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FIGURE 4 in Drastic reduction of the functional diversity of native ichthyofauna in a Neotropical lake following invasion by piscivorous fishes

FIGURE 4 | Temporal changes in species richness (dashed lines) and functional richness (FRic; continous lines) of the ichthyofauna from Carioca Lake, Middle Rio Doce basin, state of Minas Gerais, considering two scenarios: "all species", including native and non-native; and "only native species" (left figures). Plotted values expressed as a proportion to the maximum richness. The arrows represent the first records of the introduced piscivorous Cichla kelberi (in 1985) and Pygocentrus nattereri (in 1992) in the system. The upper plots represent the functional space (only two dimensions for simplify visualization), with polygons indicating the proportion filled by the set of species (FRic) in each year. Right figures illustrate the functional space showing the position of each species. Green and blue colors indicate, respectively, the native and introduced species, and crosses indicate native species extirpated from the lake. Codes at the ends of the arrows are the most important ecomorphological traits for each axis of the PCA (for functional trait and species codes, see Tab. 1 and Tab. S2).

FIGURE 3 in Drastic reduction of the functional diversity of native ichthyofauna in a Neotropical lake following invasion by piscivorous fishes

FIGURE 3 | Compositional change of the ichthyofauna from Carioca Lake, Middle Rio Doce basin state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Green and blue squares indicate, respectively, the presence of native and introduced species in each year.

FIGURE 1 in Drastic reduction of the functional diversity of native ichthyofauna in a Neotropical lake following invasion by piscivorous fishes

FIGURE 1 | The lacustrine system of the Middle Rio Doce basin, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The green polygon delimits the area of the Rio Doce State Park (PERD) and the white circle indicates the location of Carioca Lake.

FIGURE 2 in Drastic reduction of the functional diversity of native ichthyofauna in a Neotropical lake following invasion by piscivorous fishes

FIGURE 2 | Morphometric measures taken from digital pictures: CPd – caudal-peduncle minimal depth, CFd – caudal-fin maximum depth, CFs – caudal-fin surface, PFi – distance from pectoral-fin insertion to the bottom of the body, PFb – body depth at the level of the pectoral-fin insertion, PFl – pectoral-fin length, PFs – pectoral-fin surface, Hd – head depth along the vertical axis of the eye, Ed – eye diameter, Eh – distance from the center of the eye to the bottom of the head, Mo – distance from the tip of the upper jaw to the bottom of the head along the head depth axis. Adapted from Leitão et al. (2016).

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Figure 2. Dendrogram resulting from a in Host specificity and the structure of helminth parasite communities of fishes in a Neotropical river in Mexico

Figure 2. Dendrogram resulting from a similarity matrix based on the Sørensen measure for component communities of adult autogenic helminth parasites of 10 fish species from Apazapan, Río La Antigua, Veracruz, Mexico. Host species are: Amex, A. mexicanus; Rgua, R. guatemalensis; Smar, S. marmoratus; Hbim, P. bimaculata; Pmex, Poecilia mexicana; Pgra, Poeciliosis gracilis; Psph, Poecilia sphenops; Xell, X. helleri; Tell, T. ellioti; Vfen, V. fenestrata.

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Figure 1 in Host specificity and the structure of helminth parasite communities of fishes in a Neotropical river in Mexico

Figure 1. Patterns of relative abundance of 24 species of helminths in 11 component communities of freshwater fishes from Río Apazapan, Río La Antigua basin, Mexico (fish species: Am, A. mexicanus; Rg, Rhamdia guatemalensis; Hb, Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculata; Pm, Poecilia mexicana; Ps, P. sphenops; Pg, Poeciliopsis gracilis; Xh, Xiphophorus helleri; Te, Thorichthys helleri; Vf, Vieja fenestrata; Sm, Sicydium gymnogaster).

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2013View details →

Fig. 1 in Development of habitat suitability criteria for Neotropical stream fishes and an assessment of their transferability to streams with different conservation status

Fig. 1. Location of the study sites in the São José dos Dourados River basin, São Paulo State, Brazil (a and b). Forested sites (dark circles) are located within the greatest forest fragments and deforested (gray circles) streams lack arboreal vegetation in their riparian zone and are located in areas dominated by pasture (c).

