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63 results for “Native Seeds”
Seasonal variation in impact of non-native species on tropical seed dispersal networks
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Data from: Changes in seed predation along a 2300-m elevational gradient on a tropical mountain in Myanmar: a standardized test with 32 non-native plant species
<p>It has been hypothesized that biotic interactions are stronger towards lower latitudes and elevations. However, results vary among interaction systems and experimental protocols. Our goal was to examine the validity of this prediction by using a standardized method to investigate seed–animal interaction. We assessed removal by animals for 40960 seeds belonging to 32 non-native tree species along an elevation gradient from 600 m to 2910 m on Mount Victoria (Nat Ma Taung), western Myanmar. We analyzed the elevational trends of seed removal at both individual seed level (probability of depot encounter, proportion of seeds removed after encounter and total proportion of seeds removed) and community level (Shannon diversity and species evenness indices). The dry and wet seasons had opposite relationships between seed removal and elevation,<br> i.e. hump-shaped in the dry season and U-shaped in the wet season. Individual plant species displayed almost all possible patterns: U-shaped and hump-shaped, monotonic decrease and increase, and elevation-independent patterns. As a consequence of the hump-shaped seed removal pattern with elevation in the dry season, the diversity and evenness of surviving seeds showed U-shaped patterns. Our study shows that elevational trends in seed–animal interactions do not follow a constant rule, but differ between seasons and among species, suggesting that a one-off survey with few species might give misleading information on overall macroecological patterns. Future studies of trends in biotic interactions along gradients should bear this in mind.</p>
Data from: Conflicting selection on Cneorum tricoccon (Rutaceae) seed size caused by native and alien seed dispersers
The disappearance of native seed dispersers due to anthropogenic activities is often accompanied by the introduction of alien species, which may to some extent replace the ecological service provided by the extinct ones. Yet, little empirical evidence exists demonstrating the evolutionary consequences of such alien 'replacement'. Here, we document the conflicting selection exerted on seed size by two native lizards (Podarcis lilfordi and P. pityusensis) and an alien mammal species (Martes martes), all acting as legitimate seed dispersers of the Mediterranean relict Cneorum tricoccon. While lizards mostly exerted a negative directional selection on seed diameter, especially P. pityusensis, the much larger pine marten exerted positive selection on seed size. Our findings suggest that this among-disperser variation in the selection regimes, together with the occurrence of spatial variation in the presence of each of seed disperser, help to create the geographical variation observed for seed size of C. tricoccon. To our knowledge, this is the first empirical evidence showing opposing selective pressures between native and alien species in the seed dispersal process in an invaded ecosystem.
Data from: Restoring dryland old fields with native shrubs and grasses: does facilitation and seed source matter?
Restoration of agricultural fields is challenging, especially in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. We conducted experiments in two fields in the Great Basin, USA, which differed in cultivation history and fertility. We tested the effects of different levels of functional diversity (planting grasses and shrubs together, vs. planting shrubs alone), seed source (cultivars, local or distant wild-collections), and irrigation regime (spring or fall and spring) on restoration outcomes. We sowed either: 1) grasses and shrubs in year one, 2) shrubs only, in year one, 3) grasses in year one with herbicide, shrubs in year two, or 4) shrubs alone in year two, after a year of herbicide. We irrigated for two years and monitored for three years. Shrub emergence was highest in the lower fertility field, where increasing functional diversity by seeding grasses had a neutral or facilitative effect on shrub emergence. In the higher fertility field, increasing functional diversity appeared to have a neutral to competitive effect. After declines in shrub densities after irrigation ceased, these effects did not persist. Grasses initially suppressed or had a neutral effect on weeds relative to an unseeded control, but had neutral or facilitative effects on weeds relative to shrub-only seeding. Initially, commercial grasses were either equivalent to or outperformed wild-collected grasses, but after irrigation ceased, commercial grasses were outperformed by wild-collected grasses in the higher fertility field. Local shrubs initially outperformed distant shrubs, but this effect did not persist. Fall and spring irrigation combined with local shrubs and wild-collected grasses was the most successful strategy in the higher fertility field, while in the lower fertility field, irrigation timing had fewer effects. Superior shrub emergence and higher grass persistence indicated that the use of wild and local seed sources is generally warranted, whereas the effects of functional diversity and irrigation regime were context-dependent. A bet-hedging approach that uses a variety of strategies may maximize the chances of restoration success.
