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231 results for “Oncorhynchus”
Figure 4 in giant, spike-toothed salmon, Oncorhynchus rastrosus and the "Proto-Tuolumne River" (early Pliocene) of Central California
Figure 4. Early Pliocene (~5 Ma) reconstruction of California showing the modern locations of the Tuolumne River, Turlock Lake, latite flows of the Stanislaus Group, the Little Walker Caldera, the path of the "proto-Tuolumne River", and the shallow marine embayment near Bakersfield. Based on Blakey and Ranney 2008.
Figure 11. Stratigraphic section through the T-6 in giant, spike-toothed salmon, Oncorhynchus rastrosus and the "Proto-Tuolumne River" (early Pliocene) of Central California
Figure 11. Stratigraphic section through the T-6 fossil locality (measured/described by Francisco Palacios and Jacob Biewer in October, 2015).
Figure 7. A–K in giant, spike-toothed salmon, Oncorhynchus rastrosus and the "Proto-Tuolumne River" (early Pliocene) of Central California
Figure 7. A–K. "Proto-Tuolumne River" deposits exposed at Turlock Lake indicated by orange on inset map. Arrows indicate observed flow directions. A. Unconformity exposed northwest of T-24. B. Channel cross-section visible at T-21. C. Unconformity exposed far north of salmon locality. D. Unconformity exposed on 'unmapped' island. E. Cobbles above unconformity at T-5 showing clear imbrication toward the left (southwest direction). F. Sharp, wavy unconformity on T-3/T-4 island. G. Cross-bedded sand of cliff face overlying salmon locality. H. Steep cross-beds and silt rip-up clasts exposed at cliff overlooking T-8. I. Unconformity exposed between T-15 and T-14. J. Cross-beds located southwest of T-24. K. Beach composed of cross-bedded sand and gravel at T-23.
Dataset for "Diets supplemented with Saccharina latissima influence the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism and oxidative stress modulating rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillet composition" (doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111332)
<p>Dataset corresponding to the following article:</p> <p>Ferreira, M., Larsen, B.K., Granby, K., Cunha, S.C., Monteiro, C., Fernandes, J.O., Nunes, M.L., Marques, A., Dias, J., Cunha, I., Castro, L.F.C., Valente, L.M.P., 2020. Diets supplemented with <em>Saccharina latissima </em>influence the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism and oxidative stress modulating rainbow trout (<em>Oncorhynchus mykiss</em>) fillet composition. Food Chem. Toxicol. 140, 111332. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111332">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111332</a></p>
Growth genes are implicated in the evolutionary divergence of sympatric piscivorous and insectivorous rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
<p>Identifying ecologically significant phenotypic traits and the genomic mechanisms that underly them are crucial steps in understanding the traits associated with population divergence. We used genome-wide data to identify genomic regions associated with a key trait that distinguishes two ecotypes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) – insectivores and piscivores – that coexist in Kootenay Lake, southeastern British Columbia, for the non-breeding portion of the year. "Gerrards" are large-bodied (breeding maturity at >60cm) piscivores that spawn 50km north of Kootenay Lake in the Lardeau River, in contrast to the insectivorous populations that are on average smaller in body size, mainly forage on aquatic insects, and spawn in tributaries immediately surrounding Kootenay Lake. We used pool-seq data covering 60 percent of the genome to assess the level of genomic divergence between ecotypes, test for genotype-phenotype associations, and identify loci that may play functional or selective roles in their divergence. Analysis of nearly seven million SNPs provided a genome-wide mean FST estimate of 0.18, indicating a high level of reproductive isolation between populations. The window-based FST analysis did not reveal "islands" of genomic differentiation; however, the window with highest FST estimate did include a gene associated with insulin secretion. Although we explored the use of the "Local score" approach to identify genomic outlier regions, this method was ultimately not used because simulations revealed a high false discovery rate (20 percent). Gene Ontology (GO) analysis identified several growth processes as enriched in genes occurring in the 200 most divergent genomic windows, indicating the importance of genetically-based growth and growth-related metabolic functions in the divergence of these ecotypes. In spite of their sympatric coexistence, a high degree of genomic differentiation separates the populations of piscivores and insectivores, indicating little to no contemporary genetic exchange between ecotypes. Our results further indicate that the large body piscivorous 27 phenotype is likely not due to one or a few loci of large effect, rather it may be controlled by several loci of small effect, thus highlighting the power of whole-genome low-coverage sequencing in phenotypic association studies.</p>
Data for: Dynamic coastal pelagic habitat drives rapid changes in growth and condition of juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) during early marine migration
