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Fig. 4 in Diversity and taxonomy of the Late Triassic sauropodomorphs (Saurischia, Sauropodomorpha) stored in the Palaeontological Collection of Tübingen, Germany, historically referred to Plateosaurus

Fig. 4. The history of taxonomy of Plateosaurus Meyer, 1837 can be interpreted as having three phases. Taxonomy 1 took place during most of the 20th century and was based on stratigraphy and morphology alone. Taxonomy 2 was the subsequent revision towards the end of the 20th century and turning of the 21st century, focusing mainly on considering the limits of intraspecific variability, assuming plasticity and explaining the morphological differences as taphonomic artefacts. Taxonomy 3 is a proposed new taxonomy that requires each specimen to be compared with the holotype of the type speciesPl. trossingensis Fraas, 1913, taking into account stratigraphy, intraspecific variability, and autapomorphies. Large blue circles refer to a genus-level determination. Dashed large blue circle refers to a sensu lato definition of Plateosaurus that includes several nomina dubia as synonyms. Small geometric shapes represent different species within the genera. Edges represent comparisons.

Fig. 2 in Diversity and taxonomy of the Late Triassic sauropodomorphs (Saurischia, Sauropodomorpha) stored in the Palaeontological Collection of Tübingen, Germany, historically referred to Plateosaurus

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic section of the middle and upper Keuper of the Germanic Basin as exposed in BadenWürttemberg (right), and Bavaria and Saxony-Anhalt (both on the left). The numbers represent the findings described in the text. Zanclodon laevis (Plieninger, 1846) is restricted to an archosauromorph of uncertain affinities from the Ladinian (Erfurt Formation). Sauropodomorphs appear towards the upper part of the middle Keuper, which may be of late Carnian or early Norian age. The black silhouettes represent specimens not currently classified as Plateosaurus Meyer, 1837.

Fig. 3 in Diversity and taxonomy of the Late Triassic sauropodomorphs (Saurischia, Sauropodomorpha) stored in the Palaeontological Collection of Tübingen, Germany, historically referred to Plateosaurus

Fig. 3. Timeline showing changes in the taxonomic placement of the specimens of early-diverging sauropodomorphs considered to be Plateosaurus Meyer, 1837 from 1900 to 2004. This timeline considers only papers discussing taxonomy and papers describing and naming new species. Lines indicate continuity or change in specimen composition of species across revisions. Arrows outside the timeline indicate that the taxa were named before 1900 and / or are still valid after 2004. When more lines depart from one node, part of the specimens included in that species were referred to as different species. Lines converging in one node indicate that the specimens were lumped together into the species in the node. Stars at the end of a line indicate that in the taxonomic revision, the name became either a nomen dubium or a nomen nudum. Lines continuing after this point indicate that the specimens were referred to the new node. This timeline does not include specimens removed from the genus Plateosaurus, namely Efraasia (von Huene, 1907–1908), Ruehleia Galton, 2001, Camelotia Galton, 1985 and Tuebingosaurus Regalado Fernández & Werneburg, 2022. The green lines correspond to species that have been synonymized with Pl. trossingensis Fraas, 1913, and the blue lines correspond to those that have been synonymized with Pl. gracilis (von Huene, 1905). The orange-red lines refer to species removed from Sauropodomorpha Huene, 1932 altogether. Changes after 2004 are discussed in the text.

Fig. 1 in Diversity and taxonomy of the Late Triassic sauropodomorphs (Saurischia, Sauropodomorpha) stored in the Palaeontological Collection of Tübingen, Germany, historically referred to Plateosaurus

Fig. 1. Map showing the city of Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, in the centre of the localities of the specimens described in this paper. The second map places Baden-Württemberg within Germany. The timeline shows the chronology in which the specimens were first excavated but not described. The date of the excavation of 'Zanclodon' is the only one that is not certain (see Results – Mid-19th century). Map data: Google, GeoBasis-DE / BKG.

