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Fig. 6 in A mountain of millipedes II: The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 - five new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and one from Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 6. Aquattuor major Enghoff sp. nov., paratype. A. Left gonopod, anterior view. B. Left gonopod, posterior view. C–D. Telomere tip, two different views. li = lateral incision; pa = palette; mpl = mesal posterior lamella of telomere; pn = posttorsal narrowing; tt = triangular tooth of telomere. Scale bars: A–B = 0.1 mm; C–D = 0.01 mm.

Fig 4 in A mountain of millipedes III: A new genus for three new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and surroundings, Tanzania, as well as several 'orphaned' species previously assigned to Odontopyge Brandt, 1841 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig 4. Geotypodon millemanus gen. et sp. nov., paratype from Kiranzi-Kitungulu FR. A–E: Right gonopod. A. Posterior view. B. Anterior view, telomere in red oval. C. (Posterior-)mesal view, solenomere (yellow) and proximal telomeral spine (green) coloured. D. (Anterior-)mesal view. E. Telomere (part of coxa at lower left), basal (dorsal) view. F. Limbus. Abbreviations: atl = anterior distal lobe of telomere; bl = basal lamella of telomere; itl = intermediate distal lamella of telomere; ll = longitudinal lamella; mf = anteriad metaplical flange; mla = metaplical lamella; mp = metaplica; msp = metaplical spine-like process; pn = posttorsal narrowing; pp = proplica; ptl = posterior distal lobe of telomere; pts = proximal telomeral spine; slm = solenomere; tt = torsotope. Scales: A–E = 0.1 mm, F = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 1 in A mountain of millipedes III: A new genus for three new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and surroundings, Tanzania, as well as several 'orphaned' species previously assigned to Odontopyge Brandt, 1841 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 1. Map of the Udzungwa Mountains, showing the collecting sites for the three new Geotypodon species, as well as names of the Forest Reserves in question and names of individual mountains in West Kilombero FR. Red diamonds = G. millemanus gen. et sp. nov., yellow dot: G. submontanus gen. et sp. nov., blue triangle: G. iringensis gen. et sp. nov. Based on fig. 1 in Marshall et al. (2010) and information in Doody et al. (2001).

Fig. 2 in A mountain of millipedes III: A new genus for three new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and surroundings, Tanzania, as well as several 'orphaned' species previously assigned to Odontopyge Brandt, 1841 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 2. Geotypodon millemanus gen. et sp. nov., paratype from West Kilombero Scarp FR after nine years in alcohol. Photograph by N. Ioannou.

Fig. 3 in A mountain of millipedes III: A new genus for three new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and surroundings, Tanzania, as well as several 'orphaned' species previously assigned to Odontopyge Brandt, 1841 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 3. Body size of males of Geotypodon spp. Bold symbols indicate numbers of podous rings and midbody vertical diameter of the new species described here. Small circles and shaded areas indicate published measurements for other Geotypodon species.

Fig. 5 in A mountain of millipedes III: A new genus for three new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and surroundings, Tanzania, as well as several 'orphaned' species previously assigned to Odontopyge Brandt, 1841 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 5. Geotypodon submontanus gen. et sp. nov., holotype. A–E. Left gonopod. A. Anterior view. B. Posterior view. C. Apical part of coxa and proximal part of telopodite, anterior view. D. (Anterior-) mesal view. E. Posterior distal lobe of telomere; insertion highlights spine-like process. F. Limbus. Abbreviations: atl = anterior distal lobe of telomere; itl = intermediate distal lamella of telomere; ll = longitudinal lamella; mla = metaplical lamella; msp = metaplical spine-like process; ptl = posterior distal

Fig. 6 in A mountain of millipedes III: A new genus for three new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and surroundings, Tanzania, as well as several 'orphaned' species previously assigned to Odontopyge Brandt, 1841 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 6. Geotypodon iringensis gen. et sp. nov. A–D. Holotype, left gonopod. A. Anterior view. B. Posterior view. C. Mesal-ventral view. D. Telomere and solenomere, basal (dorsal) view. — E. Paratype, limbus. Abbreviations: atl = anterior distal lobe of telomere, bl = basal lamella of telomere, cx = coxa (seen from the basis, with remains of muscles); itl = intermediate distal lamella of telomere; lc = lateral concavity of coxa; lfl = longitudinally folded lamella; mf = anteriad metaplical flange; mp = metaplica; msp = metaplical spine-like process; pn = posttorsal narrowing; pp = proplica; ptl = posterior distal lobe of telomere; pts = proximal telomeral spine; slm = solenomere; tl = terminal lobe of telomere; tt = torsotope. Scales: A–D = 0.2 mm, E = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 6 in A mountain of millipedes V: three new genera of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 6. Yia geminispina gen. et sp. nov., holotype. Left gonopod telopodite. A. Posterior, slightly basal view. B. Anterior, slightly basal view. C. Anterior, slightly basal view. D. Basal view. E–F. Detail of margin of telomere. F. Tip of telomere. Abbreviations: ba = basomere, pn = post-torsal narrowing, slm = solenomere, tdp = telomeral distal process, tlm = telomere, ts1, ts2 = telomeral spines, tt = torsotope. Scales: A–D = 0.1 mm; F = 0.05 mm; E = 0.005 mm.

