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65 results for “Neotropical lichens”
FIGURE 9 in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines
FIGURE 9. Consensus tree with Bremer (Br) is indicated in each branch's upper part. Bootstrap value is indicated in the lower part of each branch.
FIGURE 8 in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines
FIGURE 8. Most parsimonious tree of tribe Dysoniini. 145 steps long (CI, 0.869; RI, 0,946). Black circles indicate the synapomorphies, and white ones are the homoplasies.
FIGURE 43. Live individuals. A. Lichenodraculus matti. B. Markia arizae. C. M. major. D. M. hystrix. E. Apolinaria hygracantha. F. Paraphidnia brevicristata G in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines
FIGURE 43. Live individuals. A. Lichenodraculus matti. B. Markia arizae. C. M. major. D. M. hystrix. E. Apolinaria hygracantha. F. Paraphidnia brevicristata G. Anaphidna rubricorpus. (Photos: A. L. Salagaje. B. A. Kay. C. J. Monzón. E. F. Arango. F. A. Anker. G. J. Cardona).
FIGURE 20 in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines
FIGURE 20. Markia species (Sarriai and Hystrix groups). A–D. M. sarriai. E–G. M. major. H–J. M. espinachi. K–N. M. nicolasi. O–Q. M. hystrix. A, K. Male habitus in lateral view. B, E, H, L, O. Head and pronotum in lateral view. C, F, I, M, P. Subgenital plates. D, G, J, K, Q. Cerci.
FIGURE 32 in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines
FIGURE 32. Anaphidna species. Cerci in lateral view, subgenital plate and ovipositor. A. A. hernandezi female in lateral view. B–C. A. gracielae. D–E. A. silvai. F–G. A. quirozi. H. A. lankesteri.I. A. hernandezi. J. A. osae osae. K. A. verrucosa.
FIGURE 22. Quiva species. A–D. Q in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines
FIGURE 22. Quiva species. A–D. Q. (P.) angieae. E–H. Q. (Q.) pulchella. I–K. Q. (Q.) diaphana. L–N. Q. (Q.) buhrnheimi. O–Q. Q. (Q.) sharovi. R–T. Q. (Q.) abacata. U–W. Q. (Q.) gutjahrae. A, E. Male habitus in lateral view. B, F, I, L, O, R, U. Frons. C, G, J, M, P, S, V. Subgenital plates. D, H, K, N, Q, T, W. Cerci.
FIGURE 19. Lichenodraculus species. A–C. L. matti and D–F. L. holgeri. A, D in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines
FIGURE 19. Lichenodraculus species. A–C. L. matti and D–F. L. holgeri. A, D. Male holotype in lateral view. B, E. Head and pronotum. C, F. Cerci in dorsal view.
FIGURE 21 in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines
FIGURE 21. Markia species (Erinaceus group). A–D. M. arizae. E–G. M. erinaceus. H–J. M. gaianii. K–L. M. agudeloi. M–O. M. guerreroi. P–R. M. bolivarensis. A. Male habitus in lateral view. B, E, H, K, M, P. Head and pronotum in lateral view. C, F, I, N, Q. Subgenital plates. D, G, J, L, O, R. Cerci.
FIGURE 45 in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines
FIGURE 45. Biogeographic areas used in DIVA analysis, defined by Chaves et al. (2013) and modified from Upham & Patterson (2012) and Condamine et al. (2012): A. Middle America, B. West Andes-Chocó, C. Andes, D. Amazonia, E. Chaco, F. Brazilian Shield, G. Guiana Shield. B. Taxon area cladogram showing the results of DIVA. Numbers indicate nodes and letters indicate resulting ancestral distribution at each node. The red border of the nodes indicates vicariance events.
FIGURE 6 in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines
FIGURE 6. Camouflage—mimicry characters used for the phylogeny: A. Lichenomorphic Lichenomorphus carlosmendesi (Piza, 1950) (Photo: E. Branco). B. Phyllodomorphic mimicry, Aegimia maculifolia Dias, Rafael & Naskrecki, 2012 (Photo: P. Naskrecki). C. Lichenodraculus matti nymph, on shrubby lichens. D. Vespamorphic, Quiva (Quiva) sharovi Gorochov, 2013 (Photo: A. Anker).
FIGURE 7 in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines
FIGURE 7. Accumulation of Dysoniini species. The principal peaks of the curve correspond to the publications by Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878; Rehn, 1950; Piza (1950–1982); Cadena-Castañeda & Gorochov (2012–2013) and Cadena-Castañeda (2011–2022).
