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40 results for “Neanderthals”
Data from: Computer simulations show that Neanderthal facial morphology represents adaptation to cold and high energy demands, but not heavy biting
Three adaptive hypotheses have been forwarded to explain the distinctive Neanderthal face: 1) an improved ability to accommodate high anterior bite forces, 2) more effective conditioning of cold and/or dry air, and, 3) adaptation to facilitate greater ventilatory demands. We test these hypotheses using three-dimensional models of Neanderthals, modern humans, and a close outgroup (H. heidelbergensis), applying finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This is the most comprehensive application of either approach applied to date and the first to include both. FEA reveals few differences between H. heidelbergensis, modern humans and Neanderthals in their capacities to sustain high anterior tooth loadings. CFD shows that the nasal cavities of Neanderthals and especially modern humans condition air more efficiently than does that of H. heidelbergensis, suggesting that both evolved to better withstand cold and/or dry climates than less derived Homo. We further find that Neanderthals could move considerably more air through the nasal pathway than could H. heidelbergensis or modern humans, consistent with the propositions that, relative to our outgroup Homo, Neanderthal facial morphology evolved to reflect improved capacities to better condition cold, dry air, and, to move greater air volumes in response to higher energetic requirements.
Data and code associated with Neanderthal coexistence with Homo sapiens in Europe was affected by herbivore carrying capacity
<p>Here data and codes are available to reproduce the models and figure rendering of the paper: “Neanderthal coexistence with Homo sapiens in Europe was affected by herbivore carrying capacity”.</p> <p>This research is based on two sets of data: 1) herbivore species recovered from archaeo-palaeontological sites, and 2) chronometric determinations obtained from archaeological units with techno-complexes attributed to Neanderthals or modern humans. All this information is available in the Data.xlsx file.</p> <p>The file MainScript.R includes the functions to estimate the biomass of each herbivore species according to the Net Primary Productivity (NPP), the allometric relationships between body mass and population density, and the specific herbivore guild composition in each region. This script was used to analyse and compare the NPP and the herbivore guild composition in each biogeographic region of Europe during the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3. The file HB.R reproduces the validation process of the macroecological model to estimate herbivore abundances (used in Main.R) against empirical present-day herbivore densities from a broad range of terrestrial ecosystems.</p> <p>Within the Paleoclimate folder, the file Pollen.R was used to perform pollen-based paleoclimate reconstructions with weighted averaging (WA) regressions. These predictive functions estimate temperature and precipitation from the palynological fossil record in Europe.</p> <p>Within the OLE folder, the OLE.R was used to perform optimal linear estimation (OLE) models and compare the obtained chronologies with the outcomes obtained from Bayesian age models.</p> <p>In the "Correlations_ESF" folder, there are too heavily compressed files. To run the codes correctly, it is necessary first to decompress any document and save all files within the same folder. The “Output_Experiment_A_B_C_FC1&2” file is in Excel Binary Workbook format (.xlsb) because it is a large-sized document. Before running the codes within this folder, save/convert this file into .xlsx format. There is a "README" file to help you with these two steps. Once these steps and requirements are met, the file "Correlations_ESF.R" can be run to perform Eigenvector Spatial Filtering analyses that assess the correlation between the end of the techno-complexes associated with Neanderthals, those associated with AMH, and the productivity of the ecosystems in each European region.</p> <p>As the data and codes in this repository are complete, they can be reproduced with only an R environment (tested for R v4.2.0) in RStudio. The necessary package dependencies are documented in each .R file. The content of this repository was made possible thanks to funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 818299) for the SUBSILIENCE project.</p>
Correlated and geographically predictable Neanderthal and Denisovan legacies are difficult to reconcile with a simple model based on inter-breeding
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Data from: Computer simulations show that Neanderthal facial morphology represents adaptation to cold and high energy demands, but not heavy biting
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Data from: Comparing fitness and drift explanations of Neanderthal replacement
There is a general consensus among archaeologists that replacement of Neanderthals by anatomically modern humans in Europe occurred around 40K to 35K YBP. However, the causal mechanism for this replacement continues to be debated. Searching for specific fitness advantages in the archaeological record has proven difficult, as these may be obscured, absent, or subject to interpretation. Proposed models have therefore featured either fitness advantages in favor of anatomically modern humans, or invoked neutral drift under various preconditions. To bridge this gap, we rigorously compare the system-level properties of fitness- and drift-based explanations of Neanderthal replacement. Our stochastic simulations and analytical predictions show that, although both fitness and drift can produce replacement, they present important differences in 1) required initial conditions, 2) reliability, 3) time to replacement, and 4) path to replacement (population histories). These results present useful opportunities for comparison with archaeological and genetic data. We find far greater agreement between the available empirical evidence and the system-level properties of replacement by differential fitness, rather than by neutral drift.
