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Figs. 41–44 in Nests, Petal Usage, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of Osmia (Ozbekosmia) avosetta (Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini), Including Biological Comparisons with Other Osmiine Bees

Figs. 41–44. Microphotographs of fifth larval instar of Osmia avosetta. 41. Setae of pleural swelling, left side of abdominal segment 8, as identified by rectangle in figure 32. 42. Spiracle showing narrow peritreme relative to large atrial opening and wrinkled atrial wall. 43, 44. Short and long subatria, respectively. (Photos J.G. Rozen).

Figs. 37–40 in Nests, Petal Usage, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of Osmia (Ozbekosmia) avosetta (Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini), Including Biological Comparisons with Other Osmiine Bees

Figs. 37–40. SEM micrographs of fifth larval instar of Osmia avosetta. 37. Head, approximate frontal view. 38. Seta from area laterad of parietal band as identified by rectangle in figure 37 (but more lateral in view). 39. Right antenna showing three apical sensilla. 40. Close-up of left side of salivary opening, showing parallel ridges on upper inner surface.

Figs. 16–21 in Nests, Petal Usage, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of Osmia (Ozbekosmia) avosetta (Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini), Including Biological Comparisons with Other Osmiine Bees

Figs. 16–21. More closed cells of Osmia avosetta. 16. Upper part of cell, side view, with petals of outer envelope partly removed to reveal inner soil lining capped with closure of soil with concave upper surface. 17. Close-up of same showing concave soil closure, top view. 18. Same cell, now with most of soil closure removed revealing some of petals of inner closure (arrow), top view. 19. Same, except now all of soil of inner closure removed revealing folded petal of inner envelope, top view. 20. Another cell with outer envelope teased open, soil closure removed, and inner envelope closure also teased open, top view. 21. Same cell with opening widened to reveal egg floating on provisions. (Photos J.G. Rozen).

Fig. 10 in Nests, Petal Usage, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of Osmia (Ozbekosmia) avosetta (Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini), Including Biological Comparisons with Other Osmiine Bees

Fig. 10. Female of Osmia avosetta with a petal in its mandibles approaching nest entrance (photo J.S. Ascher). Figures 11–15. Cells of Osmia avosetta. 11. Open cell, side view. 12. Close-up of neck of same, showing sequence of plating of petals. 13. Closed cell, side view. 14. Top of same showing inward folded petals of outer envelope. 15. Same cell, now with top of outer envelope removed revealing soil closure and soil lining, and some inner petal lining where soil lining removed (arrow). (Photos J.G. Rozen).

FIGURES 81–86 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 81–86. Macroptic photographs of last larval instar of Stelis ater. 81. Entire postdefecating form, lateral view. 82–84. Head of same, front, lateral, and ventral views, respectively; atp = anterior tentorial pit. 85. Entire early fifth instar, lateral view. 86. Posterior part of abdomen of another specimen, lateral view, showing segmentation of abdominal apex.

FIGURES 64–66 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 64–66. SEM micrographs of inner layer of Stelis ater cocoon. 64. Front end showing opening behind nipple. 65. Close-up of area identified by rectangle in figure 64. 66. Rear of cocoon, to same scale as figure 65, showing lack of fenestrations. FIGURES 67–69. Radiographs of cocoon of Stelis ater with live larva, side view. 67. Entire cocoon. 68. Close-up of anterior end; for explanation, see text. 69. Slice of CT-scan anterior end.

FIGURES 52–57 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 52–57. SEM micrographs of cocoons of Stelis ater. 52. Cross section of cocoon wall showing three layers. 53. Close-up of area identified by rectangle in figure 52. Note non-fenestrated surface and thinness of inner layer in figs 52, 53. 54. Exterior surface of outer layer of nipple removed from rest of cocoon showing nature of fabric. 55. Close-up of area identified by rectangle in figure 54. 56. Under surface of outer layer of nipple removed from cocoon showing dense fibers. 57. Close-up of area identified by rectangle in figure 56, showing texture of fabric.

FIGURES 44–51 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 44–51. Microphotographs of cocoons of Stelis ater. 44. Inner surface of rear of cocoon cut longitudinally. 45. Entire cocoon, with outer lining removed from front end, revealing nearly black inner surface of nipple and middle layer of cocoon, lateral view. 46. Exterior surface of outer layer of nipple end, lateral view. 47. Interior surface of outer layer of nipple showing mass of silk fibers that surrounds and covers passageway to interior. 48. Inner layer of nipple with outer layer removed showing opening of passageway to rest of filter system, approximate lateral view. 49. Front view of opening to inner layer showing open passageway to screen

FIGURE 41 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURE 41. Early fifth instar of Stelis ater attacking fourth instar of Osmia chalybea. FIGURE 42. Wound (arrow) in same fourth instar caused by attack.

FIGURES 35–40 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 35–40. Immatures of Stelis ater. 35. Egg deep in provisions; eggs were encountered both in the provisions and on the front surface of the provisions, as discussed in text. 36. Early instar (arrow) deep in the provisions and feeding larva of Osmia chalybea (right) on front surface of provisions. 37. Egg of Stelis ater (arrow) and probable first instar of Osmia chalybea (left) on front surface of provisions with trachea now visible. 38. Same cell some time later with Stelis ater (arrow) now early feeding instar having not yet encountered Osmia chalybea, which has become an intermediate instar. 39. Early instar of Osmia chalybea being attacked simultaneously by two early instars of Stelis ater; one of which (arrow) is barely visible to the left of the others. Presumably one S. ater larva would later kill the other, since we never found more than one cocoon in a cell. 40. Two feeding early instars of Stelis ater (arrows) from eggs deposited deep in provisions.