Fig. 19 in Diversity and taxonomy of the Late Triassic sauropodomorphs (Saurischia, Sauropodomorpha) stored in the Palaeontological Collection of Tübingen, Germany, historically referred to Plateosaurus

Fig. 19 (see next page). Material of specimen "GPIT 18318a" on a reconstruction of 'Sellosaurus gracilis' as drawn by von Huene (1907: pl. 107); specimen "GPIT 18318a" is referred to as 'Sellosaurus hermannianus', and the elements reported as missing are based on what was reported by von Huene (1915). A. GPIT-PV-111900, skull, still embedded in the matrix. B. GPIT-PV-60523, cervical 2 in ventral view. C. GPIT-PV-60535, postzygapophyses of cervical 3 in right lateral view. D. GPIT-PV-60537, cervical 4 in left lateral view. E. GPIT-PV-60525, cervical 5 in right lateral view. F. GPIT-PV-60521, cervical 6 in left lateral view. G. GPIT-PV-60531, cervical 7 in left lateral view. H. GPIT-PV-60522, cervical 8 in right lateral view. I. GPIT-PV-60503, cervical 9 in dorsal view, still in matrix. J. GPIT-PV-60536, cervical 10 in right lateral view. K. GPIT-PV-60530, dorsal 1 in lateral view. L. GPIT-PV-60534, dorsal 1 in dorsal view. M. GPIT-PV-60257, dorsal 3 in ventral view. N. GPIT-PV-60532, partial dorsal 4 and dorsal 5 in ventral view. O. GPIT-PV-60526, dorsal 6 in ventral view. P. GPIT-PV-60533, dorsal 7 in ventral view. Q. GPIT-PV-60528, posterior half of the dorsal 8 in ventral view. R. GPIT-PV-60520, dorsals 11, 12 and 13 in ventral view. S. GPIT-PV-60446, possibly a sacral vertebra in ventral view, but it was not reported as part of the same specimen. T. GPIT-PV-60524, neural arch of a dorsal vertebra in dorsal view. U. GPIT-PV-60512, right scapula, with a cast taken from the negative mould of the original matrix in medial view. V. GPIT-PV-60514, left humerus in anterior view. W. GPIT-PV-60515, right radius in lateral view, metacarpals I to V in anterior view, and phalanx I.1 in anterior view. X. GPIT-PV-60529, partial phalanx, the cast was a mould produced from the original negative mould where the specimen was found. Y. GPIT-PV-60434, ungual (possibly pedal ungual). Z. GPIT-PV-60504, block with ribs. AA. GPIT-PV-60502, block with gastralia. AB. GPIT-PV-60442, rib fragment. AC. GPIT-PV-60443, rib fragment. AD. GPIT-PV-60444, rib fragment. AE. GPIT-PV-60439, rib fragment. AF. GPIT-PV-60441, rib fragment. AG. GPIT-PV-60438, rib fragment. AH. GPIT-PV-60437, rib fragment. AI. GPIT-PV-60436, rib fragment. AJ. GPIT-PV-60440, rib fragments. The human skeleton represents a height of 1.75 m, as originally drawn by von Huene (1907: pl. 107), the relative size of the reconstructed sauropodomorph is 3.5 m. Reconstruction and photographs made by the authors, with photos taken on the labelled side or on the side that was illustrated in the past. 38

Fig. 10 in Diversity and taxonomy of the Late Triassic sauropodomorphs (Saurischia, Sauropodomorpha) stored in the Palaeontological Collection of Tübingen, Germany, historically referred to Plateosaurus

