder, P., Gattinger, A. (2017) Impact of reduced tillage on greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon stocks in an organic grass-clover ley - winter wheat cropping sequence. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 239, p. 324-333</p> <p>Detailed description about the sampling campaign, the trial and the calculation procedures can be found in the publication. Details about the data structure can be found in a README sheet in the data file.</p>
Data-set of the partial pressure of CO2, dissolved concentrations of CH4, N2O, NO3-, NO2- and NH4+, specific conductivity and water temperature in the rivers and streams of the Napo River basin in Ecuador (2018, 2019, 2020, 2021)
<p>Data-set consists of two files:</p> <p>- data_ghgs.xlsx : Time-stamped and georeferenced data-set of the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2 in ppm), dissolved CH4 concentration (CH4 in nmol/L), dissolved N2O concentration (N2O in nmol/L), specific (Sp.) conductivity (in µS/cm), water temperature (in °C), dissolved nitrate concentration (NO3- in µmol/L), dissolved nitrite concentration (NO2- in µmol/L), and dissolved ammonia concentration (NH4+ in µmol/L) in the rivers and streams of the Napo River basin in Ecuador (October 2018 and 2019, January 2019 and 2020, April 2019 and 2021, July 2019 and 2020). Gas measurements were made by headspace equilibration directly in the field with a infra-red gas analyser for CO2 and in the lab with a gas chromatograph for CH4 and N2O. NO3-, NO2- and NH4+ were measured with standard colometric procedures. Sampling and analytical protocols are provided here <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3801-2019">https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3801-2019</a></p> <p>- RiverATLAS.xlsx: hydro-environmental data for the sampled streams extracted from RiverATLAS (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-019-0300-6). Data codes and units are available here: https://data.hydrosheds.org/file/technical-documentation/HydroATLAS_TechDoc_v10_1.pdf</p> <p>First column of each of the two files provides station ID allowing to merge both data-sets.</p>
Rates of greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide) fluxes, denitrification-derived N2O and N2 fluxes and nitrification-derived N2O fluxes from salt marsh soils in Quebec, Canada and Louisiana, U.S. under ambient and elevated temperature and nutrient loading.
<p>Dataset used in <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10533-023-01104-0?utm_source=rct_congratemailt&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=oa_20231214&utm_content=10.1007/s10533-023-01104-0#citeas">Elevated temperature and nutrients lead to increased N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from salt marsh soils from cold and warm climates</a>.</p> <p>The dataset contains fluxes calculated from headspace gas samples taken over a 24 hour period from intact soil cores, as well as corresponding environmental data. Intact soil cores (0-15 cm depth, 2.5 cm diameter) were taken at five sampling locations along a 20 m transect using a soil auger or piston corer. Samples were collected along a transect in four marsh sites in Quebec, Canada (La Pocatière: 47°22'24.7"N 70°03'26.3"W) and Louisiana, U.S. (Barataria Basin: 29°33'47.3"N 90°04'22.8"W and 29°29'52.2"N 89°55'00.2"W) from two vegetation types (<em>Sporobolus alterniflorus</em> formerly known as <em>Spartina alterniflora </em>and<em> Sporobolus pumilus</em> formerly known as<em> Spartina patens</em>). In Quebec, the two vegetation zones were in the same marsh whereas in Louisiana two separate marshes, dominated by the relevant vegetation, were chosen. Soil samples were collected on the 20-21<sup>st</sup> July 2021 from Louisiana and the 9-10<sup>th</sup> August 2021 from Quebec. Environmental data was collected including <em>in-situ</em> soil temperature and salinity, and gravimetric soil moisture, extractable soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC), extractable soil total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), extractable soil nitrate, extractable soil ammonium, extractable soil soluble reactive phosphate, soil total carbon, soil total nitrogen, soil carbon to nitrogen ratio, soil d<sup>13</sup>C and soil d<sup>15</sup>N determined from additional 0-15 cm core samples. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement no. 838296, a NSERC Discovery Grant and a Natural Environment Research Council grant number (NE/T012323/1).