FIGURE 5 in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines
FIGURE 5. Characters used for the phylogeny (mainly abdomen and terminalia): A, B. Abdominal tergites: A. Anaphidna hernandezi (Cadena-Castañeda, 2012). B. Apolinaria hygracantha (Karsch, 1896). C, D. Male subgenital plate: C. Dissonulichen simplicipes simplicipes (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878). E–J. Male cerci: E. Anaulacomera alexanderi Cadena-Castañeda, 2012. F. Lichenomorphus montealegrezi Cadena-Castañeda, 2011. G. Anaphidna lankesteri (Rehn, 1918). H. Dysonia holgeri holgeri Cadena-Castañeda, 2011. I. Yungasacris multa Cadena-Castañeda & Gorochov, 2013. K, L. Ovipositor. K. D. simplicipes simplicipes (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878).L. A. hygracantha (Karsch, 1896).
FIGURE 1 in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines
FIGURE 1. Artistic plate by Westwood (1844), above: Phaneroptera alipes (=Dysonia alipes) female [Lichenomorphus sp.] and male, below: Phaneroptera hystrix (=Markia hystrix). Arcana Entomologica 2(18):87–88, pl. 70, Pl. LXX.
FIGURE 2 in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines
FIGURE 2. Characters used for the phylogeny (mainly head and pronotum): A, B. Habitus: Dysonia holgeri holgeri Cadena-Castañeda, 2011, male and female respectively. C, D. Head and pronotum in lateral view: C. Anaulacomera alexanderi Cadena-Castañeda, 2012. D. Anaphidna gracielae (Cadena-Castañeda, 2012). E–M. Head in frontal and lateral view: E, J. Markia hystrix (Westwood, 1844). F, L. Dissonulichen simplicipes simplicipes (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878). G. Quiva (Paraquiva) angieae Cadena-Castañeda, 2013. H. Aegimia maculifolia Dias, Rafael & Naskrecki, 2012. I. Hammatofera nodicornis (Burmeister, 1838). N. Paraphidnia gallina Giglio-Tos, 1898.
FIGURE 3 in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines
FIGURE 3. Characters used for the phylogeny (mainly head and thorax): A, B. Supra and infraocular evaginations: A. Paraphidnia gallina Giglio-Tos, 1898. B. Lichenomorphus montealegrezi Cadena-Castañeda, 2011. C–H. Head and pronotum: C. Dissonulichen simplicipes simplicipes (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878). D. Dysonia alipes (Westwood, 1844). E. Lichenodentix dentatithorax (Piza, 1951). F. Apolinaria hygracantha (Karsch, 1896). G. Markia hystrix (Westwood, 1844). H. Lichenodraculus matti Braun, 2011. I, J. Sternum: I. L. montealegrezi J. Machimoides sofiae Cadena-Castañeda, 2013. K. Denticles of the crest: Anaphidna gracielae (Cadena-Castañeda, 2012).
FIGURE 4 in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines
FIGURE 4. Characters used for the phylogeny (habitus): A. Anaphidna gracielae (Cadena-Castañeda, 2012). B. Lichenomorphus montealegrezi Cadena-Castañeda, 2011. C. Markia hystrix (Westwood, 1844). D. Dissonulichen simplicipes simplicipes (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878). E. Dysonia alipes (Westwood, 1844).
Map 11 in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines
Map 11. Distribution map of Dissonulichen (Dissonulichen) simplicipes simplicipes and D. (D.) simplicipes meridionalis in Colombia and Ecuador.
Species of Acantholichen occurring only in the Neotropics show a high degree of endemism (Dal Forno et al. 2016). Of the seven species now recognized in this genus (Table 2), 71.4% (5) are known only from South America. As with Dictyonema, Acantholichen seem to be specific to substrate type and appears in the Andean small forest occurring on mosses in tree bark inhabiting mostly exposed habitats. Cyphellostereum is also represented by a high number of species restricted to the Neotropics [6 (66.6%)], while one is known only from North America, one from Southeastern United States and Puerto Rico, and another species is known only from Borneo and Fiji (Table 2). It is probably due to their unusual appearance that these lichens are getting confused with free-living cyanobacteria colonies, and that there are still undescribed species in the Neotropics. in Eight new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Acantholichen, Cyphellostereum and Dictyonema s.str. (Agaricales, Hygrophoraceae) from northern South America
Species of Acantholichen occurring only in the Neotropics show a high degree of endemism (Dal Forno et al. 2016). Of the seven species now recognized in this genus (Table 2), 71.4% (5) are known only from South America. As with Dictyonema, Acantholichen seem to be specific to substrate type and appears in the Andean small forest occurring on mosses in tree bark inhabiting mostly exposed habitats. Cyphellostereum is also represented by a high number of species restricted to the Neotropics [6 (66.6%)], while one is known only from North America, one from Southeastern United States and Puerto Rico, and another species is known only from Borneo and Fiji (Table 2). It is probably due to their unusual appearance that these lichens are getting confused with free-living cyanobacteria colonies, and that there are still undescribed species in the Neotropics.
FIGURE 38. Character optimization 71 in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines
FIGURE 38. Character optimization 71: Lichenomorphic camouflage (L:3, ci:100, ri: 100).
FIGURE 39. Character optimization 72 in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines
FIGURE 39. Character optimization 72: Foliar camouflage and wasp mimicry (L:1, ci:100, ri:100).
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