A relatively higher mutation rate in African humans is the dominant mechanism causing Neanderthals to appear closer to non-Africans, not introgression
<p>It is widely thought that humans carry genetic legacies due to inter-breeding with Neanderthals, but all methods used to infer legacies ignore recurrent mutations and assume a constant mutation rate. These assumptions cause automatic rejection of a second hypothesis, where a higher mutation rate in Africans caused increased divergence from Neanderthals. Any fair test should strive to treat both hypotheses equally. Here I use mutation spectra, the relative frequencies of different mutating three-base combinations, to compare contrasting expectations from the two hypotheses. I find that putative introgressed bases are strongly enriched for recurrent mutations and lie in regions with unusually high mutation rates, distorted mutation spectra and unusually large African minus non-African heterozygosity differences. Moreover, putative introgressed bases should be absent from Africa and rare outside, yet almost the entire signal of introgression is carried by sites where putative Neanderthal alleles are fixed in non-Africans and at high frequency in Africans. Together, these observations support a model where signals of introgression are driven mostly or even entirely by mutation rate differences between human populations. This new model helps to explain why introgression is inferred ubiquitously, including in scenarios involving great apes where inter-breeding is biologically implausible. </p>
Text-fig. 5. Fossils of some mammalian taxa from Gánovce-Hrádok Neanderthal site. a) Castor fiber – mandible dext. et sin. with incisors and p4 – m3 in lateral (mandible) and occlusal (cheek teeth) views (OF 6664–6665); b) Ursus ex gr. spelaeus – right mandible fragment with m1 – m3 in lateral view (P-unnumbered); c) Coelodonta antiquitatis – p2 sin. in buccal view (OF 7188); d) Equus sp. I (cf. taubachensis) – P3 – M3 dext. in travertine, buccal view (P-14302); e) Equus sp. II (cf. germanicus) – Mt sin. fragment in anterior view (OF unnumbered); f) Alces alces – left maxilla fragment with M1 – M3 in occlusal view (P-14303); g) Mammuthus primigenius – m2 sin. in occlusal view (P-14312); h) Palaeoloxodon antiquus – palate fragment with M3 dext. et sin. in occlusal view (P-14281). 50 mm scale is for a–c, 100 mm scale is for d–h. in Revised Floral And Faunal Assemblages From Late Pleistocene Deposits Of The Gánovce-Hrádok Neanderthal Site -Biostratigraphic And Palaeoecological Implications
Text-fig. 5. Fossils of some mammalian taxa from Gánovce-Hrádok Neanderthal site. a) Castor fiber – mandible dext. et sin. with incisors and p4 – m3 in lateral (mandible) and occlusal (cheek teeth) views (OF 6664–6665); b) Ursus ex gr. spelaeus – right mandible fragment with m1 – m3 in lateral view (P-unnumbered); c) Coelodonta antiquitatis – p2 sin. in buccal view (OF 7188); d) Equus sp. I (cf. taubachensis) – P3 – M3 dext. in travertine, buccal view (P-14302); e) Equus sp. II (cf. germanicus) – Mt sin. fragment in anterior view (OF unnumbered); f) Alces alces – left maxilla fragment with M1 – M3 in occlusal view (P-14303); g) Mammuthus primigenius – m2 sin. in occlusal view (P-14312); h) Palaeoloxodon antiquus – palate fragment with M3 dext. et sin. in occlusal view (P-14281). 50 mm scale is for a–c, 100 mm scale is for d–h.
Data from: Comparing fitness and drift explanations of Neanderthal replacement
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A relatively higher mutation rate in African humans is the dominant mechanism causing Neanderthals to appear closer to non-Africans, not introgression
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Neanderthal Adaptively Introgressed Genetic Variants Regulate Human Immune Genes In Vitro.