</p> <p>Stable <sup>15</sup>N tracers were added to the intact soil cores so that at each location, at each treatment level (ambient and elevated, described below), there was one core receiving no tracer for greenhouse gas fluxes, one core receiving <sup>15</sup>N-NO<sub>3</sub><sup>‑ </sup>for denitrification rates and one core receiving <sup>15</sup>N-NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> for nitrification rates. The cores were incubated at ambient temperature (16 ℃ and 28.1 ℃ for Quebec and Louisiana, respectively) and nutrient concentrations (3.2 NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, 2.0 NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>; 2.9 NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, 2.5 NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>; 0.5 NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, 7.3 NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+ </sup>and 5.7 NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, 2.8 NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> mg g wet soil<sup>-1</sup> for Quebec <em>S. alterniflorus</em>, Quebec <em>S. pumilus</em>, Louisiana <em>S. alterniflorus</em> and Louisiana <em>S. pumilus</em>, respectively), and elevated temperature (ambient temperature +5 ℃) and nutrient concentration (double ambient concentration). Gas samples were collected from the headspace of 0-15 cm intact cores in a 20 cm high PVC pipe, capped at the top and bottom to create a 5 cm headspace. Gas samples were analysed for greenhouse gases (GHGs: N<sub>2</sub>O, CH<sub>4</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>) and <sup>15</sup>N in denitrification-derived N<sub>2</sub>O, denitrification-derived N<sub>2</sub> and nitrification-derived N­<sub>2</sub>O.</p> <p>Soil temperature (YSI 30, Baton Rouge, USA or DeltaTrak 11050, Pleasanton, USA) and porewater salinity (YSI 30, Baton Rouge, USA or portable ATC refractometer) were measured in-situ or in the laboratory using the portable refactometer. Additional soil samples were used for multiple analyses; one subsample was extracted with ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ) for DOC and TDN analysis, one subsample was extracted with 2M KCl for NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, one subsample was extracted with Olsen-P solution (0.5 M NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, pH 8.5), for soluble reactive phosphate analysis and one subsample was weighed and dried for soil moisture and then finely ground and analysed for total carbon, total nitrogen, d<sup>13</sup>C and d<sup>15</sup>N.</p> <p>N<sub>2</sub>O, CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations were measured in the gas samples using a gas chromatograph interfaced with a PAL3 autosampler (Agilent 7890A, Agilent Technologies Ltd, USA) fitted with a flame ionisation detector (FID) for CH<sub>4</sub> analysis and a micro electron capture detector (mECD) for N<sub>2</sub>O analysis. CO<sub>2</sub> was methanised to CH<sub>4</sub> before analysis on the FID. The instrument precision as the relative standard deviation was < 5 % for all of the gases, while the minimum detectable concentration difference (MDCD) was 9 ppb N<sub>2</sub>O, 72 ppb CH<sub>4 </sub>and 31 ppm CO<sub>2</sub>. Potential GHG fluxes were calculated from the linear portion or where the highest production was observed in the concentration-time series ( https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2003.2436). If fluxes were below the MDCD they were set to zero see (https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JG003783). The <sup>15</sup>N content of the N<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O was determined using a continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Elementar Isoprime PrecisION; Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Hanau, Germany) coupled with a trace-gas pre-concentrator inlet with autosampler (isoFLOW GHG; Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Hanau, Germany), with a standard deviation of d<sup>15</sup>N < 0.05 %. Extractable dissolved organic carbon and total dissolved nitrogen were analysed in soil extractant (ultrapure water 18.2 MΩ, 7:1 of extractant to soil) on a TOC/TDN analyser (TOC VCSn + TMN-1, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan), with 50 mg C l<sup>-1</sup> and 10 mg l<sup>-1</sup> standards resulting in accuracy and precision of 0.3 and ±0.3 mg C l<sup>-1</sup>, and 0.5 and ±0.3 mg N l<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. Extractable nitrate+nitrite (assumed to be nitrate) and ammonium were analysed in soil extractant (2M KCl, 5:1 of extractant to soil) using a microplate reader and methods in Sims et al., 1995 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00103629509369298">https://doi.org/10.1080/00103629509369298</a>) with a limit of detection of 0.1 ppm and accuracy of ±5 %. Extractable phosphate