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FIGURE 6. Serrapinnus kriegi, UFRGS 20135, 20.2 in Inventory of the freshwater fishes from a densely collected area in South America — a case study of the current knowledge of Neotropical fish diversity

FIGURE 6. Serrapinnus kriegi, UFRGS 20135, 20.2 mm SL, rio Ibicuí, tributary of the rio Uruguay; new record for the state of Rio Grande do Sul.

FIGURE 14 in Inventory of the freshwater fishes from a densely collected area in South America — a case study of the current knowledge of Neotropical fish diversity

FIGURE 14. Approximate localities of collection of expeditions made in the second half of the XIX Century and beginning of XX Century in Rio Grande do Sul State: Reinhold F. Hensel (1863-1866, pink); Emperor Dom Pedro II (1865-1866, red); Herman von Ihering (1880-1892, blue); Herbert H. Smith (1882, green); John D. Haseman (1909, yellow); Ernst Garbe (1914, black); Herman Kleerekoper (1941, white).

FIGURE 12 in Inventory of the freshwater fishes from a densely collected area in South America — a case study of the current knowledge of Neotropical fish diversity

FIGURE 12. Cumulative number of fish species known to occur in Rio Grande do Sul State grouped by decade according to the year of description.

FIGURE 9 in Inventory of the freshwater fishes from a densely collected area in South America — a case study of the current knowledge of Neotropical fish diversity

FIGURE 9. Total number of species and new species per hydrographic basin, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.

FIGURE 2 in Inventory of the freshwater fishes from a densely collected area in South America — a case study of the current knowledge of Neotropical fish diversity

FIGURE 2. Sampling localities of fishes in the Rio Grande do Sul State catalogued and georeferenced in the collections of the Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul (MCN), Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (MCP), and Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS).

FIGURE 13 in Inventory of the freshwater fishes from a densely collected area in South America — a case study of the current knowledge of Neotropical fish diversity

FIGURE 13. Maximum, mean and minimum body size (standard length in mm) of species known to occur in Rio Grande do Sul State, grouped by decade according to the year of description.

FIGURE 5 in Inventory of the freshwater fishes from a densely collected area in South America — a case study of the current knowledge of Neotropical fish diversity

FIGURE 5. Ctenobrycon cf. alleni, UFRGS 20147, 42.3 mm SL, rio Ibicuí, tributary of the rio Uruguay; new record for the state of Rio Grande do Sul.

FIGURE 8 in Inventory of the freshwater fishes from a densely collected area in South America — a case study of the current knowledge of Neotropical fish diversity

FIGURE 8. Number of species by hydrographic basin, Rio Grande do Sul State. RU = rio Uruguay and rio Negro, LP = Laguna dos Patos system, TR = rio Tramandaí and rio Mampituba. Species that occur concomitantly in the rio Uruguay and Laguna dos Patos (RU+LP), Laguna dos Patos and rio Tramandaí (LP+TR) or in all three drainages are counted separately.

FIGURE 11 in Inventory of the freshwater fishes from a densely collected area in South America — a case study of the current knowledge of Neotropical fish diversity

FIGURE 11. Density of fish lots per square kilometer for each Brazilian state catalogued in fish collections available at speciesLink database. Graph represents data for the three richest families in the Neotropics (Characidae, Loricariidae, and Cichlidae).

FIGURE 1 in Inventory of the freshwater fishes from a densely collected area in South America — a case study of the current knowledge of Neotropical fish diversity

FIGURE 1. Rio Grande do Sul State (limited by a light gray background in detail and green in the map of South America), showing the drainages of the rio Uruguay (black), rio Negro (light brown), Laguna dos Patos (blue), arroio Chuí (light green), rio Tramandaí (green), rio Mampituba (red), and rio Araranguá (purple). These drainages are grouped in the following ecoregions according to Abell et al. (2008): upper rio Uruguay ecoregion (1—upper portion of rio Uruguay limited by the Salto do Yucumã water fall at 27 o 08'34"S 53 o 53'10"W, represented by a black vertical bar); lower rio Uruguay ecoregion (2—middle and 3—lower portions of rio Uruguay and the rio Negro); Laguna dos Patos ecoregion (4—rio Jacuí, 5—Laguna dos Patos, 6— lagoa Mirim, and arroio Chuí); and Tramandaí-Mampituba ecoregion (rio Tramandaí, rio Mampituba and rio Araranguá).