<p>Migrating marine taxa encounter diverse habitats that differ environmentally and in foraging conditions over a range of spatial scales. We examined body (RNA/DNA, length-weight residuals) and nutritional (fatty acid composition) condition of juvenile sockeye salmon (<em>Oncorhynchus</em> nerka) in British Columbia while migrating through oceanographically variable waters. Fish were sampled in the stratified northern Strait of Georgia (NSoG); the highly mixed Johnstone Strait (JS); and the transitional zone of Queen Charlotte Strait (QCS). In 2015, body and nutritional condition were high in the NSoG but rapidly declined to reach the lowest levels in JS where prey availability was low, before showing signs of compensatory growth in QCS. In 2016, juvenile salmon had a significantly lower condition in the NSoG than in 2015, although zooplankton biomass was similar, condition remained low in JS, and no compensatory growth was observed in QCS. We provide evidence that differences in juvenile salmon condition between the two years were due to changes in the food quality available to juvenile fish. We propose that existing hypotheses about fish survival need to be extended to incorporate food quality in addition to quantity to understand changes in fish condition and survival between years.</p>
Fig. 1 in Catch of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Infected with the Freshwater Parasite Salvelinema walkeri (Nematoda: Cystidicolidae) in the Gulf of Alaska in the Early Winter
Fig. 1. Locations of salmonid collection along a south-north transect (from 44°32′N to 52°06′N along ca. 145°W) in the Gulf of Alaska in mid-December 1992 and those of salmonids infected with Salvelinema walkeri in marine and estuarine waters based in this and past papers. Open circles, catch locations of infected salmonids; closed circles, locations with salmonid catch; and crosses, locations without salmonid catch. Location 1, 52°06′N, 145°56′W (this paper); location 2, the Columbia River estuary (Claxton et al. 2013); location 3, off Newport, Oregon (Olson 1978); locations 4 and 5, the Strait of Georgia near Nanoose (Margolis 1967a) and Nanaimo (Ekbaum 1935, 1936; Margolis 1967a), respectively; and locations 6–10, Cowichan Bay, Satellite Channel, the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Sechelt Inlet, and Howe Sound, respectively (Godfrey 1968).
Data from: Personality determines population-level effects of microplastics consumption in a modelled population of stream-dwelling rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
<p>Microplastics in freshwater habitats are consumed by fish, including stream-dwelling salmonids, which can alter food consumption or negatively affect swimming and foraging behaviour. As population-level effects are largely unknown, a simulated population of stream-dwelling rainbow trout (<em>Oncorhynchus mykiss</em>) was created using the agent-based model 'inSTREAM 7' to model population-level effects (biomass) of behavioural changes caused by microplastics consumption. Individual fish were assigned all possible combinations of two personality traits (dominance, boldness/shyness), and consumed microplastics while foraging, while their abundance, body size, and microplastics consumption were tracked for three different life stages (fry, juvenile, adult) for a 10-year simulation period. Three additive scenarios were explored: a low-impact scenario with decreased food consumption, a medium-impact scenario with added lower swimming speed, and a high-impact scenario with added reductions in prey capture efficiency. Each was tested with microplastics concentrations of 0%, 1% (i.e., current levels), and 3% (i.e., future levels) of drift food. Overall, microplastics consumption did not strongly affect trout population abundance. Dominant adult trout consumed disproportionally more microplastics than all other fish, especially with higher microplastics concentrations. Different personality types were affected differently in the three scenarios: dominant and bold adults were smaller when food consumption was reduced, shy and subordinate adults were smaller when swimming speed was lowered, and all dominant adults, regardless of boldness, were smaller when foraging efficiency was impeded, with dominant and bold fry also less abundant in this scenario. However, effects on fish body size were only found with microplastic concentrations of 3%, indicating these outcomes can be prevented, as current levels of microplastics pollution are unlikely to affect salmonid body size. Nevertheless, microplastics ingestion represents an additional stressor that may potentially interact with a myriad of anthropogenic impacts that already affect wild salmonid populations.</p>
Growth genes are implicated in the evolutionary divergence of sympatric piscivorous and insectivorous rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
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Differences in gene expression between high and low tolerance rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to acute thermal stress
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Quantifying component mortality estimates of out-migrating juvenile steelhead (<em>Oncorhynchus mykiss</em>)
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Data for: Dynamic coastal pelagic habitat drives rapid changes in growth and condition of juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) during early marine migration
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Data from: Personality determines population-level effects of microplastics consumption in a modelled population of stream-dwelling rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
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Data from: A synthesis of the coast-wide decline in survival of west coast Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, Salmonidae)