was analysed in soil extractant (Olsen-P solution 0.5M NaHCO­<sub>3</sub>, pH 8.5, 10:1 of extractant to dry soil) using a microplate reader and methods in Jeannotte et al., 2004 (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-004-0760-4) with a limit of detection of 1 mg P l<sup>-1</sup> and accuracy of ±6 %. Soil total carbon, total nitrogen, d<sup>13</sup>C and d<sup>15</sup>N analysis was performed using a continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Elementar Isoprime PrecisION; Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Hanau, Germany) coupled with an elemental analyser (EA) inlet (vario PYRO cube; Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Hanau, Germany). The precision was < 5 % for both C and N and the precision as a standard deviation was < 0.06 % for both d<sup>13</sup>C and d<sup>15</sup>N. Results from the experiments were entered into an Excel spreadsheet for ingestion into the Zenodo data repository.</p>
Improving nitrogen cycling in a land surface model (CLM5) to quantify soil N2O, NO and NH3 emissions from enhanced rock weathering with croplands
<p>This repository contains CLM5 model soil nitrogen (N2O, NO and NH3) output and metadata, and soil N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes from the Energy Farm ERW field trials used in the paper "Improving nitrogen cycling in a land surface model (CLM5) to quantify soil N2O, NO and NH3 emissions from enhanced rock weathering with croplands" (https://gmd.copernicus.org/preprints/gmd-2023-47/).</p>
Data from: Reduced snow cover increases wintertime nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from an agricultural soil in the upper U.S. Midwest
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Machine learning reveals dynamic controls of soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from diverse long-term cropping systems
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Data from: Earthworms do not increase greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 and N2O) in an ecotron experiment simulating a realistic three-crop rotation system
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Soil nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) flux from a Central Iowa crop field and accompanying soil edaphic and climatic variables.
To quantify the magnitude of soil nitrous oxide flux and the drivers of nitrous oxide emissions in a representative central Iowa corn-soybean agricultural system, we measured greenhouse gas emissions (N2O and CO2) from 2017 to 2019 (primarily using custom automated chambers) along with soil chemical and physical parameters across a topographic gradient in a typically managed agricultural field near Ames, Iowa, USA. More details can be found in the associated manuscript, Lawrence et al. (2021).
Denitrification losses in response to N fertiliser rates - integrating high temporal resolution N2O, in-situ 15N2O and 15N2 measurements and fertiliser 15N recoveries in intensive sugarcane systems
Denitrification is a key process in the global nitrogen (N) cycle, causing both nitrous oxide (N2O) and dinitrogen (N2) emissions. However, estimates of seasonal denitrification losses (N2O+N2) are scarce, reflecting methodological difficulties in measuring soil-borne N2 emissions against the high atmospheric N2 background and challenges regarding their spatio-temporal upscaling. This study investigated N2O+N2 losses in response to N fertiliser rates (0, 100, 150, 200 and 250 kg N ha-1) on two intensively managed tropical sugarcane farms in Australia, by combining automated N2O monitoring, in-situ N2 and N2O measurements using the 15N gas flux method and fertiliser 15N recoveries at harvest. Dynamic changes in the N2O/(N2O+N2) ratio (< 0.01 to 0.768) were explained by fitting generalised additive mixed models (GAMMs) with soil factors to upscale high temporal-resolution N2O data to daily N2 emissions over the season. Cumulative N2O+N2 losses ranged from 12 to 87 kg N ha-1, increasing non-linearly with increasing N fertiliser rates. Emissions of N2O+N2 accounted for 31–78% of fertiliser 15N losses and were dominated by environmentally benign N2 emissions. The contribution of denitrification to N fertiliser loss decreased with increasing N rates, suggesting increasing significance of other N loss pathways including leaching and runoff at higher N rates. This study delivers a blueprint approach to extrapolate denitrification measurements at both temporal and spatial scales, which can be applied in fertilised agroecosystems. Robust estimates of denitrification losses determined using this method will help to improve cropping system modelling approaches, advancing our understanding of the N cycle across scales.
