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Fig. 20. Galeal armament. A in A phylogenetic analyis of ant morphology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with special reference to the poneromoprh subfamilies

Fig. 20. Galeal armament. A. Amblyopone armigera, maxillae and labium. B. Eciton hamatum, left galea. C. Discothyrea oculata, maxillae and labium. D. Pachycondyla berthoudi, maxillae and labium. Abbreviations: a, galeal comb; b, ventral comb on galeal crown; c, spatulate stout setae on galeal crown; Ga, galea; Prmt, prementum; St, stipes.

Fig. 11. Antennal socket, left lateral view. A. Amblyopone mercovichi. B. Myopopone castanea, antenna removed. C in A phylogenetic analyis of ant morphology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with special reference to the poneromoprh subfamilies

Fig. 11. Antennal socket, left lateral view. A. Amblyopone mercovichi. B. Myopopone castanea, antenna removed. C. Cerapachys nitidulus, left antenna removed. Abbreviations: ac, acetabulum of antennal socket; PTrF, posttorular flange; TrL, torular lobe; tptr, torular-posttorular complex.

Fig. 7 in A phylogenetic analyis of ant morphology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with special reference to the poneromoprh subfamilies

Fig. 7. Clypeus, full-face view. Note the relative longitudinal compression of the lateral clypeal areas between A and B by comparing the distance between the frontoclypeal sulcus and the anterior margin of the clypeus (d1), with the distance between the paroculoclypeal sulcus and the anterior margin of the clypeus (d2). A. Rhytidoponera confusa. B. Cheliomyrmex morosus, left antenna removed. Abbreviations: lclp, lateral clypeal area.

Fig. 6 in A phylogenetic analyis of ant morphology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with special reference to the poneromoprh subfamilies

Fig. 6. Head of a Formica fusca–group worker, full-face view. Left antenna removed. Abbreviations: at, anterior tentorial pit; Bb, bulbus; Clp, clypeus; FrC, frontal carina; frclps, frontoclypeal sulcus; Ge, gena; lclp, lateral clypeal area; Md, mandible; pclps, paroculoclypeal sulcus; Scp, scape; SClp, supraclypeal area; Tr, torulus.

Fig. 19 in A phylogenetic analyis of ant morphology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with special reference to the poneromoprh subfamilies

Fig. 19. Maxillary palpus. The first three segments of the palpus labeled (I–III). A. Proceratium pergandei, left palpus. B. Probolomyrmex guineensis, right palpus. C. Discothyrea antarctica, left palpus. Abbreviations: MxPlp, maxillary palpus; St, stipes.

Fig. 24 in A phylogenetic analyis of ant morphology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with special reference to the poneromoprh subfamilies

Fig. 24. Antenna cleaner, left foreleg, posterior view. A. Amblyopone australis. B. Typhlomyrmex rogenhoferi. C. Loboponera vigilans. D. Myopopone castanea. E. Odontomachus bauri. F. Ectatomma tuberculatum. Abbreviations: a, stout setae on tibial apex; b, stout setae on posterior surface of probasitarsal notch; c, basal projection on inner portion of probasitarsus; d, calcal posterior brush; Btar, basitarsus; Ca, calcar; Tb, tibia.

Fig. 22 in A phylogenetic analyis of ant morphology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with special reference to the poneromoprh subfamilies

Fig. 22. Mesosoma showing different degree of fusion of dorsal sclerites, dorsal view. A. Nothomyrmecia macrops. B. Amblyopone pallipes. C. Platythyrea turneri. See text for further explanation. Abbreviations: N1, pronotum; N2, mesonotum; N3, metanotum; Sp2, mesothoracic spiracle; Sp3, metathoracic spiracle; IT, propodeum.

Fig. 23. Metapleural gland opening, left lateral view. A. Aneuretus simoni. B. Myrmica americana. C in A phylogenetic analyis of ant morphology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with special reference to the poneromoprh subfamilies

Fig. 23. Metapleural gland opening, left lateral view. A. Aneuretus simoni. B. Myrmica americana. C. Prionopelta antillana. Abbreviations: a, ventral flap projection; Pl3, metapleuron; Pl3G, metapleural gland opening; IT, propodeum; IIT, tergum of petiole.

Fig. 38 in A phylogenetic analyis of ant morphology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with special reference to the poneromoprh subfamilies

Fig. 38. Summary of phylogenetic relationships between ant subfamilies as reconstructed from several nuclear gene fragments. Redrawn after Brady et al. (2006), Moreau et al. (2006), and Rabeling et al. (2008).

Fig. 37 in A phylogenetic analyis of ant morphology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with special reference to the poneromoprh subfamilies

Fig. 37. Strict consensus of 3 optimal trees obtained under implied-weights analysis with K = 10 (L = 793, CI = 0.23, RI = 0.72). Thick lines correspond to poneromorph taxa. Symmetric resampling values above 50 are shown on branches.

Fig. 36 in A phylogenetic analyis of ant morphology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with special reference to the poneromoprh subfamilies

Fig. 36. Strict consensus of 3192 most-parsimonious trees obtained under equal-weights analysis (L = 776, CI = 0.24, RI = 0.73). Thick lines correspond to poneromorph taxa. Symmetric resampling values above 50 are shown on branches.

Fig. 4 in A phylogenetic analyis of ant morphology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with special reference to the poneromoprh subfamilies

Fig. 4. Phylogenetic tree for the subfamilies of Formicidae after Brown (unpublished; circa 1986). Note the depiction of Ponerinae as comprising a paraphyletic subfamily, the sister-group relationship between Ectatommini and Myrmicinae, and the position of both Leptanillinae and Dorylinae (= dorylomorphs). This diagram was found by the author in a drawer of what used to be Brown's laboratory at Comstock Hall, Cornell University, in 1999. I thank Norman F. Johnson for helping date the plate.

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Fig. 25 in A phylogenetic analyis of ant morphology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with special reference to the poneromoprh subfamilies

Fig. 25. Antenna cleaner, left foreleg, anterior view. A. Apomyrma stygia. B. Tapinoma erraticum. C. Leptanilloides biconstricta; D. close-up on basitarsal notch. Abbreviations: a, calcar; b, notch on basitarsus; Btar, basitarsus; Tb, tibia.

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Fig. 8 in A phylogenetic analyis of ant morphology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with special reference to the poneromoprh subfamilies

Fig. 8. Clypeus and supraclypeal area, full-face view. A. Formica fusca group, left antenna removed. B. Pogonomyrmex barbatus, left antenna removed. C. Pachycondyla villosa. (D) Ponera pennsylvanica. Abbreviations: Clp, clypeus; frclps, frontoclypeal sulcus; SClp, supraclypeal area.