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FIGURE 19 in Skull osteology of Aetosauroides scagliai Casamiquela, 1960 (Archosauria: Aetosauria) from the Late Triassic of Brazil: New insights into the paleobiology of aetosaurs

FIGURE 19. Skull reconstruction of Aetosauroides scagliai, based mainly on MCN-PV 2347 (scaled to this specimen), UFSM 11505 and PVL-2059. A, skull and mandible in lateral view. B, skull in dorsal view. C, skull in ventral view. Gray areas indicate depth. Abbreviations: ang, angular; aof, antorbital fenestra; ar, articular; ch, choana; de, dentary; itf, infratemporal fenestra; f, frontal; fi, foramen incisivum; itf, infratemporal fenestra; j, jugal; la, lacrimal; mf, mandibular fenestra; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; ne, external nares; o, orbit; pa, parietal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; prf, prefrontal; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rap, retroarticular process; sq, squamosal; sbf, suborbital fenestra; sbtf, subtemporal fenestra; stf, supratemporal fenestra; su, surangular.

FIGURE 15. 3D in Skull osteology of Aetosauroides scagliai Casamiquela, 1960 (Archosauria: Aetosauria) from the Late Triassic of Brazil: New insights into the paleobiology of aetosaurs

FIGURE 15. 3D Reconstruction based on µCT-scan images of the anterior portion of the dentary of Aetosauroides scagliai (MCN-PV 2347). A, right dentary in lateral view, with reconstructed tip. B, anterior tip of the left dentary in lateral view. C, anterior tip of the left dentary in medial view. D, right dentary in medial view. E, combined anterior portions of the dentary of MCN-PV 2347 in dorsal view. F, combined anterior portions of the dentary in anterior view. G, combined anterior portions of the dentary of MCN-PV 2347 in ventral view. H, mandible reconstruction with elements preserved in MCN-PV 2347. Asterisk (*) tooth number indicates that the teeth have resorption pits. Abbreviations: ae, anterior lateral expansion; afo, anterior foramen; dt, dentary teeth or alveolus; ed, edentulous portion; fo, foramen; idp, interdental plates; nf, nutrient foramen; sy, symphysis; mg, Meckelian groove.

FIGURE 8 in A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs

FIGURE 8. Left (A, B) and right (C, D) ulnae of USNM 18313 in medial (A, D) and lateral (B, C) views. Abbreviations: op = olecranon process; pb = pathological bone; pbl = pathological bone lesion; ra = radial articulation. Scale bar equals 5 cm.

FIGURE 13 in Skull osteology of Aetosauroides scagliai Casamiquela, 1960 (Archosauria: Aetosauria) from the Late Triassic of Brazil: New insights into the paleobiology of aetosaurs

FIGURE 13. Parietal of Aetosauroides scagliai, MCN-PV 2347 (A, D and E) and MCP-3450-PV (B); and 'Polesinesuchus aurelioi' (ULBRAPV003T; C, F, G and H). A, photograph of posterior region of the skull of MCN-PV 2347 in dorsal view. B, photograph of the left parietal of MCP-3450-PV in dorsal view. C, photograph of the right parietal of 'P. aurelioi' in dorsal view. D, 3D reconstruction based on µCT-scan images of a fragment of the left parietal of MCN-PV 2347 in dorsal view. E, 3D reconstruction based on µCT-scan images of a fragment of the left parietal of MCN-PV 2347 in lateral view (mirrored). F, photograph of the right parietal of 'P. aurelioi' in lateral view. G, interpretative drawing of the right parietal of 'P. aurelioi' in lateral view. H, interpretative drawing of the right parietal of 'P. aurelioi' in dorsal view. The gray lines in E and F depict the inclination angle of the occipital portion of the parietal. Abbreviations: lg, lateral groove; o, orbit; of, overhanging flange; opt, occipital portion of the parietal. or, ornamentation; pof, postfrontal; pop, paraoccipital process of the parietal; r, ridge; stfo, supratemporal fossa; tr, transverse ridge; ts, transverse sulcus.

FIGURE 10 in Skull osteology of Aetosauroides scagliai Casamiquela, 1960 (Archosauria: Aetosauria) from the Late Triassic of Brazil: New insights into the paleobiology of aetosaurs

FIGURE 10. Inner surface of the partial skull of Aetosauroides scagliai (MCN-PV 2347). A, photograph in ventral view. B, anterior left orbital margin in posterior view. C, medial surface of the left side of the skull at the antorbital fenestra region. D and E, interpretative drawings with polyethylene glycol resin in dark gray and matrix in brown. Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fenestra; d, depression; de, dentary; f, frontal; j, jugal; la, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; n.s, nasal suture; o, orbit; pa, parietal; prf, prefrontal; prfvp, prefrontal ventral process; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal.

