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152 results for “Pleistocene to Holocene”
Supplementary material for "Palaeo-demographic modelling supports a population bottleneck during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition in Iberia"
<p>This Supplementary material encompasses the archaeological radiocarbon dates for the Iberian Peninsula analyzed in the article “<em>Palaeo-demographic modelling supports a population bottleneck during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition in Iberia</em>". Specifically:</p> <ul> <li>‘<strong>PALEODEM_dataset.csv</strong>’ provides the dataset in comma-separated format. Contains the compiled raw data of each radiocarbon date used by every analytical procedure.</li> <li>‘<strong>PALEODEM_sites.xlsx</strong>’ is a spreadsheet containing the basic information of each archaeological site analyzed in this work. The columns include ID_site, name of Archaeological site, n<sup>o</sup> of <sup>14</sup>C dates, n<sup>o</sup> of assemblages, Regional Unit of correspondence, and bibliographical Reference.</li> <li>‘<strong>REFERENCES for PALEODEM_sites.docx</strong>’ is a text archive that collects the bibliographical references listed in the above mentioned ‘Reference’ column, that have been the main sources of archaeological information.</li> </ul>
Fig. 17 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 17. Retouched artefacts from the Holocene levels of Puritjarra rock shelter. All are from units 1a and 1b except M10/11-1 (unit 1c). Steep-edged scrapers: N11/9-2, N6/5-3, N10/5-3. Notched implements: N9/4-3, QR9/1-9, N10/4-8. Endscraper: M10/11-1.
Fig. 18. Group 2 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 18. Group 2 retouched artefacts from the Holocene levels of Puritjarra rock shelter. All are from units 1a and 1b. Geometric microliths: top row (1–8). Thumbnail scrapers: QR9/3-4, N10/3-1, Z10/2-1, N9/3-11, M9/2-14. Tula adze slugs: M10/1-4, M9/2-3, N5/4-1. (M10/1-4 is the largest tula in this assemblage). Burren adze slug: Z9/9-2. Endscrapers: N6/3-2, Z9/5-2. (Z9/5-2 has usepolish and rounding on the distal end, and fine overhang removal scars along the platform edge).
Fig. 16 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 16. Large flake implements from late Pleistocene levels of Puritjarra rock shelter. All are from unit 2a, except N13/20-1 (unit 2b). Steep-edged scrapers: N11/19-1, N11/22-2, QR9/8-11, N12/14-3. Amorphous retouched artefacts: N5/15-12, M11/18-1, N11/19-3. Notched implements: N13/20-1, N11/21-2. Saws: N10/9-1, N5/19-1.
Fig. 15 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 15. Large flake implements from late Pleistocene levels of Puritjarra rock shelter. All are from unit 2a. Steep-edged scrapers: QR9/8-2, N5/15-11. Amorphous retouched implement: M10/22-2. QR9/8-1 is a large formal implement with extensive shallow invasive flaking and a thin convex working edge.
Fig. 13 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 13. Artefacts from the palaeosurface at c. 32,000 B.P. N13/24-1 is a large sandstone flake typical of the larger component of the flake assemblage. N13/25-3 shows a sandstone flake detached from a rotated core. Bottom two rows show small finely-made silcrete flakes. N12/26-1, M11/ 27-5 and M11/27-6 are made on exotic silcrete. M11/27-2 (2) is a chalcedony flake with a short length of retouch or edge damage. M11/27-4 (4) is a trimming flake detached from the retouched edge of a chalcedony implement.
Fig. 2 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 2. Plan of Puritjarra rock shelter showing layout of excavation trenches. Also shown are spot heights (m below
Fig. 9 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 9. Flake size and shape by analytical unit. Data are length/ breadth measurements for a representative sample of 769 complete flakes. (A) Comparison of units 1a–b (solid grey circles), and unit 2a (open squares). Late Holocene flakes are smaller and less variable in size than early Holocene/terminal Pleistocene flakes, but have similar proportions. (B) Comparison of units 2b–d (solid grey circles) and unit 2a (open squares). Late Pleistocene flakes are smaller than those in the early Holocene/terminal Pleistocene, but have similar variability and proportions.
Fig. 7 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 7. Large flakes from late Pleistocene levels of Puritjarra rock shelter. All are from unit 2a except M11/26-1 (unit 2b). M10/16-2 is an ironstone flake struck from a horsehoof core, and has fine overhang-removal flaking along the platform edge. M10/20-3 is chert flake with evidence of a prior platform, showing that the core was rotated before this flake was detached.
Fig. 6 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 6. Small flakes from late Pleistocene levels of Puritjarra rock shelter. From unit 2c: N10/11-1. From unit 2b: N12/21-8, N12/21-15, N12/23-1, N18/13-1, M11/25-2. Remainder are from unit 2a. N12/21-8 and N12/17-4 each have a series of fine flakes scars along the platform edge, showing trimming of an overhang prior to detachment of the flake. N12/19- 5 exhibits a facetted platform. N11/22-5 is a sandstone flake struck from a bifacial core.
