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FIG. 2 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

FIG. 2. — Crania in right view from late Middle to Late Pleistocene of Apulia: A, IGF16329, cranium of male of Equus mosbachensis von Reichenau, 1903 from San Sidero; B, CC467, cranium of female of Equus ferus from Cardamone; C, CC468, cranium of male of Equus ferus Boddaert, 1785 from Cardamone.Scale bars: 5 cm

FIG. 1 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

FIG. 1. — Location of the considered Apulian sites: 1, Grotta Santa Croce; 2, SMA-esterno; 3, Grotta Laceduzza; 4, Castellaneta; 5, Cardamone; 6, Grotta Mario Bernardini - Grotta Uluzzo C - Grotta di Capelvenere; 7, San Sidero – Melpignano; 8, Grotta Zinzulusa; 9, Fondo Focone; 10, Grotta dei Giganti Grotta delle Tre Porte.

FIG. 4 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

FIG. 4. — Boxplot of the length of the lower teeth considered for chronology: A, second premolar (P2L); B, third-fourth premolar (P3-4L); C, first-second molar (M1-2L); D, third molar (M3L). For the groups, see Table 1.

FIG. 3 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

FIG. 3. — Mandible of Equus from late Middle to Late Pleistocene of Apulia in labial (1), lingual (2) and occlusal (3) views: A1-A3, IGF16330, Equus mosbachensis von Reichenau, 1903 from San Sidero; B1-B3, CC414, Equus ferus Boddaert, 1785 from Cardamone; C1-C3, MPND396 (ex. Cur11), left hemimandible of Equus mosbachensis from Melpignano; D1-D3, C2 20b 77, right hemimandible from SMA-esterno; E1-E3, C2 20b 80, left hemimandible from SMA-esterno. Scale bars: 5 cm.

FIG. 8 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

FIG. 8. — Standard bivariate plot of muzzle length (ML) and muzzle breadth at the posterior borders of I3 (MB) of caballoid horses from Middle to Late Pleistocene of Europe (Appendix 9). Symbol: square, Middle Pleistocene specimens; circle, Late Pleistocene specimens.

FIG. 5 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

FIG. 5. — Boxplot of the length of the upper teeth considered for chronology: A, second premolar (P2L); B, third-fourth premolar (P3-4L); C, first-second molar; (M1-2L); D, third molar (M3L). For the groups see Table 1.

APPENDIX 6 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

APPENDIX 6. — Boxplot of length of lower molars (A, M L; B, M3L) from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene sites of the Apulia. Abbreviations see: Table 1. 1-2

APPENDIX 5 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

APPENDIX 5. — Boxplot of length of lower premolars (A, P2L; B, P3-4L) from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene sites of the Apulia.Abbreviations see: Table 1.

APPENDIX 4 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

APPENDIX 4. — Boxplot of length of upper molars (A, M1-2L; B, M3L) from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene sites of the Apulia. Abbreviations: see Table 1.

APPENDIX 2 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

APPENDIX 2. — Schematic stratigraphical log of Grotta Uluzzo C (modified from Borzatti von LÖwenstern & Magaldi 1969).

FIG. 7 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

FIG. 7. — Postflexid index of the lower teeth of Equus species from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene sites of the Apulia. Abbreviations: see Table 1.

APPENDIX 1 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

APPENDIX 1. — Schematic stratigraphic log of Grotta Mario Bernardini (modified from Borzatti von LÖwenstern 1970).

APPENDIX 3 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

APPENDIX 3. — Boxplot of length of upper premolars (A, P2L; B, P3-4L) from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene sites of the Apulia. For the abbreviations: see Table 1.

FIG. 6 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

FIG. 6. — Protocone index of the upper teeth of Equus species from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene sites of the Apulia. Abbreviations: see Table 1.

Fig. 22 in Ponto-Caspian And Mediterranean Faunal And Floral Records Of Upper Pleistocene-Holocene Sediments From The İzmit Gulf (Marmara Sea, Turkey)

Fig. 22 Chronostratigraphic and faunal correlation of the İzmit Gulf drillings. The radiocarbon dates are expressed as uncalibrated (boundary of marine isotope stages from Imbre et al., 1984). The lower intervals of drillings 10MB-204 (120-80 m), 10MB-205 (117.2-40 m), 10MB-206 (122-80 m), 10MB-207 (120.9-50 m) and 10MB-208 (200-40 m) are not shown due to absence of sample.

Fig. 21 in Ponto-Caspian And Mediterranean Faunal And Floral Records Of Upper Pleistocene-Holocene Sediments From The İzmit Gulf (Marmara Sea, Turkey)

Fig. 21 Microphotographs of diatom taxa identified from drilling 10MB-203. a. Actinocyclus normanii, 95 m. b. Amphipleura pellucida, 95 m. c. Amphora libyca, 143.5 m. d. Cocconeis disculus, 95 m. e. Cyclotella comensis, 143.5 m. f. Diploneis elliptica, 95 m. g. Diploneis parma, 143.5 m. h. Epithemia turgida var. westermannii, 143.5 m. j. Fragilaria sp, 95 m. k. Fragilaria lancettula, 143.5 m. l. Stenopterobia sigmatella, 95 m. m. Stephanodiscus aegyptiacus, 95 m. n. Stephanodiscus alpinus, 95 m. o. Stephanodiscus lucens, 95 m. p. Stephanodiscus medius, 95 m. r. Stephanodiscus niagarae, 95 m.