Fig. 10 (see next page). A–S. Holotype of Gresslyosaurus robustus described by von Huene (1907) and illustrated on the reconstruction of Gresslyosaurus 'plieningeri' redrawn from von Huene (1907: pl. 104). A. GPIT-PV-60195, posterior half of a cervical vertebra in anterior view. B. GPIT-PV-60188, posterior half of a dorsal vertebra in anterior view. C. GPIT-PV-60183, posterior dorsal vertebra in lateral view. D. GPIT-PV-60184, posterior dorsal vertebra in lateral view. E. GPIT-PV-60180, second sacral vertebra in ventrolateral view. F. GPIT-PV-60192, articulated manual digit (three non-terminal phalanges and one ungual) in medial view. G. GPIT-PV-60292, distal part of the right femur in posterolateral view. H. GPIT- PV-60181, proximal half of the left fibula in lateral view. I. GPIT-PV-60206 and GPIT-PV-60207, proximal and distal portions of a tibia in medial view. J. GPIT-PV-60191, distal tarsal in distal view. K. GPIT- PV-60194, two pedal phalanges fused together in anteromedial view. L. GPIT-PV-60177, two non-terminal phalanges and one ungual in anterior view. M. GPIT-PV-60186, pedal ungual phalanx in lateral view. N. GPIT-PV-60190, two pedal phalanges fused together in dorsal view. O. GPIT-PV-60312, pedal phalanx in dorsal view. P. GPIT-PV-60187, pedal ungual phalanx in medial view. Q. GPIT-PV-60309, partial pedal ungual phalanx in medial view. R. GPIT-PV-60189, two pedal phalanges fused together in dorsal view. S. GPIT-PV-60208, astragalus in medial and dorsal views. T–AF. Fragments belonging to a smaller individual (von Huene 1907: 137). T. GPIT-PV-60193, large ungual phalanx with distal portion of the phalanx. Q. GPIT-PV-60258, indeterminate bone fragment. V. GPIT-PV-60301, partial centrum. W. GPIT-PV-60302, two fragmentary pieces of what has been identified as the proximal ends of metatarsal II and I in lateral views. X. GPIT-PV-60303, two fragmentary pieces of what has been identified as the distal ends of metatarsal II and IV in lateral views. Y. GPIT-PV-60304, shaft of a long bone, possibly a fibula. Z. GPIT-PV-60305, proximal portion of the metatarsal IV. AA. GPIT-PV-60306, three pieces of vertebra, although not from the same element: an articular surface, a neural arch and a fragment of a non-articular margin of the centrum. AB. GPIT-PV-60307, two pieces of vertebra, not from the same element. AC. GPIT-PV-60311, pedal phalanx. AD. GPIT-PV-60314, pedal phalanx. AE. GPIT-PV-60315, pedal ungual III.5. AF. GPIT-PV-60345, metatarsal III. AG. GPIT-PV-60218, right femoral head in anteromedial view, catalogued as part of the Trossingen material by Weishampel in 1983, but with the same preservation than Bebenhausen. The human skeleton represents a height of 1.75 m, as originally drawn by von Huene (1907: pl. 103), the relative size of the reconstructed sauropodomorph is 4.5 m. Reconstruction and photographs made by the authors, with photos taken on the labelled side or on the side that was illustrated in the past.

Fig. 7 in Diversity and taxonomy of the Late Triassic sauropodomorphs (Saurischia, Sauropodomorpha) stored in the Palaeontological Collection of Tübingen, Germany, historically referred to Plateosaurus