Data from: Co-introduction of native mycorrhizal fungi and plant seeds accelerates restoration of post-mining landscapes
<p>1. Grasslands are among the most threatened terrestrial biomes, and habitat conservation alone will be insufficient to meet biodiversity goals. While restoration of indigenous grasslands is a priority, conflict with economic objectives means that incorporation of alternative habitats is necessary to offset grassland loss. With up to 800,000 km² of land affected by mining globally, there is an opportunity to create additional grassland habitat in post-mining landscapes.</p> <p>2. We aimed to assess whether co-introduction of native arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and plants is an efficient means of initializing species rich vegetation recovery in barren post-mining landscapes. We established an experiment in three post-mining areas in Estonia, where we seeded plots with native plant seeds and inoculated them with trap cultured native AM fungi from a similar habitat. We measured the abundance and composition of soil AM fungal and aboveground plant communities in two consecutive years using relevés, high-throughput sequencing and fatty acid profiling.</p> <p>3. Our results demonstrate that co-introduction of native plants and AM fungi is an effective way to establish species rich vegetation in post-mining areas. Co-introduction of symbiotic partners resulted in higher richness, diversity and abundance of plants and AM fungi than when either partner was introduced individually. However, the plant and AM fungal communities in sown and inoculated plots were not distinct from those in uninoculated treatments; they rather formed a subset of all taxa present on the sites but exhibited higher diversity than uninoculated plots.</p> <p>4. Synthesis and applications: This study shows that managing the below-ground microbiome is an essential part of vegetation restoration. The availability of symbiotic partners can be considered a key aspect determining the diversity of restored vegetation. Targeted inoculations with native and habitat-specific AM fungi could therefore increase restoration success.28-Apr-2020</p>
F in Seed-infesting chalcids of the genus Megastigmus Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) native and introduced to the West Palearctic region: taxonomy, host specificity and distribution
F. 8. Forewing of M. suspectus X, ex. Abies alba, Denmark. bc, basal cell; bsl, basal setal line; cc, costal cell; cu, cubital vein; pmv, postmarginal vein; smv, submarginal vein; spc, speculum; stg, stigma; stv, stigmal vein; ustv, upper part of stigmal vein.
F in Seed-infesting chalcids of the genus Megastigmus Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) native and introduced to the West Palearctic region: taxonomy, host specificity and distribution
F 78–86. Male stigma of Megastigmus seed chalcids. (78) M. pistaciae; (79) M. rafni; (80) M. schimitscheki; (81) M. specularis; (82) M. spermotrophus; (83) M. strobilobius; (84) M. suspectus; (85) M. transvaalensis; (86) M. wachtli. Same origins as in (39–47). Scale bars=100 mm, except for (81, 83)=50 mm.
F in Seed-infesting chalcids of the genus Megastigmus Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) native and introduced to the West Palearctic region: taxonomy, host specificity and distribution
F. 4. Electroscan front view of head, M. bipunctatus X, ex. Juniperus communis, France. Same abbreviations as in (2, 3). Scale bar=100 mm.
F in Seed-infesting chalcids of the genus Megastigmus Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) native and introduced to the West Palearctic region: taxonomy, host specificity and distribution
F. 3. Front view of head, M. pictus X, ex. Larix decidua, Poland. ao, anterior ocellus; cly, clypeus; gen, gena; iaa, interantennal area; msl, malar sulcus; msp, malar space; po, posterior ocellus; psa, parascrobal area; sca, supraclypeal area; scr, scrobe; tor, torulus. Scale bar=1 mm.
F in Seed-infesting chalcids of the genus Megastigmus Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) native and introduced to the West Palearctic region: taxonomy, host specificity and distribution
F 124–129. Electroscan photographs of scutellum of female Megastigmus. (124) M. aculeatus; (125) M. amicorum; (126) M. atedius; (127) M. atlanticus; (128) M. bipunctatus; (129) M. brevicaudis. Same origins as in (11–16). Scale bars=100 mm.
F in Seed-infesting chalcids of the genus Megastigmus Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) native and introduced to the West Palearctic region: taxonomy, host specificity and distribution
F 115–123. Male genitalia of Megastigmus seed chalcids. (115) M. pinus; (116) M. pistaciae; (117) M. rafni; (118) M. schimitscheki; (119) M. specularis; (120) M. spermotrophus; (121) M. strobilobius; (122) M. suspectus; (123) M. transvaalensis. Same origins as in (38–46). Scale bar=100 mm.
F in Seed-infesting chalcids of the genus Megastigmus Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) native and introduced to the West Palearctic region: taxonomy, host specificity and distribution
F 136–144. Electroscan photographs of scutellum of female Megastigmus. (136) M. rafni; (137) M. rosae, Bulgaria; (138) M. schimitscheki; (139) M. specularis; (140) M. spermotrophus; (141) M. strobilobius; (142) M. suspectus; (143) M. transvaalensis; (144) M. wachtli. Same origins as in (23–31). Scale bars=100 mm, except for (138, 142). Scale bars=200 mm.
