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74 results for “Pika”
Life on the edge: a changing genetic landscape within an iconic American pika metapopulation over the last half century
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Data from: Evidence of intraspecific adaptive variation in the American pika (Ochotona princeps) on a continental scale using a target enrichment and mitochondrial genome skimming approach
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Data from: Northern pikas experience reduced occupancy due to surrounding human land use despite the occurrence of suitable microclimates
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Supplementary materials: Return of the pika: American pikas re-occupy long-extirpated, warm locations
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Divergent adaptations in resource-use traits explain how pikas thrive on the roof of the world
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Data from: Genome-wide analysis reveals associations between climate and regional patterns of adaptive divergence and dispersal in American pikas
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Physiological stress of pika for Niwot Ridge, Green Lakes Valley and Brainard Lake Recreation Area, 2017
During the spring and fall of 2017 we collected fecal samples to evaluate physiological stress within American pika (Ochotona princeps) populations occupying different sites on and near Niwot Ridge. By using non-invasive methods to collect fecal samples from pikas in the field, we were able to measure baseline stress hormone (glucocorticoid) metabolites in individuals. Fresh fecal samples deposited in traps by trapped pikas were paired with fresh fecal samples collected from the territory in which the same pika was trapped. Fresh fecal samples were also collected from plot surveys and other locations during the 2017 Niwot Ridge pika survey. Along with pika occupancy surveys, surveys of physiological stress have the potential to explain patterns of pika distribution across the landscape.
Figure 4 in Seasonal variations in the time - activity budget of Royle's pika in the Western Himalayaı India
Figure 4. Relationships between the amount of time allocated to different behaviours ((a), locomotion; (b), vigilance) and habitat characteristics (food availability and rock cover) for adult Royle's pika during different seasons at various elevations.
Figure 1 in Seasonal variations in the time - activity budget of Royle's pika in the Western Himalayaı India
Figure 1. Proportions (%) of time during which adult Royle's pika were active at different elevations and in different seasons.
Genomic variation in the American pika: signatures of geographic isolation and implications for conservation
<p>Distributional responses by alpine taxa to repeated, glacial-interglacial cycles throughout the last two million years have significantly influenced the spatial genetic structure of populations. These effects have been exacerbated for the American pika (<i>Ochotona princeps</i>), a small alpine lagomorph constrained by thermal sensitivity and a limited dispersal capacity. As a species of conservation concern, long-term lack of gene flow has important consequences for landscape genetic structure and levels of diversity within populations. Here, we use reduced representation sequencing (ddRADseq) to provide a genome-wide perspective on patterns of genetic variation across pika populations representing distinct subspecies. To investigate how landscape and environmental features shape genetic variation, we collected genetic samples from distinct geographic regions as well as across finer spatial scales in two geographically proximate mountain ranges of eastern Nevada.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from: The phylogeny of pikas (Ochotona) inferred from a multilocus coalescent approach
The clarification of the systematics of pikas (genus Ochotona) has been hindered by largely overlapping morphological characters among species and the lack of a comprehensive molecular phylogeny. Here we estimate the first multilocus phylogeny of the genus to date, by analysing 12 nuclear DNA markers (total of 7.5 Kb) in 11 species of pikas from the four classified subgenera (Pika, Ochotona, Lagotona and Conothoa) using a multispecies coalescent-based framework. The species-tree confirmed the subgeneric classification by retrieving as monophyletic the subgenera represented here by more than one species. Contrary to previous phylogenies based on mtDNA alone, Lagotona was found to be sister to Pika. Also, support for the monophyly of the alpina group was not strong, thus caution should be used in future analyses of this group. A relaxed molecular clock calibrated using the Ochotonidae-Leporidae divergence resulted in more recent estimates of divergence times relative to previous studies. Strong concordance with inferences based on fossil records was found, suggesting that the initial diversification of the genus took place by the end of late Miocene. Finally, this work sets up methodologies and gathers molecular markers that can be used to extend the understanding of the evolutionary history of the genus.