Fig. 7 (see next page). Holotype of Plateosaurus 'quenstedti' described by von Huene (1907) and illustrated on the reconstruction of Plateosaurus 'quenstedti' redrawn from von Huene (1907: pl. 102). A. GPITPV-60168, atlas in ventral view. B. GPIT-PV-60162, axis in left lateral view. C. GPIT-PV-60164, cervical 5 in left lateral view. D. GPIT-PV-60156, centrum of putative cervical 6 in right lateral view. E. GPITPV-60155, partial cervical 8 in left lateral view. F. GPIT-PV-60154, anterior dorsal (presumed dorsal 4) in left lateral view. G. GPIT-PV-60152, left scapula in medial view. H. GPIT-PV-60159, postzygapophyses attached to the prezygapophyses of dorsal vertebra (presumed dorsal 14) in posterior view. I. GPITPV-60153, right pubis in anterior view. J. GPIT-PV-60151, left femur, reconstructed shaft, in posterior view. K. GPIT-PV-60172, right ulna in anterolateral view. L. GPIT-PV-60163, left ulna in anterolateral view. M. GPIT-PV-60150, proximal half of the right femur in posterior view. N. GPIT-PV-60170, left fibula in lateral view. O. GPIT-PV-60165, proximal and distal ends of metatarsal II in posterior view. P. GPIT-PV-60171, proximal and distal ends of metatarsal III in posterior view. Q. GPIT-PV-60161, pedal ungual III with distal end of phalanx III.3 in lateral view. R. GPIT-PV-60157, phalanx, presumed pedal phalanx IV.2 in dorsal view. S. GPIT-PV-60158, phalanx, possibly pedal phalanx IV.3 in dorsal view. The human skeleton represents a height of 1.75 m, as originally drawn by von Huene (1907: pl. 102), the relative size of the reconstructed sauropodomorph is 2 m. Reconstruction and photographs made by the authors, with photos taken on the labelled side or on the side that was illustrated in the past.

Fig. 24 in Diversity and taxonomy of the Late Triassic sauropodomorphs (Saurischia, Sauropodomorpha) stored in the Palaeontological Collection of Tübingen, Germany, historically referred to Plateosaurus

Fig. 24 (see next page). Skeletal elements of specimen GPIT-PV-30784 historically known as "GPIT I". A–B. GPIT-PV-111840, skull. A. In left lateral view. B. In right lateral view. C. GPIT-PV-60260, hyoid bones. D. GPIT-PV-60336, sternal plates. E. GPIT-PV-60223, six distal caudals with chevrons. F. GPIT- PV-60256, half of a distal caudal. G. GPIT-PV-60223, four distal caudals with chevrons. H. GPIT- PV-60257, capitulum and tuberculum of left dorsal 15. I. GPIT-PV-60274, manual phalanx. J. GPIT- PV-60275, manual phalanx. K. GPIT-PV-60276, manual phalanx. L. GPIT-PV-60339, ungual I.1. M. GPIT-PV-60254, distal tarsal. N. GPIT-PV-60253, manual phalanx. O. GPIT-PV-60277, manual phalanx. P. GPIT-PV-60278, manual phalanx. Q. GPIT-PV-60337, manual phalanges V.1 and V.2. R. GPIT-PV-60338, distal carpal. S. Mounted skeleton, photograph taken in the ca 1960 (archive photo UAT 678/73); the skull on display is a cast from the skull of specimen SMNS 13200.

Fig. 16 in Diversity and taxonomy of the Late Triassic sauropodomorphs (Saurischia, Sauropodomorpha) stored in the Palaeontological Collection of Tübingen, Germany, historically referred to Plateosaurus