Fig. 1 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 1. The western part of central Australia showing the location of Puritjarra rock shelter and regional topography
Fig. 12 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 12. Cores and redirecting flakes from the Holocene levels of Puritjarra rock shelter or from nearby Murantji rock hole. From unit 1a: QR9/1-3. From unit 1b: M11/8-6, N5/6-2. From unit 1c: M10/12-19. Unassigned 1b–c: ST5/3-4, ST5/4-4. M10/12-19 and M11/8- 6 are sandstone redirecting flakes. N5/6-2 is a single platform core split during knapping. QR9/1-3 is a small horsehoof core, with a base (shown) reduced as a bifacial core. The large platform core from Murantji (3) is on a flake of yellow-grey chert.
Fig. 10 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 10. Multivariate analysis of flake attributes, using the Canonical variates program in the MVARCH package. Data are for flakes where the full set of platform and flake attributes can be measured (N = 635). Scatter-plot shows the centroids for groups of flakes from each unit plots these against flake variables—raw material grain-size, flake weight, percentage cortex, length, breadth, thickness, platform breadth, platform thickness, platform angle, platform preparation, overhang removal, evidence of core rotation, and the number of flake scars on the dorsal surface.
Fig. 5 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 5. Graph showing increasing use of chert and chalcedony over time. Data are number of chert and chalcedony artefacts per spit (excavation unit), expressed as percentage of total number of artefacts in each spit. The plot shows data for the Main Trench only (excluding the following: spits without lithics; spits in 2d with only doubtful artefacts, features intrusive from higher levels).
Fig. 11 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 11. Cores from terminal Pleistocene levels of Puritjarra rock shelter. All are from unit 2a. N5/22-1 is a bifacial core on sandstone. Remainder of artefacts are single platform cores. N9/9-2 is a small finely-made silcrete core with a flaked platform and fine overhang removal scars. N9/9-3 is a horsehoof core made on a cobble of exotic silcrete.
Fig. 4. Schematic diagram showing stratigraphic correlations between trenches. Layers I in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 4. Schematic diagram showing stratigraphic correlations between trenches. Layers I–III are labelled in bold. Identifiable cultural horizons (units 1a, 2a and 2c) are shown (stippled), as well as dated hearths (plano-convex features), 14C determinations (hatched rectangles), luminescence dates (open rectangles) and the maximum depth of late Holocene artefacts in each trench (T tula adzes; B backed artefacts/geometric microliths). Grid lines show depth (cm) below site datum. Horizontal stippled lines at 120 cm depth in N5/ N6 and in the Main Trench show the position of a silty band identified in grain-size analyses.
Figure 2. Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n in Large dendrinids meet giant clam: the bioerosion trace fossil Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n. in a Tridacna shell from Pleistocene-Holocene coral reef deposits, Red Sea, Egypt
Figure 2. Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n. on the inner side of a Tridacna maxima bivalve shell from the Pleistocene–Holocene coral reef deposits in the Marsa Alam area, Red Sea, Egypt. (a) Inner side of valve (left; prior to sectioning) with hundreds of N. carnelia specimens, and outer surface (right) intensely bioeroded by the sponge boring Entobia isp. (b) Section of the valve (MB.W 5640) with the holotype (centre) and the paratypes (all other specimens) in various ichnogenetic stages. (c) Close-up of the holotype trace. (d–e) Respective micro-CT scan of the holotype in plan and angular views as seen from inside the substrate.
Figure 1 in Large dendrinids meet giant clam: the bioerosion trace fossil Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n. in a Tridacna shell from Pleistocene-Holocene coral reef deposits, Red Sea, Egypt
Figure 1. The Pleistocene raised coral reef limestones exposed at the type locality of Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n. just south of the Carnelia Beach Resort, located between El Quseir and Marsa Alam, exhibiting scleractinian corals as primary reef builders (a) and giant clams Tridacna spp. weathering from the carbonate–siliciclastic rocks (b) that mix with Holocene and modern Tridacna valves, forming a highly time-averaged assemblage (c).
Figure 4. Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n in Large dendrinids meet giant clam: the bioerosion trace fossil Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n. in a Tridacna shell from Pleistocene-Holocene coral reef deposits, Red Sea, Egypt
Figure 4. Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n. on the outer surface of a large recent Tridacna squamosa valve from Nosy-BØ, northern Madagascar (ZMB/Mol 102671). (a) Shell surface with various encrusters as well as bioerosion traces. (b) Close-up of a cluster of N. carnelia. (c) A large specimen with distinct pitted arrays developed in most of the branches.
Figure 3 in Large dendrinids meet giant clam: the bioerosion trace fossil Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n. in a Tridacna shell from Pleistocene-Holocene coral reef deposits, Red Sea, Egypt
Figure 3. SEM images (BSE detector) of Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n. of the inner side of a Tridacna maxima bivalve shell from the Pleistocene–Holocene coral reef deposits in the Marsa Alam area, Red Sea, Egypt. (a–c) Overview and close-ups of the holotype. (d–e) Overview and close-up of an early ichnogenetic stage. (f–g) Overview and close-up of a specimen with authigenic gypsum crystals, calcite spar, and clay minerals within the boring as well as on the host's shell surface. (h) Different morphologies possibly developed in the trace, comprising deep open canals (1), isolated deep pits (2), shallow open canals (3), pits in shallow canals (4) and discontinuities (5). (i) Cross section of a trace showing deep (1) and shallow (2) open canals. (j–k) Overview and detail of an epoxy resin cast of a specimen, illustrating the smooth surface texture and the high degree of microbioerosion in the surrounding (partly mechanically removed to gain a view of the dendrinid).
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