GEO Series GSE169200. Homo sapiens; synthetic construct. 13 samples. Type: Other.
Regulatory dissection of the severe COVID-19 risk locus introgressed by Neanderthals.
GEO Series GSE176233. Homo sapiens; synthetic construct. 8 samples. Type: Other.
Ph.D. dataset. Neanderthal Paleoecology during the Middle Palaeolithic of Northen and Eastern of Iberian Peninsula. Combined analysis of Tooth Wear and Cementochronology
<p>The archives correspond to the databases created and used for the development of the Ph.D.</p> <p>The 'Ph.D. Sample' correspond with the total amount of ungulates teeth studied. Those are organized by regions, sites, species and techniques employed.</p> <p>The sites files (i.e. Arbreda, Teixoneres, Abric Romaní, El Salt and Covalejos) correspond to the tooth wear (meso- and microwear) and cementum analysis over <em>Cervus elaphus, Equus ferus, Equus hydruntinus, Capra pyrenaica </em>and <em>Bos/Bison. </em></p>
Neanderthal Hand Axe
Flint hand axe found in Boscombe, Hampshire. Our distant cousins, the Neanderthals continued the handaxe tradition but made them in a slightly different way. The handaxes they produced tended to be slightly smaller and sub-triangular in shape, with a flat base. Object in the Royal Pavilion & Museums' archaeological collections, digitised by the University of Brighton's Cultural Informatics team. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Increased Neanderthal ancestry in genomic regions associated with lipid catabolism in contemporary Europeans
GEO Series GSE45263. Pan troglodytes; Homo sapiens. 20 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Neanderthal-derived variants increase SOX9 enhancer activity in craniofacial progenitors that shape jaw development
GEO Series GSE298217. Danio rerio. 2 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Archaic and modern bone DNA methylation maps from the Neanderthal, Denisovan, modern human and chimpanzee
GEO Series GSE96833. Homo sapiens; Pan troglodytes. 6 samples. Type: Methylation profiling by high throughput sequencing; Third-party reanalysis.
Fig. 2 in Non-ultrametric phylogenetic trees shed new light on Neanderthal introgression
Fig. 2 Novel non-ultrametric approach for detection of genetic flows timing. After the split (upper side of the square) at a given time in the past, two branches are generated: the branch of the Ancient Sample I (left side) and the branch of the Ancient Sample II (right side). When the Ancient Sample II's DNA is introgressed by the Ancient Sample I's DNA (or vice versa), the final result is a single modern population/ species containing percentages of both the genetic materials. To provide an example, the figure suggests that in the lower side of the square the 65% of the single modern population's DNA comes from the Ancient Sample II, while the remaining 35% from the Ancient Sample I. The arrow from the upper right vertex to the lower side of the square gives rise to the angle β. The two numbered yellow circles illustrate the two steps of the procedure described in the main text
Neanderthal
Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthal 1) (433rp12)
***Homo neanderthalensis*** Location: Neander Valley, Germany. Age: 40,000 years B.P. Material: plaster cast. Dimensions: length, 125 mm; width, 64 mm; height, 67 mm. Notes: RLA catalog no. 433rp12 (cast). Right scapula. Type specimen fossil for Neanderthal. Discovered in 1856 and reported in 1857 by Johann Carl Fuhlrott and Hermann Schaaffhausen. Cast made between 1930 and 1952 by Mr. F. O. Barlow of the R. F. Damon & Co., London. From the teaching collection of the Research Laboratories of Archaeology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Model by Aidan Paul. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthal 1) (433rp17)
***Homo neanderthalensis*** Location: Neander Valley, Germany. Age: 40,000 years B.P. Material: plaster cast. Dimensions: length, 320 mm; width, 64 mm; height, 53 mm. Notes: RLA catalog no. 433rp17 (cast). Right humerus. Type specimen fossil for Neanderthal. Discovered in 1856 and reported in 1857 by Johann Carl Fuhlrott and Hermann Schaaffhausen. Cast made between 1930 and 1952 by Mr. F. O. Barlow of the R. F. Damon & Co., London. From the teaching collection of the Research Laboratories of Archaeology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Model by Aidan Paul and Jordyn Gray. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.