Fig. 16 (see next page). Material from Aixheim referred to as Teratosaurus 'suevicus'. The holotype of T. suevicus Mayer, 1861 is a right maxilla currently stored in the Natural History Museum of London (NHMUK PV OR 38646). Dashed lines refer to elements that cannot be unequivocally linked to the anatomical position suggested in von Huene's (1907) plates. A. GPIT-PV-60394, fragment of a presumed postzygapophyses from a cervical vertebra in left lateral view. B. GPIT-PV-60374, fragment of a diapophysis of the atlas in left lateral view. C. GPIT-PV-60373, centrum of the anterior dorsal vertebra in left lateral view. D. GPIT-PV-60384, centrum of a presumed posterior dorsal vertebra in left lateral view. E. GPIT-PV-60377, sacral vertebra in posterior view. F. GPIT-PV-60378, sacral vertebra in ventral view. G. GPIT-PV-60382, caudosacral vertebra in left lateral view. H. GPIT-PV-60383, anterior caudal vertebra in left lateral view. I. GPIT-PV-60381, deformed anterior caudal vertebra. J. GPIT-PV-60385, caudal vertebra in left lateral view. K. GPIT-PV-60388, centrum of caudal vertebra in right lateral view. L. GPIT-PV-60389, centrum of caudal vertebra in left lateral view. M. GPIT-PV-60387, centrum of caudal vertebra in left lateral view. N. GPIT-PV-60386, centrum of caudal vertebra in left lateral view. O. GPIT-PV-60397, centrum of caudal vertebra in left lateral view. P. GPIT-PV-60376, left metacarpal I in anterior view. Q. GPIT-PV-60395, fragments, possibly of the left fibula in lateral view. R. GPIT- PV-60396, presumed fragment of the distal left tibia in distal view. S. GPIT-PV-60372, distal tarsal in proximal view. T. GPIT-PV-60369, deformed astragalus in anterior view. U. GPIT-PV-60371, distal tarsal in proximal view. V. GPIT-PV-60370, pedal phalanx III.1 in anterior view. W. GPIT-PV-60366, right metatarsal I in anterior view. X. GPIT-PV-60365, right metatarsal II in anterior view. Y. GPIT- PV-60368, right metatarsal III in anterior view. Z. GPIT-PV-60393, presumed fragment of the proximal right tibia in left lateral view. AA. GPIT-PV-60391, fragments of chevrons, possibly from the anterior caudal vertebrae, in lateral view. AB. GPIT-PV-60364, presumed right ungual I.1, stored in the same compartment, unequivocally identified as such by von Huene (1907). The human skeleton represents a height of 1.75 m, as originally drawn by von Huene (1907: pl. 106), the relative size of the reconstructed sauropodomorph is 4.5 m. Reconstruction and photographs made by the authors, with photos taken on the labelled side or on the side that was illustrated in the past.

Fig. 21 in Diversity and taxonomy of the Late Triassic sauropodomorphs (Saurischia, Sauropodomorpha) stored in the Palaeontological Collection of Tübingen, Germany, historically referred to Plateosaurus

Fig. 21 (see next page). Specimen "GPIT 18392", the number which represents not a catalogue number but a number given to the finding during the excavation in 1912. A. GPIT-PV-60507, dorsal vertebra 5. B. GPIT-PV-60509, dorsal vertebra 11. C. GPIT-PV-60508, dorsal vertebrae 12 and 13. D. GPIT- PV-60517, dorsal vertebra 10. E. GPIT-PV-60519, dorsal vertebra. F. GPIT-PV-60518, dorsal vertebra. G. GPIT-PV-60510, sacral vertebra. H. GPIT-PV-60511, dorsal vertebra. I. GPIT-PV-60516, caudal vertebra. J. GPIT-PV-60506, anterior caudal vertebra. K. GPIT-PV-60493, chevron from anterior caudal. L. GPIT-PV-60561, chevron from anterior caudal. M. GPIT-PV-60493, chevron from anterior caudal. N. GPIT-PV-60493, chevron from anterior caudal. O. GPIT-PV-60488, one phalanx, possibly pedal phalanx. P. GPIT-PV-60488, pedal ungual. Q. GPIT-PV-60489, indeterminate remains. R. ribs: a = GPIT- PV-60539, left dorsal rib 7; b = GPIT-PV-60541, right dorsal rib 8; c = GPIT-PV-60540, left cervical 10; d = GPIT-PV-60552, right dorsal rib 4, e = GPIT-PV-60553, right dorsal rib 1; f = GPIT-PV-60554, right dorsal rib 2; g = GPIT-PV-60556, right cervical rib 9; h = GPIT-PV-60558, left dorsal rib 9; i = GPIT- PV-60555, left dorsal rib 12; j = GPIT-PV-60557, left dorsal rib 11; k = GPIT-PV-60543, left dorsal rib 6; l = GPIT-PV-60544, left dorsal rib 10; m = GPIT-PV-60545, left dorsal rib 5; n = GPIT-PV-60546, right dorsal rib 10; o = GPIT-PV-60547, right dorsal rib 9; p = GPIT-PV-60551, right dorsal rib 8; q = GPIT- PV-60550, right dorsal rib 5; r - GPIT-PV-60548, right dorsal rib 7; s = GPIT-PV-60549, right dorsal rib 7. S. GPIT-PV-60566, left fibula. T. GPIT-PV-60490, pedal phalanx. U. GPIT-PV-60488, pedal phalanx. V. GPIT-PV-60500, fragmentary bones: t = bone fragment identified as ʻgʼ in Hungerbühler (1998: fig. 4), u = bone fragment identified as ʻfʼ in Hungerbühler (1998: fig. 4), v = bone fragment identified as ʻeʼ in Hungerbühler (1998: fig. 4), w = bone fragment identified as ʻnʼ in Hungerbühler (1998: fig. 4). W. GPIT- PV-60494, pedal phalanx. X. GPIT-PV-60565, right pubis. Y. left femur in two parts, GPIT-PV-60496 (proximal) and GPIT-PV-60495 (distal). Z. GPIT-PV-60563, right ischium. AA. carnivorous teeth that do not belong to sauropodomorphs, GPIT-PV-60491, GPIT-PV-60497, GPIT-PV-60498, GPIT-PV-60499.