Fig. 20 in Ponto-Caspian And Mediterranean Faunal And Floral Records Of Upper Pleistocene-Holocene Sediments From The İzmit Gulf (Marmara Sea, Turkey)

Fig. 20 Photographs of selected bivalvia species identified from the İzmit Gulf drillings. a1, a2. Nucula nucleus, height: 5 mm, 208/1 m. b1, b2. Anadara diluvi, height: 2 mm, 207/9 m. c1, c2. Chlamys glabra, height: 2 mm, 208/9 m. d1, d2. Lucinella divaricata, height: 1.5 mm, 208/5 m. e1, e2. Dreissena rostriformis distincta, height: 4 mm, 207/26 m. f1, f2. Dreissena rostriformis tschaudae, height: 3mm, 204/13 m. g1, g2. Parvicardium exiguum, height: 2 mm, 201/1 m. h1, h2. Spisula subtruncata, height: 7 mm, 207/1 m. i1, i2. Lentidium mediterraneum, height: 3mm, 208/9 m. j1, j2. Timoclea ovata, height: 6 mm, 205/1.5 m. k1, k2. Clausinella fascita, height: 3 mm, 208/1 m. l1, l2. Clausinella sp., height: 2 mm, 207/1 m. m1, m2. Gouldia minima, height: 2 mm, 208/5 m. n1, n2. Corbula gibba, height: 4 mm, 207/1 m.

Fig. 17 in Ponto-Caspian And Mediterranean Faunal And Floral Records Of Upper Pleistocene-Holocene Sediments From The İzmit Gulf (Marmara Sea, Turkey)

Fig. 17 Scanning electron micrographs of selected Mediterranean origin ostracod species identified from the İzmit Gulf drilling cores. a. Pterygocythereis jonesii; left valve, 208/2 m; b. Sagmatocythere versicolor; left valve, 206/33 m; c. Sclerochilus contortus; left valve, 208/14 m; d. Semicytherura alifera; right valve, 201/1 m; e. Semicytherura diafora; right valve, 208/18 m; f. Semicytherura incongruens; left valve, 208/2 m; g-h. Semicytherura inversa; g right valve, 208/9 m, h left valve, 208/5 m; i. Semicytherura paradoxa; right valve, 206/37.5 m; j. Semicytherura punctata; left valve, 206/37.5m; k. Semicytherura sulcata; left valve, 203/100 m; l. Tetracytherura irregularis; right valve, 205/1.5 m; m-n. Urocythereis crenulosa; m left valve, n right valve, 206/33 m; o-p. Xestoleberis depressa; p left valve, q right valve, 206/33 m; r. Xestoleberis communis; right valve, 206/4.5 m.

Fig. 19 in Ponto-Caspian And Mediterranean Faunal And Floral Records Of Upper Pleistocene-Holocene Sediments From The İzmit Gulf (Marmara Sea, Turkey)

Fig. 19 Photographs of selected gastropod species identified from the İzmit Gulf drillings. a1, a2. Nassarius sp., height: 1.5 mm, 207/13m. b1, b2. Opalia crenata, height: 2.5 mm, 207/13 m. c1, c2. Retusa umbilicata, height: 2.5 mm, 207/9 m. d1, d2. Chrysallida indistincta, height: 1 mm, 207/9 m. e1, e2. Chrysallida obtusa, height: 1.5 mm, 207/13 m. f1, f2. Odostomia acuta, height: 1.5 mm, 206/41m. g1, g2. Odostomia sp., height: 1mm, 207/26 m. h1-h2, i1-i2. Turbonilla lactea, height: 2 mm, 207/13 m. and hight: 2.5 mm, 208/5 m. j1, j2. Creseis virgua, height: 1 mm, 208/5m. k1, k2. Bythinella pannonica, height: 2 mm, 201/81 m.

Fig. 18 in Ponto-Caspian And Mediterranean Faunal And Floral Records Of Upper Pleistocene-Holocene Sediments From The İzmit Gulf (Marmara Sea, Turkey)

Fig. 18 Photographs of selected gastropod species identified from the İzmit Gulf drillings. a1, a2. Gibbula albida, height: 2 mm, 207/5 m. b1, b2. Gibbula varia, height: 1 mm, 208/5 m. c1, c2. Gibbula sp., height: 3.5 mm, 208/5 m. d1, d2. Tricolia pullus, height: 2 mm, 207/1 m. e1, e2. Omalogyra atomus, height: 1 mm, 205/14 m. f1, f2. Caecum trachea, height: 2 mm, 207/13 m. g1, g2. Alvania abbysicola, height: 2 mm, 205/10 m. h1, h2. Alvania cimex, height: 2 mm, 206/41 m. i1, i2. Alvania sp., height: 1 mm, 206/41 m. j1, j2. Cingula sp., height: 3 mm, 205/14 m. k1, k2. Monzonia crassa, height: 3 mm, 207/1 m. l1, l2. Rissoa marginata, height: 5 mm, 207/13 m. m1, m2. Rissoa pulchella, height: 2.5 mm, 207/13 m. n1, n2. Turritella sp., height: 1.5 mm, 207/9 m. o1, o2. Pirenella conica, height: 3.5mm, 205/1.5 m. p1, p2. Bittium latreilli, height: 2mm, 207/13 m. q1, q2. Natica rizzae, height: 5 mm, 206/41 m. r1, r2. Trophon sp., height: 2mm, 207/5 m.