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Fig. 2 in Development of habitat suitability criteria for Neotropical stream fishes and an assessment of their transferability to streams with different conservation status

Fig. 2. Habitat suitability criteria for depth and velocity of 10 species (codes in Table 1) developed for forested streams, considering five classes of depth (D1 = 0 to 0.2 m; D2 = 0.21 to 0.30 m; D3 = 0.31 to 0.40 m; D4 = 0.41 to 0.50 m; D5> 0.51 m) and four classes of velocity (V1 => 0.0 to 0.2 m/s; V2 = 0.21 to 0.40 m/s; V3 = 0.41 to 0.60 m/s; V4> 0.61 m/s). The dotted lines indicate SI = 0.7, above which conditions were considered optimal.

Fig. 90 in Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 90. Comparative plots of (a) Number of pored lateral-line scales; (b) Number of horizontal scale rows on body; (c) Number of lateral-series scales; (d) Number of horizontal scale rows around the caudal peduncle; (e) Number of predorsal scales; (f) Total number of vertebrae for samples of Mimagoniates microlepis within range of species expressed by Tukey box plots. For I, II, III, IV and V locations, see full legends at Fig. 89.

Fig. 89 in Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 89. Comparative plots of the number of branched anal-fin rays for population samples of Mimagoniates microlepis within range of species expressed by Tukey box plots based on percentiles.

Fig. 84 in Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 84. Mimagoniates microlepis, adult male, USNM 249885, 41.2 mm SL; pelvic-fin rays, ventral view, left side. All rays with fewer branches compared to those of large adult male in Fig. 83.

Fig. 86 in Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 86. Mimagoniates microlepis, adult male, USNM 249876, 59.3 mm SL; jaws and dentition, lateral view, right side, anterior at right. Compare number of maxillary teeth (10) in this specimen with that in Fig. 87 (6). Number of maxillary teeth varies considerably in specimens depending on their standard length.

Fig. 85 in Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 85. Mimagoniates microlepis, adult male, USNM 236089, 45.3 mm SL; osteology of caudal skeleton and caudal-fin squamation (lower left), lateral view, left side. Principal caudal ray 12 indicated. Relationship of modified dorsal lobe caudal-fin squamation to caudal gland shown in inset at lower left. Distal regions of ventral and posterior scales and their epidermis form flap partly covering intake openings of pump chamber. Modified from Menezes et al. (1988).

Fig. 70 in Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 70. Mimagoniates rheocharis, adult male, MZUSP 40278, holotype, 47.3 mm SL, Brazil, Santa Catarina State, rio Faxinalzinho at Mãe dos Homens, near Praia Grande. Modified from Menezes & Weitzman (1990).

Fig. 83 in Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 83. Mimagoniates microlepis, large adult male, USNM 249876, 59.3 mm SL; pelvic-fin rays, ventral view, left side.

Fig. 82 in Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 82. Mimagoniates microlepis, adult male, USNM 249885, 41.2 mm SL; anterior 14 anal-fin rays, lateral view, left side.

Fig. 79 in Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 79. Mimagoniates microlepis, adult male, MZUSP 14668, 40.7 mm SL, Rio de Janeiro State, rio Guapiaçu, Cachoeiras de Macacu.

Fig. 66 in Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 66. Mimagoniates sylvicola, adult male, USNM 276557, 29.3 mm SL; pelvic-fin rays of adult male, ventral view, left side, anterior at left. Modified from Menezes & Weitzman (1990).

Fig. 72 in Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 72. Mimagoniates rheocharis, adult male, USNM 279879, 49.0 mm SL; central basal region of caudal-fin and adjacent caudal peduncle, lateral view, left side, anterior at left. Arrow at left indicates anterior intake region of pump chamber; middle arrow indicates region of lateral slit with ray half of principal caudal ray 11 just dorsal to arrow tip; arrow at right points to opening of posterior exhaust vent of pump chamber. Modified from Menezes & Weitzman (1990).

Fig. 69 in Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 69. Mimagoniates sylvicola, adult male, USNM 276557, 29.3 mm SL; jaws and dentition of adult male, lateral view, right side, anterior at left. Modified from Menezes & Weitzman (1990).