<p>We collated smolt-to-adult return rate (SAR) data for Chinook salmon from all available regions of the Pacific coast of North America to examine the large-scale patterns of salmon survival. For consistency, our analyses primarily used coded wire tag-based (CWT) SAR estimates. Survival collapsed over the past half century by roughly a factor of three to ca. 1% for many regions. Within the Columbia River, the SARs of Snake River populations, often singled out as exemplars of poor survival, are unexceptional and in fact higher than estimates reported from many other regions of the west coast lacking dams. Given the seemingly congruent decline in SARs to similar levels, the notion that contemporary survival is driven primarily by broader oceanic factors rather than local factors should be considered. Ambitious Columbia River rebuilding targets may be unachievable because other regions with nearly pristine freshwater conditions, such as SE Alaska and northern BC, also largely fail to reach these levels. Passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag-based SAR estimates available for Columbia River basin populations are generally consistent with CWT findings; however, PIT tag-based SARs are not adjusted for harvest which compromises their intended use because harvest rates are large and variable. More attention is needed on how SARs should be quantified and how rebuilding targets are defined. We call for a systematic review by funding agencies to assess consistency and comparability of the SAR data generated and to further assess the implications of survival falling to similar levels in most regions of the west coast.</p>
Data from: Do genomics and sex predict migration in a partially migratory salmonid fish, Oncorhynchus mykiss?
Partial migration is a common phenomenon wherein populations include migratory and resident individuals. Whether an individual migrates or not has important ecological and management implications, particularly within protected populations. Within partially migratory populations of O. mykiss, migration is highly correlated with a specific genomic region, but it is unclear how well this region predicts migration at the individual level. Here, we relate sex and life history genotype, determined using >400 SNPs on the migratory-linked genomic region, to life history expression of marked juvenile O. mykiss from two tributaries to the South Fork Eel River, northern California. Most resident fish were resident-genotypes (57% resident, 37% heterozygous, 6% migratory genotype) and male (78%). Most migratory fish were female (62%), but were a mixture of genotypes (30% resident, 45% heterozygous, 25% migratory genotype). Sex was more strongly correlated with life history expression than genotype, but the best-supported model included both. Resident genotypes regularly migrated, highlighting the importance of conserving the full suite of life history and genetic diversity in partially migratory populations.
Data from: Discovery and characterization of single nucleotide polymorphisms in Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Molecular population genetics of non-model organisms has been dominated by the use of microsatellite loci over the last two decades. The availability of extensive genomic resources for many species is contributing to a transition to the use of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for the study of many natural populations. Here we describe the discovery of a large number of SNPs in Chinook salmon, one of the world's most important fishery species, through large-scale Sanger sequencing of expressed sequence tag (EST) regions. More than 3MB of sequence was collected in a survey of variation in more than 131KB of unique genic regions, from more than 225 separate ESTs, in a diverse ascertainment panel of 24 salmon. This survey yielded 117 TaqMan (5' nuclease) assays, almost all from separate EST regions, which were validated in population samples from 5 major stocks of salmon from the three largest basins on the Pacific coast of the coterminous United States: the Sacramento, Klamath and Columbia Rivers. The proportion of these loci that was variable in each of these stocks ranged from 86.3 to 90.6% and the mean minor allele frequency ranged from 0.194 to 0.236. There was substantial differentiation between populations with these markers, with a mean FST estimate of 0.107, and values for individual loci ranging from 0 to 0.592. This substantial polymorphism and population-specific differentiation indicates that these markers will be broadly useful, including for both pedigree reconstruction and genetic stock identification applications.
Data from: Evaluation of a single nucleotide polymorphism baseline for genetic stock identification of Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem
Chinook Salmon is an economically and ecologically important species, and populations from the west coast of North America are a major component of fisheries in the North Pacific Ocean. The anadromous life history strategy of this species generates populations (or stocks) that typically are differentiated from neighboring populations. In many cases, it is desirable to discern the stock of origin of an individual fish or the stock composition of a mixed sample to monitor the stock-specific effects of anthropogenic impacts and alter management strategies accordingly. Genetic stock identification (GSI) provides such discrimination, and we describe here a novel GSI baseline composed of genotypes from more than 8000 individual fish from 69 distinct populations at 96 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci. The populations included in this baseline represent the likely sources for more than 99% of the salmon encountered in ocean fisheries of California and Oregon. This new genetic baseline permits GSI with the use of rapid and cost-effective SNP genotyping, and power analyses indicate that it provides very accurate identification of important stocks of Chinook Salmon. In an ocean fishery sample, GSI assignments of more than 1000 fish, with our baseline, were highly concordant (98.95%) at the reporting unit level with information from the physical tags recovered from the same fish. This SNP baseline represents an important advance in the technologies available to managers and researchers of this species.