Profiles of 0-50 cm soil CO2 and N2O concentrations collected in the CPCRW from 1998-2002
This table contains concentrations (ppmv) of CO2 and N2O measured at 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 cm depths below the soil surface in closed-canopy black spruce and mixed hardwood sites (@ 3 replicate sites) in the Caribou Poker Creeks Research Watershed. Samples were taken at weekly or bi-weekly intervals from two profiles in each site during growing seasons from June 1, 1999 through September 17, 2002. This period brackets the Frostfire burn of July 1999; because the fire missed the planned burn sites in mixed hardwoods, the mixed hardwood plots were moved (reflected in the site numbering in the database).
Dataset: Ideas and perspectives: patterns of soil CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes along an altitudinal gradient - a pilot study from an Ecuadorian neotropical montane forest
<p>These datasets contain data from (i) soil CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4,</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O flux measurements (ii) physicochemical soil properties, and (iii) soil temperature and moisture of four tropical forests located on the western flanks of the Andes in northern Ecuador.</p> <p>A manuscript using these datasets has been submitted to Biogeosciences under the title: <strong><em>"Ideas and perspectives: patterns of soil CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes along an altitudinal gradient - a pilot study from an Ecuadorian neotropical montane forest"</em></strong>.</p>
Data from: Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from subsurface soils of agricultural ecosystems
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a major greenhouse gas and cultivated soils are the most important anthropogenic source. N2O production and consumption are known to occur at depths below the A or Ap horizon but their magnitude in situ is largely unknown. At a site in SW Michigan USA we measured N2O concentrations at different soil depths and used diffusivity models to examine the importance of depth-specific production and consumption. We also tested the influence of crop and management practices on subsurface N2O production in 1) till vs. no-till, 2) a nitrogen fertilizer gradient, and 3) perennial crops including successional vegetation. N2O concentrations below 20 cm exceeded atmospheric concentrations by up to 900 times, and profile concentrations increased markedly with depth except immediately after fertilization when production was intense in the surface horizon, and in winter, when surface emissions were blocked by ice. Diffusivity analysis showed that N2O production at depth was especially important in annual crops, accounting for over 50% of total N2O production when crops were fertilized at recommended rates. At nitrogen fertilizer rates exceeding crop need, subsurface N2O production contributed 25-35% of total surface emissions. Dry conditions deepened the maximum depth of N2O production. Tillage did not. In systems with perennial vegetation, subsurface N2O production contributed <20% to total surface emissions. Results suggest that the fraction of total N2O produced in subsurface horizons can be substantial in annual crops, is low under perennial vegetation, appears to be largely controlled by subsurface nitrogen and moisture, and is insensitive to tillage.
Relative importance between nitrification and denitrification to N2O from a global perspective
<p><span>Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) is a potent greenhouse gas and its mitigation is a pressing task in the coming decade. However, it remains unclear which specific process between concurrent nitrification and denitrification dominates worldwide N<sub>2</sub>O emission. We snagged an opportunity to ascertain whence the N<sub>2</sub>O came and which were the controlling factors on the basis of 1315 soil N<sub>2</sub>O observations from 74 peer-reviewed articles. The average N<sub>2</sub>O emission derived from nitrification (N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>n</sub>) was higher than that from denitrification (N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>d</sub>) worldwide. The ratios of nitrification-derived N<sub>2</sub>O to denitrification-derived N<sub>2</sub>O, hereof N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>n</sub>:N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>d</sub>, exhibited large variations across terrestrial ecosystems.<strong> </strong>Although soil carbon and nitrogen content, pH, moisture, and clay content accounted for a part of the geographical variations in the N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>n</sub>:N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>d</sub> ratio, ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms (AOM):denitrifier ratio was the pivotal driver for the N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>n</sub>:N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>d</sub> ratios, since the AOM:denitrifier ratio accounted for 53.7% of geographical variations in N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>n</sub>:N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>d</sub> ratios. Compared with natural ecosystems, soil pH exerted a more remarkable role in dictating the N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>n</sub>:N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>d</sub> ratio in croplands. This study emphasizes the vital role of functional soil microorganisms in geographical variations of N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>n</sub>:N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>d</sub> ratio, and lays the foundation for the incorporation of soil AOM:denitrfier ratio into models to better predict N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>n</sub>:N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>d</sub> ratio. Identifying soil N<sub>2</sub>O derivation will provide a global potential benchmark for N<sub>2</sub>O mitigation by manipulating the nitrification or denitrification.</span></p>