FIGURE 8. A, 3D in Skull osteology of Aetosauroides scagliai Casamiquela, 1960 (Archosauria: Aetosauria) from the Late Triassic of Brazil: New insights into the paleobiology of aetosaurs

FIGURE 8. A, 3D Reconstruction based on µCT-scan images of the posterior portion of the left side of the skull of Aetosauroides scagliai (MCN-PV 2347). B, isolated broken left jugal and quadratojugal, in lateral view. C, µCT-scan images of the isolated broken jugal and quadratojugal, in dorsolateral view; Abbreviations: apqj, natural cast of the anterior projection of the quadratojugal; ar, articular; dqlw, depression for quadrate lateral wing; itf, infratemporal fenestra; j, jugal; nc, natural cast of the quadratojugal; pa, parietal; pdpj, posterodorsal process of the jugal; po, postorbital; pvpj, posteroventral process of the jugal; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rap, retroarticular process; sq, squamosal; su, surangular; stf, supratemporal fenestra; stfo, supratemporal fossa.

FIGURE 4 in A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs

FIGURE 4. Reconstruction of the skeleton of USNM 18313 in left lateral view. Preserved bones are in white, bones that were not preserved are in gray, and pathological elements are in yellow.

FIGURE 4 in Skull osteology of Aetosauroides scagliai Casamiquela, 1960 (Archosauria: Aetosauria) from the Late Triassic of Brazil: New insights into the paleobiology of aetosaurs

FIGURE 4. Skull of Aetosauroides scagliai (MCN-PV 2347) in right lateral view. A, photograph. B, interpretative drawing with matrix shown in brown. Abbreviations: ang, angular; aof, antorbital fenestra; aofo, antorbital fossa; de, dentary; en, external naris; fo, foramina; j, jugal; la, lacrimal; mf, mandibular fenestra; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; o, orbit; pa, parietal; par, prearticular; pdmx, posterodorsal process of the maxilla; pmx, premaxilla; pmxn, premaxilla notch; prf, prefrontal; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; pvpj, posteroventral process of the jugal; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r, ridge; stf, supratemporal fenestra; stfo, supratemporal fossa; su, surangular; sufo, surangular foramen; tpmx, thornlike lateral projection of the premaxilla.

FIGURE 14. 3D in Skull osteology of Aetosauroides scagliai Casamiquela, 1960 (Archosauria: Aetosauria) from the Late Triassic of Brazil: New insights into the paleobiology of aetosaurs

FIGURE 14. 3D Reconstruction based on µCT-scan images of the left pterygoid of Aetosauroides scagliai (MCN-PV 2347). A, dorsal view. B, lateral view. C, ventral view. D, medial view. E, posterior view. Abbreviations: b.qc, broken quadrate contact; bptc, basipterygoid process contact; ectc, ectopterygoid contact; lwpt, lateral wing of the pterygoid; pppt, palatal process of the pterygoid; r, ridge.

FIGURE 7 in A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs

FIGURE 7. Histological section of left humerus of USNM 18313 in distal view (A-B) Overview of complete section showing regions highlighted in C-D, with color-added version (B) to highlight different tissues. (C) Normal lamellar cortical bone (top) transitions into the woven bone of the medullary cavity (bottom); (D) Periosteal new bone formation composed of woven bone arranged nearly perpendicularly to the eroded lamellar cortical surface; fragments of normal cortical bone and remodeled bone are taphonomically juxtaposed. Abbreviations: ecb = eroded cortical bone; LAGs = lines of arrested growth; lcb = lamellar cortical bone; mc, medullary cavity; pnb = new periosteal bone (pathological); rb = remodeled bone. Colors: red = spongy bone of medullary region; yellow = lamellar cortical bone; blue, periosteal new bone (pathological); green = remodeled bone (pathological). Scale bars equal 1 cm (a-b) and 5 mm (c-d).

FIGURE 3 in A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs

FIGURE 3. Nearly complete skull of USNM 18313 showing taxonomically relevant morphological details. (A) Stereopair of nearly complete skull in right dorsolateral view. (B) Stereopair of skull in posterior view. (C) Posterior portion of skull in dorsal view, with yellow line indicating ODCL. (D) Close-up of right squamosal region in posterior view. Abbeviations: aofe = antorbital fenestra; en = external naris; dps = descending process of squamosal; ltf = lateral temporal fenestra; lfm = lateral flare of maxilla; lfpm = lateral flare of premaxilla; nc = narial crest; ODCL = orbito-dorsal cranial length (after Hurlburt et al., 2003); o = orbit; rs = ridge on squamosal. Scale bars equal 5 cm.