FIGURE 3 in Inventory of the freshwater fishes from a densely collected area in South America — a case study of the current knowledge of Neotropical fish diversity

FIGURE 3. Relative number of freshwater fish species per order in the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.

FIGURE 10 in Inventory of the freshwater fishes from a densely collected area in South America — a case study of the current knowledge of Neotropical fish diversity

FIGURE 10. Relative frequency of fish species from Rio Grande do Sul State per class of body size (standard length in mm).

FIGURE 7. Hyphessobrycon aff. griemi, UFRGS 17529, 24.3 in Inventory of the freshwater fishes from a densely collected area in South America — a case study of the current knowledge of Neotropical fish diversity

FIGURE 7. Hyphessobrycon aff. griemi, UFRGS 17529, 24.3 mm SL, tributary stream of the rio das Pacas, rio Mampituba basin; new record for the state of Rio Grande do Sul.

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Fig. 1 in Evolutionary biogeography of the freshwater fish family Anablepidae (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes), a marine-derived Neotropical lineage

Fig. 1 Map showing the eight areas selected in the Neotropical region overlaid with the ecoregions defined by Abell et al. (2008). These areas were selected based on Amorim and Costa (2019) and Frota et al. (2019). For details, see the "Materials and methods" section

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Fig. 3 in Evolutionary biogeography of the freshwater fish family Anablepidae (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes), a marine-derived Neotropical lineage

Fig. 3 Cladograms showing the results of Brooks Parsimony Analysis and the historical relationships among the selected areas using Anablepidae as a case study. The two most parsimonious general area cladograms are represented by a and b. Note that the positions of the Iguaçu River basin and Southeastern Brazil are decisive for biogeographic interpretations. The strict consensus cladogram is

Figure 12 in A new family of neotropical freshwater fishes from deep fossorial Amazonian habitat, with a reappraisal of morphological characiform phylogeny (Teleostei: Ostariophysi)

Figure 12. Hyoid arch of Tarumania walkerae, paratype, MZUSP 120544, 98.4-mm SL, left side, lateral view. Scale bar = 1 mm. ach, anterior ceratohyal; br, branchiostegal rays; dhh, dorsal hypohyal; ih, interhyal; pch, posterior ceratohyal; vhh, ventral hypohyal.

Figure 8 in A new family of neotropical freshwater fishes from deep fossorial Amazonian habitat, with a reappraisal of morphological characiform phylogeny (Teleostei: Ostariophysi)

Figure 8. Suspensorium, opercular apparatus and lower jaw of Tarumania walkerae, paratype, MZUSP 120544, 98.4- mm SL, medial view. Scale bar = 2 mm. ect, ectopterygoid; ent, entopterygoid; hyo, hyomandibula; iop, interopercle; lj, lower jaw; mpt, metapterygoid; op, opercle; pal, palatine; pop, preopercle; q, quadrate; sop, subopercle; sym, symplectic.

Figure 16 in A new family of neotropical freshwater fishes from deep fossorial Amazonian habitat, with a reappraisal of morphological characiform phylogeny (Teleostei: Ostariophysi)

Figure 16. Phylogenetic position of Tarumania on a strict consensus tree of two most parsimonious trees (L = 312) calulated on a compiled data matrix for Characiformes (Appendix 1 and Table 2). Numbers above and below each nodes are absolute Bremer support and Bootstrap values, respectively. Posterior probabilities for clades identical to those in a Bayesian inference analysis are in smaller type italics at each split.

Figure 5 in A new family of neotropical freshwater fishes from deep fossorial Amazonian habitat, with a reappraisal of morphological characiform phylogeny (Teleostei: Ostariophysi)

Figure 5. Tarumania walkerae, paratype, INPA 21603, lateral view of head showing reverse-imbricated scales. Specimen cleaned of superficial mucus.

Figure 4 in A new family of neotropical freshwater fishes from deep fossorial Amazonian habitat, with a reappraisal of morphological characiform phylogeny (Teleostei: Ostariophysi)

Figure 4. Schematic representation of swimbladder of Tarumania walkerae, based mostly on INPA 26241, 51.5-mm SL. ac, anterior swimbladder chamber; sd, sinusoid swimbladder duct. Roman numerals II–XI represent sequential swimbladder chambers.