Fig. 31 in Diversity and taxonomy of the Late Triassic sauropodomorphs (Saurischia, Sauropodomorpha) stored in the Palaeontological Collection of Tübingen, Germany, historically referred to Plateosaurus

Fig. 31 (see next page). Uncatalogued material separated as "Weishampel 1983" in the collection, presumably from the expedition led by von Huene between 1922–1923 to Obere Mühle. A. GPITPV-60210, fragment of a right mandible in medial view. B. GPIT-PV-60225, left maxilla in lateral view. C. GPIT-PV-60224, right maxilla in lateral view. D. GPIT-PV-60214, dorsal vertebra in right lateral view. E. GPIT-PV-60215, dorsal vertebra in right lateral view. F–G. GPIT-PV-60220, anterior caudal vertebra in right lateral view (F) and in dorsal view (G). H. GPIT-PV-60221, anterior caudal vertebra in anterior view and associated fragment. I. GPIT-PV-60222, anterior caudal vertebra in left lateral view and associated fragments. J. GPIT-PV-60219, middle caudal vertebra in right lateral view. K. GPIT-PV-60228, middle caudal vertebra in right ventrolateral view. L. GPIT-PV-60229, middle caudal vertebra in right lateral view. M. GPIT-PV-60233, posterior caudal vertebra in right lateral view. N. GPIT-PV-60232, posterior caudal vertebra in right lateral view. O. GPIT-PV-60231, distal caudal vertebra in left lateral view. P. GPIT-PV-60226, left metacarpals I to IV in anterior view. Q. GPIT-PV-60227, right metacarpal II. R. GPIT-PV-60212, left metatarsal IV. S. GPIT-PV-60213, left metatarsal IV. T. GPIT-PV-60217, left metatarsal I. U. GPIT-PV-60265, chevron in lateral view. V. GPIT-PV-60264, chevron in lateral view. W. GPIT-PV-60261, chevron in anterior view. X. GPIT-PV-60262, chevron in anterior view. Y. GPITPV-60261, chevron in lateral view. Z. GPIT-PV-60211, right pubis in anterior view. AA. GPIT-PV-60216, right ilium in lateral view.

opencc-zeroOct 2018View details →

FIG. 3 in The d'Orbigny Palaeontological Collection of the National Museum of Natural History and Science, Lisbon, Portugal: Historical perspective and revision of Cretaceous Cephalopoda