Data from: Herbivory and competition of Tibetan steppe vegetation in winter pasture: effects of livestock exclosure and plateau pika reduction
Rangeland degradation has been identified as a serious concern in alpine regions of western China on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau (QTP). Numerous government-sponsored programs have been initiated, including many that feature long-term grazing prohibitions and some that call for eliminating pastoralism altogether. As well, government programs have long favored eliminating plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae), assumed to contribute to degraded conditions. However, vegetation on the QTP evolved in the presence of herbivory, suggesting that deleterious effects from grazing are, to some extent, compensated for by reduced plant-plant competition. We examined the dynamics of common steppe ecosystem species as well as physical indicators of rangeland stress by excluding livestock and reducing pika abundance on experimental plots, and following responses for 4 years. We established 12 fenced livestock exclosures within pastures grazed during winter by local pastoralists, and removed pikas on half of these. We established paired, permanent vegetation plots within and outside exclosures and measured indices of erosion and biomass of common plant species. We observed modest restoration of physical site conditions (reduced bare soil, erosion, greater vegetation cover) with both livestock exclusion and pika reduction. As expected in areas protected from grazing, we observed a reduction in annual productivity of plant species avoided by livestock and assumed to compete poorly when protected from grazing. Contrary to expectation, we observed similar reductions in annual productivity among palatable, perennial graminoids under livestock exclusion. The dominant grass, Stipa purpurea, displayed evidence of density-dependent growth, suggesting that intra-specific competition exerted a regulatory effect on annual production in the absence of grazing. Complete grazing bans on winter pastures in steppe habitats on the QTP may assist in the recovery of highly eroded pastures, but may not increase annual vegetative production.
Data from: Genetics, morphology and ecology reveal a cryptic pika lineage in the Sikkim Himalaya
Asian pika species are morphologically ∼similar and have overlapping ranges. This leads to uncertainty and species misidentification in the field. Phylogenetic analyses of such misidentified samples leads to taxonomic ambiguity. The ecology of many pika species remains understudied, particularly in the Himalaya, where sympatric species could be separated by elevation and/or substrate. We sampled, measured, and acquired genetic data from pikas in the Sikkim Himalaya. Our analyses revealed a cryptic lineage, Ochotona sikimaria, previously reported as a subspecies of O. thibetana. The results support the elevation of this lineage to the species level, as it is genetically divergent from O. thibetana, as well as sister species, O. cansus (endemic to central China) and O. curzoniae (endemic to the Tibetan plateau). The Sikkim lineage diverged from its sister species' about 1.7–0.8 myr ago, coincident with uplift events in the Himalaya. Our results add to the recent spate of cryptic diversity identified from the eastern Himalaya and highlight the need for further study within the Ochotonidae.
Data from: Landscape effects on gene flow for a climate-sensitive montane species, the American pika
Climate change is arguably the greatest challenge to conservation of our time. Most vulnerability assessments rely on past and current species distributions to predict future persistence but ignore species' abilities to disperse through landscapes, which may be particularly important in fragmented habitats and crucial for long-term persistence in changing environments. Landscape genetic approaches explore the interactions between landscape features and gene flow and can clarify how organisms move among suitable habitats, but have suffered from methodological uncertainties. We used a landscape genetic approach to determine how landscape and climate-related features influence gene flow for American pikas (Ochotona princeps) in Crater Lake National Park. Pikas are heat intolerant and restricted to cool microclimates; thus, range contractions have been predicted as climate changes. We evaluated the correlation between landscape variables and genetic distance using partial Mantel tests in a causal modelling framework, and used spatially explicit simulations to evaluate methods of model optimization including a novel approach based on relative support and reciprocal causal modelling. We found that gene flow was primarily restricted by topographic relief, water and west-facing aspects, suggesting that physical restrictions related to small body size and mode of locomotion, as well as exposure to relatively high temperatures, limit pika dispersal in this alpine habitat. Our model optimization successfully identified landscape features influencing resistance in the simulated data for this landscape, but underestimated the magnitude of resistance. This is the first landscape genetic study to address the fundamental question of what limits dispersal and gene flow in the American pika.