Fig. 5 in A mountain of millipedes V: three new genera of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 5. Yia geminispina gen. et sp. nov., holotype. A. Part of midbody showing the characteristic course of the suture and the position of the ozopore (highlighted in red on one body ring). B–D. Left gonopod coxa. B. Anterior-mesal view. C. Posterior view. D. Mesal view, close-up. E. Limbus. Abbreviations: cu = cucullus, lp = lateral coxal process, mf = metaplical flange, mp = metaplica, ms = metaplical shelf, msp =metaplical spine, pp = proplica, prl = proplical lobe. Scales: A = 1 mm; B–D = 0.1 mm; E = 0.005 mm.

Fig. 7 in A mountain of millipedes V: three new genera of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 7. Utiliverpa decapsulatrix gen. et sp. nov., holotype. A–D. Right gonopod coxa. A. Anterior view. B. Mesal view. C. Posterior view. D. Posterior-apical view. E–H. Left gonopod telopodite. E. Anterior view. F. Posterior view. G. Mesal-anterior-apical view. H. Solenomere. I. Limbus. Abbreviations: All = apical lateral lobe of coxa, mbp = metaplical bifid process, mf = metaplical flange, mp = metaplica, msp = metaplical spine, prl = proplical lobe, pp = proplica, ps proximal solenomeral spine, slm = solenomere, tlm = telomere, tss = telomeral subapical spike, tt = torsotope. Scales: A–H = 0.1 mm; I = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 4 in A mountain of millipedes V: three new genera of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 4. Casuariverpa scarpa gen. et sp. nov., paratype from Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve above Chita village, left gonopod telopodite. A. Apical view, coxal parts in orange colour. B. Basal view, purple oval roughly corresponds to Fig. 4D, coxal parts in orange colour, the green line indicates the distal margin of the telomere. C.Tip of solenomere. D. Origin of proximal solenomeral spine (ps) between two basal lobe of telomere (tlm), image roughly corresponding to purple oval on Fig. 4B. E. Micro-spinose field on basal external side of telomere basis, image roughly corresponding to area in yellow circle on Fig. 3G. F. Micro-spinose field on distal part of telomere concavity, image roughly corresponding to area in red oval on Fig. 3H. Abbreviations: eg = efferent groove, pn = post-torsal narrowing, ps = proximal solenomeral spine, slm = solenomere, tf = telomeral furrow, tlm = telomere, tr = telomeral ridge tt = torsotope. Scales: A–B = 0.1 mm; C–F = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 2 in A mountain of millipedes V: three new genera of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 2. Body size (body diameter/number of podous rings) of males of the new species described here.

Fig. 3 in A mountain of millipedes V: three new genera of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 3. Casuariverpa scarpa gen. et sp. nov., paratype from Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve above Chita village. A, C. Telson. A. Posterior view. C. Lateral view. B. Limbus, the double-headed arrow indicates the extent of the limbus. D. Body ring 7, left lateral view. E. Detail of limbus to show microstriolation. F–G. Left gonopod. F. Mesal view. G. Anterior view, the yellow circle indicates the position of the microspinose field shown in Fig. 4E. H. Posterior view, the red oval indicates the position of the microspinose field shown in Fig. 4E, the green line indicates the distal margin of the telomere; blue colour = mounting tape. Abbreviations: all = apical lateral lobe of coxa, mf = metaplical flange, mp = metaplica, msp = metaplical spine, pn = post-torsal narrowing, pp = proplica, prl = proplical lobe, ps = proximal solenomeral spine, slm = solenomere, tlm = telomere, tt = torsotope. Scales: A, C–D, F–H = 0.1 mm; B, E = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 1 in A mountain of millipedes V: three new genera of Odontopygidae from the Udzungwa mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 1. Map of the Udzungwa Mountains, showing the collecting localities for Casuariverpa scarpa gen. et sp. nov. (yellow dots), Yia geminispina gen. et sp. nov. (blue cross), and Utiliverpa decapsulatrix sp. nov. (red diamond). Based on fig. 1 in Marshall et al. (2010).