FIG. 3. — Cretaceous ammonites of the d'Orbigny Collection of the National Museum of Natural History and Science (Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência): A-D, Neolissoceras grasianum (d'Orbigny, 1840) in ventral (A), lateral (B) and oral (C) views, and original label (D): Nº 357/Ammonites grasanus (d'Orb), Andar 17º Neocomiense, Terreno Cretaceo, Localidade S.t Julien (Hautes Alpes); E-G, Pleurohoplites (Pleurohoplites) renauxianus (d'Orbigny, 1840) in lateral (E) and ventral (F) views, and original label (G): Nº 464/Ammonites Renauxianus (d'Orb), Andar 20º Cenomaniense, Terreno Cretaceo, Localidade Mont-Blainville (Meuse); H-K, Acanthoceras rhotomagense (Brongniart, 1822) in oral (H), lateral (I) and ventral (J) views, and original label (K): Nº 463/Ammonites rhotomagensis (Lamarck), Andar 20º Cenomaniense, Terreno Cretaceo, Localidade Rouen (Seine inf.re). Scale bar: 2 cm.

opencc-zeroOct 2018View details →

FIG. 2 in The d'Orbigny Palaeontological Collection of the National Museum of Natural History and Science, Lisbon, Portugal: Historical perspective and revision of Cretaceous Cephalopoda

FIG. 2. — Cretaceous nautiloid and ammonites of the d'Orbigny Collection of the National Museum of Natural History and Science (Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência): A-C, Angulithes triangularis de Montfort, 1808 in oral (A) and lateral (B) views, and original label (C): Nº 459/Nautilus triangularis (Montf), Andar 20º Cenomaniense, Terreno Cretaceo, Localidade Fouras (Charente inf.re); D-G, Phylloceras (Hypophylloceras) tethys (d'Orbigny, 1840) in ventral (D), lateral (E) and oral (F) views, and original label (G): Nº 360/Ammonites Tethys (d'Orb), Andar 17º Neocomiense, Terreno Cretaceo, Localidade Arredores de [environs of] Sisteron (Basses Alpes); H-K, Ptychophylloceras (Semisulcatoceras) semisulcatum (d'Orbigny, 1840) in ventral (H), lateral (I) and oral (J) views, and original label (K): Nº 359/Ammonites semisulcatus (d'Orb), Andar 17º Neocomiense, Terreno Cretaceo, Localidade Sisteron (Basses Alpes). Scale bar: 2 cm.

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Digging deeper into colonial palaeontological practices in modern day Mexico and Brazil

Scientific practices stemming from colonialism, whereby middle- and low-income countries supply data for high-income countries and the contributions of local expertise are devalued, are still prevalent today in the field of palaeontology. In response to these unjust practices, countries such as Mexico and Brazil adopted protective laws and regulations during the twentieth century to preserve their palaeontological heritage. However, scientific colonialism is still reflected in many publications describing fossil specimens recovered from these countries. Here, we present examples of ‘palaeontological colonialism’ from publications on Jurassic–Cretaceous fossils from NE Mexico and NE Brazil spanning the last three decades. Common issues that we identified in these publications are the absence of both fieldwork and export permit declarations and the lack of local experts among authorships. In Mexico, access to many fossil specimens is restricted on account of these specimens being housed in private collections, whereas a high number of studies on Brazilian fossils are based on specimens illegally reposited in foreign collections, particularly in Germany and Japan. Finally, we outline and discuss the wider academic and social impacts of these research practices, and propose exhaustive recommendations to scientists, journals, museums, research institutions and government and funding agencies in order to overcome these practices.   Files included: Table S1. Sabinas, La Popa and Parras basins fossil publications by foreign authors Table S2. Araripe fossil publications by foreign authors (vertebrates and plants) Table S3. Preliminary list of Araripe fossil arthropod publications Table S4. List of palaeontology museums and postgraduate courses in Brazil with palaeontology advisors Table S5. List of palaeontology museums and postgraduate courses in Mexico with palaeontology advisors Translation S1. Complete article in Portuguese Translation S2. Complete article in Spanish Appendix A. Laws in Brazil (includes English translations) Appendix B. Laws in Mexico (includes English translations)

Text-fig. 19. Turritella shell from White Patch Fossil Site 1. a: stereo lateral view; b: obverse view to show the spiral ridges. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 19. Turritella shell from White Patch Fossil Site 1. a: stereo lateral view; b: obverse view to show the spiral ridges.