Swarm behavior simulation of plateau pika
<p> As an important species on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the pika has great controversy in grassland protection and ecological function service. The population change of pika is related to the fragile and sensitive ecological chain of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The traditional methods of population density survey include sampling method, marker recapture method, removal sampling method, etc., which are cumbersome to operate and consume a lot of manpower and material resources. In recent years, more and more scholars use camera capture method to characterize or calculate population density. This method is simple to operate and widely applicable, but how to establish the relationship between actual population density and monitoring data under the condition that individual identification cannot be carried out is a big challenge faced by this method. In order to solve this problem, the density of pika was estimated by two methods. First, random encounter model (SEM) was used to estimate the density of pika based on actual field observation data. Secondly, a Monte Carlo model is established to describe the behavior of pika and the practical problems are simulated by using probability statistics. The results obtained by the two methods are compared and mutually verified, and it is found that the two model results are in good agreement, and the probabilistic model can effectively establish the relationship between the ecological physical parameters of the population and the monitoring space. </p>
On following pages: 18. Collared Pika (Ochotona collaris); 19. Steppe Pika (Ochotona pusilla); 20. Large-eared Pika (Ochotona forrest): 24. Ladak Pika (Ochotona ladacensis); 25. Turkestan Red Pika (Ochotona rutila); 26. Kozlov's Pika (Ochotona koslowi macrotis); 21. Royle's Pika (Ochotona roylil; 22. Afghan Pika (Ochotona rufescens); 23. Forrest's Pika (Ochotona); 27. Chinese Red Pika (Ochotona erythrotis); 28. Glover's Pika (Ochotona glover); 29. lli Pika (Ochotona iliensis). in Ochotonidae
On following pages: 18. Collared Pika (Ochotona collaris); 19. Steppe Pika (Ochotona pusilla); 20. Large-eared Pika (Ochotona forrest): 24. Ladak Pika (Ochotona ladacensis); 25. Turkestan Red Pika (Ochotona rutila); 26. Kozlov's Pika (Ochotona koslowi macrotis); 21. Royle's Pika (Ochotona roylil; 22. Afghan Pika (Ochotona rufescens); 23. Forrest's Pika (Ochotona); 27. Chinese Red Pika (Ochotona erythrotis); 28. Glover's Pika (Ochotona glover); 29. lli Pika (Ochotona iliensis).
On following pages: 3. Tsing-ling Pika (Ochotona syrinx); 4. Gansu Pika (Ochotona cansus); 5. Nubra Pika (Ochotona nubrica); 6. Plateau Pika (Ochotona curzoniae); 7. Thomas's Pika (Ochotona thomasi); 8. Alpine Pika (Ochotona alpina); 9. Turuchan Pika (Ochotona turuchanensis): 10. Northern Pika (Ochotona hyperborea); 11. Manchurian Pika (Ochotona mantchurica); 12. Hoffmann's Pika (Ochotona hoffmanni); 13. Korean Pika (Ochotona coreana), 14. Pallas's Pika (Ochotona pallasii). in Ochotonidae
On following pages: 3. Tsing-ling Pika (Ochotona syrinx); 4. Gansu Pika (Ochotona cansus); 5. Nubra Pika (Ochotona nubrica); 6. Plateau Pika (Ochotona curzoniae); 7. Thomas's Pika (Ochotona thomasi); 8. Alpine Pika (Ochotona alpina); 9. Turuchan Pika (Ochotona turuchanensis): 10. Northern Pika (Ochotona hyperborea); 11. Manchurian Pika (Ochotona mantchurica); 12. Hoffmann's Pika (Ochotona hoffmanni); 13. Korean Pika (Ochotona coreana), 14. Pallas's Pika (Ochotona pallasii).