N2O and CO2 fluxes and related environmental conditions in response to manure and synthetic fertilization treatments, with and without a urease inhibitor
<p>Agricultural best management practices (BMPs) intended to solve one environmental challenge may have unintended climate impacts. For example, manure injection is often promoted for its potential to reduce runoff and N loss as NH<sub>3</sub>, but the practice has been shown to increase N<sub>2</sub>O, a powerful GHG, compared to surface application. Urease inhibitor application with N fertilizer is another BMP that can enhance N retention by reducing NH<sub>3</sub> emissions, but its impact on N<sub>2</sub>O emissions is mixed. Thus, we measured N<sub>2</sub>O, CO<sub>2</sub>, soil mineral N availability, soil moisture, soil temperature, and yield in a two-year perennial hayfield trial with four fertilization treatments (manure injection, manure broadcast, synthetic urea, and control) applied with or without a urease inhibitor in Alburgh, VT (n=4 treatment replicates; 32 total subplots). This dataset includes the daily N<sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes in every subplot on each sampling day in our trial, along with cumulative emissions for 2020 and 2021. We also include the other variables that we measured (listed above) and relevant weather data (precipitation and air temperature). Note that during the second treatment application in 2021, the incorrect treatment was applied to one synthetic urea subplot. We therefore excluded this subplot from our analysis of daily fluxes after 30 July 2021 (n=3 synthetic urea replicates). Details about our sampling methods are available in the corresponding manuscript.</p>
Soil properties shape the heterogeneity of denitrification and N2O emissions across large-scale flooded paddy soils
<p>The dataset's contents include the relative abundance of different denitrifier types at the genus level across eight different flooded paddy soils. This dataset categorizes denitrifier types in its first column labeled 'Type.' The second column, 'Genus,' associates each type with various species at the genus level. Subsequent columns present the relative abundance of these species in diverse sampling locations. Researchers can leverage this dataset to derive more patterns regarding the differences within specific dominant denitrifier species. No ethical considerations are pertinent to the utilization of this dataset.</p>
A global meta-analysis of yield-scaled N2O emissions and its mitigation efforts for maize, wheat, and rice
<p>Maintaining or even increasing crop yields while reducing nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions is necessary to reconcile food security and climate change, while the metric of yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O emission (i.e., N<sub>2</sub>O emissions per unit of crop yield) is at present poorly understood. Here we conducted a global meta-analysis with more than 6000 observations to explore the variation patterns and controlling factors of yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O emissions for maize, wheat, and rice and associated potential mitigation options. Our results showed that the average yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O emissions across all available data followed the order wheat (322 g N Mg<sup>-1</sup>, with the 95% confidence interval (CI): 301-346) > maize (211 g N Mg<sup>-1</sup>, CI: 198-225) > rice (153 g N Mg<sup>-1</sup>, CI: 144-163). Yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O emissions for individual crops were generally higher in tropical or subtropical zones than in temperate zones, and also showed a trend towards lower intensities from low to high latitudes. This global variation was better explained by climatic and edaphic factors than by N fertilizer management, while their combined effect predicted more than 70% of the variance. Furthermore, our analysis showed a significant decrease in yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O emissions with increasing N use efficiency or in N<sub>2</sub>O emissions for production systems with cereal yields > 10 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup> (maize), 6.6 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup> (wheat) or 6.8 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup> (rice), respectively. This highlights that N use efficiency indicators can be used as valuable proxies for reconciling trade-offs between crop production and N<sub>2</sub>O mitigation. For all three major staple crops, reducing N fertilization by up to 30%, optimizing the timing and placement of fertilizer application or using enhanced-efficiency N fertilizers significantly reduced yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O emissions at similar or even higher cereal yields. Our data-driven assessment provides some key guidance for developing effective and targeted mitigation and adaptation strategies for the sustainable intensification of cereal production.</p>
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