FIGURES 73–77 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 73–77. SEM micrograph of anterior ends of eggs of Osmia chalybea and Stelis ater. 73. Anterior pole of egg of O. chalybea. 74. Micropylar area of same identified by rectangle in figure 73. 75. Close-up of micropylar disc of same. 76. Anterior pole of Stelis ater. 77. Micropylar area of same identified by rectangle in figure 76.

FIGURES 58–63 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 58–63. SEM micrographs of nipple end of cocoon of Stelis ater with outer layer of cocoon removed. 58. Part of nipple removed to expose passageway from tip of nipple to screened surface. 59. Close-up of screen forming base of chamber. 60. Part removed from nipple, showing texture of inner surface thought to result from larva pushing silk forward from inside the cocoon. 61–63. Close-ups of area identified by rectangles in figure 61, respectively; note changes in surface texture of silk, with silk of inner chamber shiniest.

FIGURES 18–22 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 18–22. Microphotographs of cocoons of Osmia chalybea. 18. Inner surface of cocoon with cap of filter removed, cut longitudinally, showing white inner layer on anterior section fusing posteriorly with middle layer to produce dark semitransparent surface; note dark outer screen of nipple (pointer). 19. Front end viewed from inside, showing white silk of inner lining and inner screen (pointer). 20. Rear end viewed from inside, showing shiny, semitransparent inner surface with fecal streaks. 21. Front end of cocoon in early stages of construction viewed from inside, showing deposit of silk (pointer) that will make up hard cap of completed cocoon. 22. Front end of cocoon before inner lining applied, viewed from inside, showing undersurface of outer screen (pointer) before turning dark.

FIGURES 11–13. Osmia chalybea. 11 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 11–13. Osmia chalybea. 11. Photograph of adult female. 12. Microptic photograph of cocoon, front end up, lateral view. 13. Close-up of nipple of same with outer cocoon layer removed and cap pried up to show outer screen beneath, near lateral view. FIGURES 14–16. Stelis ater. 14. Photograph of adult female. 15. Microptic photograph of entire cocoon, front end up, lateral view. 16. Microphotograph of same, showing characteristic elongate fecal pellets, lateral view.

FIGURES 1–7 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 1–7. Trap nests used in the study of Osmia chalybea and Stelis ater. 1. Two trap nests deployed in the field. 2. Front end of U-shaped trap nest. 3. Front end of circular trap nest, showing circular openings to boreholes lined with paper straws and unlined; note that two exhibit nest closures. 4. U-shaped trap nest seen

FIGURES 33, 34 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 33, 34. Radiographs of cocoons of Osmia chalybea, side view. 33. X-rayed cell containing mature larva surrounded by its cocoon. 34. Slice of CT scan of another cocoon showing anterior end of cocoon close to rear of preceding cell; note components of filter system at nipple although fine, loose silk not visible.

Figure 14 in Gonads and gametogenesis in Chaetodactylus osmiae (Acariformes: Astigmata: Chaetodactylidae) a parasite of solitary bees

Figure 14 Chaetodactylus osmiaefemale. TEM. Spermatozoa deposited in spermatheca. (A) Two spermatozoa, each with highly folded lamella (La), chromatin (Ch) and mitochondrial derivatives (md). (B) Spermatozoa similar to (A) in higher magnification. Note location of chromatin (Ch) within deep infolding of dense lamella (La). Variable structure of mitochondrial derivatives (md) is also evident. (C) schematic representation of sperm cell from female spermatheca. Scale bars: A,B – 2 μm, C – 5 μm. Other abbreviations: Ch – threads of chromatin; La – electron-dense lamella; md – mitochondrial derivatives.

Figure 13 in Gonads and gametogenesis in Chaetodactylus osmiae (Acariformes: Astigmata: Chaetodactylidae) a parasite of solitary bees

Figure 13 Chaetodactylus osmiaemale. TEM. (A) Late spermatid showing chromatin threads (Ch), dense lamella (La) and elaborate spongy body (SB). Small vesicles of mitochondrial derivatives (md) are present around the spongy body and along the dense lamella; however, larger and more electron-dense mitochondrial derivatives are also present (arrows). Anastomosing tubules of the spongy body are encircled

Figure 12 in Gonads and gametogenesis in Chaetodactylus osmiae (Acariformes: Astigmata: Chaetodactylidae) a parasite of solitary bees

Figure 12 Chaetodactylus osmiaemale. TEM. Two consecutive steps in spermiogenesis showing spermatid just after lamella (La) formation

Figure 11 in Gonads and gametogenesis in Chaetodactylus osmiae (Acariformes: Astigmata: Chaetodactylidae) a parasite of solitary bees

Figure 11 Chaetodactylus osmiaemale. TEM. (A) Advanced spermatocyte separated with stroma cell (SC) from neighboring spermatocytes. It shows a spongy layer (SpL) and empty spaces in peripheral cytoplasm in which many mitochondrial derivatives (md) are present. Nuage material (asterisks) surrounds the nucleus (n) containing a small, compact nucleolus (nu). (B) Spermatid in an early stage of spermiogenesis embedded in stroma cell (SC). The nucleus is no longer visible and chromatin (Ch) forms fine threads surrounded by foci of electron-dense material (white arrows). Mitochondrial derivatives are multiform, either large with meandering cristae (md) or small and vesicular (black arrow). (C