Text-fig. 16. Photomicrographs of thin sections of specimen BP/16/1734, Terminalioxylon mozambicense sp. nov. from Mhengere Hill, Gorongosa, Mozambique. a: TS with round vessels, scanty paratracheal to vasicentric parenchyma, diffuse and narrow terminal or initial bands; b: TS at higher magnification, note the very narrow rays; c: TLS, vessels with small alternate pits, and partly tylosed; d–g: TLS with crystals (small white arrows) in the parenchyma cells, medium to thick-walled fibres and uniseriate, low rays; h: TLS, rays up to 20 cells high; i: RLS rays with procumbent body cells and 1–2 rows of marginal upright cells. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 16. Photomicrographs of thin sections of specimen BP/16/1734, Terminalioxylon mozambicense sp. nov. from Mhengere Hill, Gorongosa, Mozambique. a: TS with round vessels, scanty paratracheal to vasicentric parenchyma, diffuse and narrow terminal or initial bands; b: TS at higher magnification, note the very narrow rays; c: TLS, vessels with small alternate pits, and partly tylosed; d–g: TLS with crystals (small white arrows) in the parenchyma cells, medium to thick-walled fibres and uniseriate, low rays; h: TLS, rays up to 20 cells high; i: RLS rays with procumbent body cells and 1–2 rows of marginal upright cells.

Text-fig. 12. Close-up views of silicified stem from Mhengere Fossil Wood Site 2. a: natural longitudinal fracture surface; b: natural cross section (images by MP). in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 12. Close-up views of silicified stem from Mhengere Fossil Wood Site 2. a: natural longitudinal fracture surface; b: natural cross section (images by MP).

Text-fig. 13. Macrophotographs of the fossil stems from Mhengere. a: large (90 cm diameter) palm tree trunk in situ; b: external view of the outer roots at the base of the trunk; average diameter of single root is 7 mm; c, d: cross-sections of a fragment of trunk showing the random distribution of equal-sized fibre vascular bundles throughout the trunk, the so-called Coccos-type. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 13. Macrophotographs of the fossil stems from Mhengere. a: large (90 cm diameter) palm tree trunk in situ; b: external view of the outer roots at the base of the trunk; average diameter of single root is 7 mm; c, d: cross-sections of a fragment of trunk showing the random distribution of equal-sized fibre vascular bundles throughout the trunk, the so-called Coccos-type.

Text-fig. 3. Geology of the Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique. Sections and geological map adapted from Tinley (1977). The star symbols close to Mhengere Hill represent fossil wood and stem sites. Note that the fault relationships proposed in the northernmost Inhaminga section require re-examination. The Nguere Hills were called Gadjiua by Tinley (1977). in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 3. Geology of the Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique. Sections and geological map adapted from Tinley (1977). The star symbols close to Mhengere Hill represent fossil wood and stem sites. Note that the fault relationships proposed in the northernmost Inhaminga section require re-examination. The Nguere Hills were called Gadjiua by Tinley (1977).

Text-fig. 4. Correlations of the strata in the Urema Graben, the Cheringoma Plateau and other parts of Mozambique proposed by various authors. The positions of fossiliferous units such as the Grudja and Cheringoma formations have been reasonably stable, whereas correlations of other rock units, especially the Mazamba Formation and the volcanics, have varied a great deal. The time scale is from Gradstein et al. (2020). in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 4. Correlations of the strata in the Urema Graben, the Cheringoma Plateau and other parts of Mozambique proposed by various authors. The positions of fossiliferous units such as the Grudja and Cheringoma formations have been reasonably stable, whereas correlations of other rock units, especially the Mazamba Formation and the volcanics, have varied a great deal. The time scale is from Gradstein et al. (2020).