Fig. 4 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 4. Detail of the right transverse process of a middle or posterior dorsal vertebra (UNPSJB-PV 1007/5) of the rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. Computed tomography (CT)-based reconstruction of the transverse process and diapophysis in posterior view, with black rectangle indicating location of axial CT "slice" shown in B. B. Axial CT "slice" showing intradiapophyseal chamber, with black and white arrowheads indicating cortical and trabecular tissues, respectively. Reconstruction of the transverse process and diapophysis in medial (C) and posterior (D) views. Black rectangle indicates location of sagittal CT "slice" shown in E. E. Sagittal CT "slice" through intradiapophyseal chamber.

Fig. 3 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 3. Partial anterior to middle dorsal vertebra (UNPSJB-PV 1007/12) of the rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. Computed tomography (CT)-based digital reconstruction in left anterolateral view. B. Axial CT "slice" in anterior view, with hypothesized pneumatic structures indicated by arrows. Note internal cavity in left diapophysis.

Fig. 7 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 7. Cervical vertebrae of rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. UNPSJB-PV 1007/1, anterior cervical vertebra in anterior (A1) and right ventrolateral (A2) views. B. UNPSJB-PV 1007/2, anterior cervical vertebra in right lateral view. C. UNPSJB-PV 1007/3, middle cervical vertebra in right lateral view. Lateral fossae of the centrum (hypothesized as pneumatic in origin) indicated by arrows.

Fig. 9 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 9. Comparison of the reconstructed pulmonary systems of the sauropod clades Rebbachisauridae (Diplodocoidea) and Saltasaurinae (Titanosauria) in right lateral view. A. Reconstructed pulmonary anatomy of a generalized rebbachisaurid. Skeletal reconstruction based largely on Nigersaurus taqueti (Sereno et al. 2007: fig. 3a); pulmonary anatomy based on data presented herein, i.e., hypothesized osteological correlates of pneumaticity described in multiple rebbachisaurids, but primarily Katepensaurus goicoecheai (cervical and dorsal pneumaticity) and Tataouinea hannibalis (sacral, caudal, and pelvic pneumaticity). B. Reconstructed pulmonary anatomy of a saltasaurine (after Cerda et al. 2012: fig. 4a). Color coding of pulmonary structures is as follows: orange, lung; green, cervical air sac system; yellow, clavicular air sac system; blue, abdominal air sac system. Postcranial skeletal elements that are known to have been pneumatized are shown in gray; bones that were either apneumatic or for which this condition is uncertain are in white.

Fig. 1. A in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 1. A. Simplified phylogeny of Diapsida showing position of Rebbachisauridae and both components of the rebbachisaurid Extant Phylogenetic Bracket sensu Witmer 1995 (Crocodylia and Aves). Rectangle indicates absence of postcranial pneumaticity; triangles indicate presence of postcranial pneumaticity. B. Hypothesized osteological correlates of pneumatic and other soft tissue structures in archosaurian vertebrae (based on O'Connor 2006).

Fig. 8 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 8. Anterior view of anterior caudal vertebrae of rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. UNPSJB-PV 1007/7. B. UNPSJB-PV 1007/8. Hypothesized pneumatic fossae indicated by arrows.

Fig. 5 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 5. Computed tomography-based visualizations of middle to posterior dorsal vertebra (UNPSJB-PV 1007/4) of the rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. Three-dimensional digital model in right posterolateral view. B. Sagittal section (anterior to left) with arrows indicating internal cavities hypothesized as pneumatic structures.

Fig. 6 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 6. Histology of a dorsal rib (UNPSJB-PV 1007/28) of the holotype of the rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. Complete cross section of the rib sampled for histology. B. Detail of the dense Haversian bone in the cortex. C. General view of fibrolamellar bone tissue. D. Detail of fibrolamellar bone tissue. Note the abundance of longitudinally oriented vascular spaces in C and D. E. Four of the seven growth marks preserved in the primary bone tissue (indicated by arrowheads).

Fig. 2 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 2. Dorsal vertebrae of the rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. UNPSJB-PV 1007/13, partial anterior dorsal vertebra in left lateral view. B. UNPSJB-PV 1007/12, partial anterior to middle dorsal vertebra in dorsal view (B2), detail of right laterodiapophyseal fossa in dorsal view (B1). C. UNPSJB-PV 1007/4, middle or posterior dorsal vertebra in right lateral view (dashed lines indicate approximate margins of laterodiapophyseal fenestra). D. UNPSJB-PV 1007/5, middle or posterior dorsal vertebra in right lateral view (D1), detail of right laterodiapophyseal fenestra in right posterolateral view (D2). Arrows indicate hypothesized pneumatic structures.