Re-evaluating coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) conservation units in Canada using genomic data
<p><span>Conservation units (CUs) are important tools for supporting the implementation of standardized management practices for exploited species. Following the adoption of the Wild Salmon Policy in Canada, CUs were defined for Pacific salmon based on characteristics related to ecotype, life history, and genetic variation using microsatellite markers as indirect measures of local adaptation. Genomic datasets have the potential to improve the definition of CUs by reducing variance around estimates of population genetic parameters, thereby increasing the power to detect more subtle patterns of population genetic structure and by providing an opportunity to incorporate adaptive information more directly with the identification of variants putatively under selection. We used one of the largest genomic datasets recently published for a non-model species, comprising 5,662 individual Coho salmon (<em>Oncorhynchus kisutch</em>) from 149 sampling locations and a total of 24,542 high-quality SNPs obtained using genotyping-by-sequencing and mapped to the Coho salmon reference genome to 1) evaluate the current delineation of CUs for Coho in Canada and 2) compare patterns of population structure observed using neutral and outlier loci from genotype-environment association analyses to determine whether separate CUs that capture adaptive diversity are needed. Our results reflected CU boundaries on the whole, with the majority of sampling locations managed in the same CU clustering together within genetic groups. However, additional groups not currently represented by CUs were also uncovered. We observed considerable overlap in the genetic clusters identified using neutral or candidate loci, indicating a general congruence in patterns of genetic variation driven by local adaptation and gene flow in this species. Consequently, we suggest that the current CU boundaries for Coho salmon are largely well-suited for meeting the Canadian Wild Salmon Policy's objective of defining biologically distinct groups, but we highlight specific areas where CU boundaries may be refined.</span></p>
Diet overlap among non-native trout species and native Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) in two U.S. ecoregions
<p>The invasion of freshwater ecosystems by non-native species can constitute a significant threat to native species and ecosystem health. Non-native trouts have long been stocked in areas where native trouts occur and have negatively impacted native trouts through predation, competition, and hybridization. This study encompassed two seasons of sampling efforts across two ecoregions of the western United States: The Great Basin in summer 2016 and the Yellowstone River Basin in summer 2017. We found significant dietary overlaps among native and non-native trouts within the Great Basin and Yellowstone River Basin ecoregions. Three orders of invertebrates (Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera and Diptera) composed the majority of stomach contents and were responsible for driving the observed patterns. Great Basin trout had higher body conditions (k) and non-native Great Basin trout had higher gut fullness values than Yellowstone River Basin trout, indicating a possible limitation of food in the Yellowstone River Basin. Native fishes were the least abundant and had the lowest body condition in each ecoregion. These findings may indicate a negative impact on native trouts by non-native trouts. We recommend additional monitoring of native and non-native trout diets, regular invertebrate surveys to identify the availability of diet items, and reconsidering stocking efforts that can result in overlap of non-native fishes with native cutthroat trout.</p>
Data from: A correlation between seasonally changing photoperiod, whole body lipid, and condition factor in juvenile spring Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)
<p><span></span></p> <p>The regulation of lipid stores is a central process for the physiology and ecology of fishes. Seasonal variation in lipid stores has been directly linked to survival of fishes across periods of food deprivation. We assessed whether a seasonally changing photoperiod was correlated to seasonal changes in energetic status to help better understand these important processes. Groups of first-feeding Chinook salmon fry were introduced to a seasonal photoperiod cycle, but the point of entrance into the seasonal cycle varied from near the winter solstice (December), to either side of the spring equinox (February & May). Temperature and feeding rate were similar for all treatments. Subsequently, condition factor and whole-body lipid content were assessed through a seasonal progression. Throughout most of the experiment, length and weight did not differ between the different photoperiod treatments, however whole body lipid and Fulton's condition factor did. Furthermore, changes in both whole body lipid and Fulton's condition factor in all treatment groups followed a similar seasonal pattern that was inversely related to day length (highest K and lipid levels found during days with the least light). These results suggest that regardless of age or size, there is a correlation between seasonal changes in photoperiod and changes in body composition in juvenile Chinook salmonids.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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