Fig. 34 in A mountain of millipedes I: An endemic species-group of the genus Chaleponcus Attems, 1914, from the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 34. Intercalary cuticular microscutes in Chaleponcus spp. A. C. netus sp. nov. B. C. tintin sp. nov. C–D. C. nikolajscharffi sp. nov. Fig. D shows fungus-like outgrowths from scutes. Scales 0.001 mm.

Fig. 32 in A mountain of millipedes I: An endemic species-group of the genus Chaleponcus Attems, 1914, from the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 32. Distribution of species of the Chaleponcus dabagaensis group in Forest Reserves of the Udzungwa Mts. The position of the Forest Reserves in relation to each other approximately corresponds to their true relative positions, cf. Fig. 1. Underlined species acronyms denote species known only from one Forest Reserve. Shared species are shown on lines connecting the circles. – Forest Reserve acronyms: KIG = Kigogo, KK = Kiranzi/Kitunguli, KR = Kisinga/Rugaro, MWA = Mwanihana, NDU = New Dabaga/Ulangambi, US = Udzungwa Scarp, WKS = West Kilombero Scarp. – Species acronyms: BAS = basiliscus, CIR = circumvallatus, DAB = dabagaensis, GRA = gracilior, HAM = hamerae, HOW = howelli, IBI = ibis, KRA = krai, MAL = malleolus, MWB = mwabvui, MWN = mwanihanensis, NEC = nectarinia, NET = netus, NIK = nikolajscharffi, QUA = quasimodo, SCO = scopus, TES = teres, TEM = termini, TIN = tintin, VAN = vandenspiegeli, VIL = vilici.

Fig. 31 in A mountain of millipedes I: An endemic species-group of the genus Chaleponcus Attems, 1914, from the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 31. Chaleponcus tintin sp. nov., left gonopod. A. Anterior view. B. Mesal-anterior view. C. Ventral (-anterior) view. D. Posterior (-mesal) view. al = anterior telomeral lamella, cu = cucullus, mfp = metaplical flange process, ms = metaplical shelf, mss = metaplical shelf-spine, pl = posterior telomeral lamella, plb = basal branch of pl, ps = proximal spine on solenomere. Scales 0.1 mm.

Fig. 30 in A mountain of millipedes I: An endemic species-group of the genus Chaleponcus Attems, 1914, from the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 30. Chaleponcus howelli sp. nov., left gonopod. A. Mesal-ventral (-anterior) view. B. Posterior view. C. Anterior view. D. Ventral (-anterior) view. al = anterior telomeral lamella, als = spine on al, cu = cucullus, mf = metaplical flange, mp = mesal metaplical process, ms = metaplical shelf, mss = metaplical shelf-spine, pl = posterior telomeral lamella, ps = proximal spine on solenomere, sts = spine on telomeral main stem. Scales 0.1 mm.

Fig. 28 in A mountain of millipedes I: An endemic species-group of the genus Chaleponcus Attems, 1914, from the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 28. Chaleponcus gracilior sp. nov., gonopods. A. Gonopods in situ in body ring 7, anterior view. B. Right gonopod, detail of base of solenomere, showing basal side branch consisting of a tiny, spinelike part and a larger, irregularly lamellate one. C. Right gonopod, anterior-mesal view. D. Left gonopod, posterior view. E. Left telopodite, posterior-lateral view. F. Right telopodite, anterior view. al = anterior telomeral lamella, cu = cucullus, dp = distal telomeral process, mf = metaplical flange, ms = metaplical shelf, mss = metaplical shelf-spine, pb = proximal side branch of solenomere, pl = posterior telomeral lamella, prl = proplical lobe. Scales: 0.1 mm (A, C–F), 0.05 mm (B).

Fig. 27 in A mountain of millipedes I: An endemic species-group of the genus Chaleponcus Attems, 1914, from the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 27. Chaleponcus termini sp. nov., gonopods. A. Right gonopod, posterior view. B. Right gonopod, anterior view. C. Left telopodite, mesal-ventral view. D. Left coxite, mesal view. E. Right telopodite, anterior-ventral view. al1, al2 = anterior telomeral lobe, cu = cucullus, mf = metaplical flange, ms = metaplical shelf, mss = metaplical shelf-spine, pl = posterior telomeral lamella, ps = proximal spine on solenomere. Scales 0.1 mm.