Data from: Replicated landscape genetic and network analyses reveal wide variation in functional connectivity for American pikas
Landscape connectivity is essential for maintaining viable populations, particularly for species restricted to fragmented habitats or naturally arrayed in metapopulations and facing rapid climate change. The importance of assessing both structural connectivity (the physical distribution of favorable habitat patches) and functional connectivity (how species move among habitat patches) for managing such species is well understood. However, the degree to which functional connectivity for a species varies among landscapes, and the resulting implications for conservation, have rarely been assessed. We used a landscape genetics approach to evaluate resistance to gene flow and, thus, to determine how landscape and climate-related variables influence gene flow for American pikas (Ochotona princeps) in eight federally managed sites in the western United States. We used those empirically-derived, individual-based landscape resistance models in conjunction with predictive occupancy models to generate patch-based network models describing functional landscape connectivity. Metareplication across landscapes enabled identification of limiting factors for dispersal that would not otherwise have been apparent. Despite the cool microclimates characteristic of pika habitat, south-facing aspects consistently represented higher resistance to movement, supporting the previous hypothesis that exposure to relatively high temperatures may limit dispersal in American pikas. We found that other barriers to dispersal included areas with a high degree of topographic relief, such as cliffs and ravines, as well as streams and distances greater than one to four kilometers depending on the site. Using the empirically-derived network models of habitat patch connectivity, we identified habitat patches that were likely disproportionately important for maintaining functional connectivity, areas in which habitat appeared fragmented, and locations that could be targeted for management actions to improve functional connectivity. We concluded that climate change, besides influencing patch occupancy as predicted by other studies, may alter landscape resistance for pikas, thereby influencing functional connectivity through multiple pathways simultaneously. Spatial autocorrelation among genotypes varied across study sites and was largest where habitat was most dispersed, suggesting that dispersal distances increased with habitat fragmentation, up to a point. This study demonstrates how landscape features linked to climate can affect functional connectivity for species with naturally fragmented distributions, and reinforces the importance of replicating studies across landscapes.
Data from: Spatially explicit models of dynamic histories: examination of the genetic consequences of Pleistocene glaciation and recent climate change on the American Pika.
A central goal of phylogeography is to identify and characterize the processes underlying divergence. One of the biggest impediments currently faced is how to capture the spatiotemporal dynamic under which a species evolved. Here we described an approach that couples species distribution models (SDMs), demographic and genetic models in a spatiotemporally explicit manner. Analyses of American Pika (Ochotona priniceps) from the sky islands of the central Rocky Mountains of North America are used to provide insights into key questions about integrative approaches in landscape genetics, population genetics and phylogeography. This includes (i) general issues surrounding the conversion of time-specific SDMs into simple continuous, dynamic landscapes from past to current, and (ii) the utility of SDMs to inform demographic models with deme-specific carrying capacities and migration potentials, as well as (iii) the contribution of the temporal dynamic of colonization history in shaping genetic patterns of contemporary populations. Our results support that the inclusion of a spatiotemporal dynamic is an important factor when studying the impact of distributional shifts on patterns of genetic data. Our results also demonstrate the utility of SDMs to generate species-specific predictions about patterns of genetic variation that account for varying degrees of habitat specialization and life-history characteristics of taxa. Nevertheless, the results highlight some key issues when converting SDMs for use in demographic models. Because the transformations have direct affects on the genetic consequence of population expansion by prescribing how habitat heterogeneity and spatiotemporal variation is related to the species-specific demographic model, it is important to consider alternative transformations when studying the genetic consequences of distributional shifts.
Data from: Noninvasive sampling reveals population genetic structure in the Royle's pika, Ochotona roylei, in the western Himalaya
Understanding population genetic structure of climate-sensitive herbivore species is important as it provides useful insights on how shifts in environmental conditions can alter their distribution and abundance. Herbivore responses to the environment can have a strong indirect cascading effect on community structure. This is particularly important for Royle's pika (Lagomorpha: Ochotona roylei), a herbivorous talus-dwelling species in alpine ecosystem, which forms a major prey base for many carnivores in the Himalayan arc. In this study, we used seven polymorphic microsatellite loci to detect evidence for recent changes in genetic diversity and population structure in Royle's pika across five locations sampled between 8 km to 160 km apart in the western Himalaya. Using four clustering approaches, we found the presence of significant contemporary genetic structure in Royle's pika populations. The detected genetic structure could be primarily attributed to the landscape features in alpine habitat (e.g. wide lowland valleys, rivers) that may act as semi-permeable barriers to gene flow and distribution of food plants, which are key determinants in spatial distribution of herbivores. Pika showed low inbreeding coefficients (FIS) and a high level of pairwise relatedness for individuals within 1km suggesting low dispersal abilities of talus-dwelling pikas. We have found evidence of a recent population bottleneck, possibly due to effects of environmental disturbances (e.g. snow melting patterns or thermal stress). Our results reveal significant evidence of isolation by distance in genetic differentiation (FST range = 0.04−0.19). This is the first population genetics study on Royle's pika, which helps to address evolutionary consequences of climate change which are expected to significantly affect the distribution and population dynamics in this talus dwelling species.
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