F in Seed-infesting chalcids of the genus Megastigmus Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) native and introduced to the West Palearctic region: taxonomy, host specificity and distribution
F 154–162. Electroscan photographs of scutellum of male Megastigmus. (154) M. pistaciae; (155) M. rafni; (156) M. schimitscheki; (157) M. specularis; (158) M. spermotrophus; (159) M. strobilobius; (160) M. suspectus; (161) M. transvaalensis; (162) M. wachtli. Same origins as in (39–47). Scale bars=100 mm.
F in Seed-infesting chalcids of the genus Megastigmus Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) native and introduced to the West Palearctic region: taxonomy, host specificity and distribution
F 107–114. Male genitalia of Megastigmus seed chalcids. (107) M. aculeatus; (108) M. amicorum; (109) M. atedius; (110) M. bipunctatus; (111) M. milleri; (112) M. nigrovariegatus; (113) M. pictus; (114) M. pinsapinis. Same origins as in (32–37, 76). Scale bar=100 mm.
F in Seed-infesting chalcids of the genus Megastigmus Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) native and introduced to the West Palearctic region: taxonomy, host specificity and distribution
F 48–59. Female stigma of Megastigmus seed chalcids. (48) M. aculeatus; (49) M. amicorum; (50) M. atedius; (51) M. atlanticus, ex. Cupressus atlantica, Morocco; (52) M. bipunctatus; (53) M. brevicaudis; (54) M. milleri; (55) M. nigrovariegatus; (56) M. pictus; (57) M. pinsapinis; (58) M. pinus; (59) M. pistaciae. Same origins as in (11–22). Scale bars=100 mm, except for (58)=50 mm.
F in Seed-infesting chalcids of the genus Megastigmus Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) native and introduced to the West Palearctic region: taxonomy, host specificity and distribution
F 32–39. Male antenna of Megastigmus. (32) M. aculeatus, France; (33) M. amicorum, Portugal; (34) M. atedius, France; (35) M. bipunctatus, France; (36) M. milleri, the Netherlands; (37) M. pictus, Poland; (38) M. pinus, France; (39) M. pistaciae, Italy. Scale bar=200 mm.
F in Seed-infesting chalcids of the genus Megastigmus Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) native and introduced to the West Palearctic region: taxonomy, host specificity and distribution
F 22–31. Female antenna of Megastigmus. (22) M. pistaciae, Croatia; (23) M. rafni, France; (24) M. rosae, France; (25) M. schimitscheki, Lebanon; (26) M. specularis, Finland; (27) M. spermotrophus, France; (28) M. strobilobius, Poland; (29) M. suspectus, France; (30) M. transvaalensis, Morocco; (31) M. wachtli, Greece. Scale bar=200 mm.
F in Seed-infesting chalcids of the genus Megastigmus Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) native and introduced to the West Palearctic region: taxonomy, host specificity and distribution
F 69–77. Male stigma of Megastigmus seed chalcids. (69) M. aculeatus; (70) M. amicorum; (71) M. atedius; (72) M. bipunctatus; (73) M. milleri; (74) M. nigrovariegatus, France; (75) M. pictus; (76) M. pinsapinis, Mt Ventoux, France; (77) M. pinus. Same origins as in (32–38). Scale bars=100 mm, except for (70)=200 mm.
F in Seed-infesting chalcids of the genus Megastigmus Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) native and introduced to the West Palearctic region: taxonomy, host specificity and distribution
F 60–68. Female stigma of Megastigmus seed chalcids. (60) M. rafni; (61) M. rosae, Poland; (62) M. schimitscheki; (63) M. specularis; (64) M. spermotrophus; (65) M. strobilobius; (66) M. suspectus; (67) M. transvaalensis; (68) M. wachtli. Same origins as in (23–31). Scale bars=100 mm.
F in Seed-infesting chalcids of the genus Megastigmus Dalman, 1820 (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) native and introduced to the West Palearctic region: taxonomy, host specificity and distribution
F 97–106. Female ovipositor of Megastigmus seed chalcids. (97) M. pinus; (98) M. rafni; (99) M. rosae, France; (100) M. schimitscheki; (101) M. specularis; (102) M. spermotrophus; (103) M. strobilobius; (104) M. suspectus; (105) M. transvaalensis; (106) M. wachtli. Same origins as in (21–31). Scale bar=20 mm.
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