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732 results for “Population Variation”
Data accompanying Polyphenisms and polymorphisms: genetic variation in plasticity and color variation within and among bluefin killifish populations
<p>The presence of stable color polymorphisms within populations begs the question of how genetic variation is maintained. Consistent variation among populations in coloration, especially when correlated with environmental variation, raises questions about whether environmental conditions affect either the fulcrum of those balanced polymorphisms, the plastic expression of coloration, or both. Color patterns in male bluefin killifish provoke both types of questions. Red and yellow morphs are common in all populations. Blue males are more common in tannin-stained swamps relative to clear springs. Here we combined crosses with a manipulation of light to explore how genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity shape these patterns. We found that the variation in coloration is attributable mainly to two axes of variation: (1) a red-yellow axis with yellow being dominant to red, and (2) a blue axis that can override red-yellow and is controlled by genetics, phenotypic plasticity, and genetic variation for phenotypic plasticity. The variation among populations in plasticity suggests it is adaptive in some populations but not others. The variation among sires in plasticity within the swamp population suggests balancing selection may be acting not only on the red-yellow polymorphism but also on plasticity for blue coloration.</p>
Gene expression plasticity, genetic variation and fatty acid remodelling in divergent populations of a tropical bivalve species: lipid profiles
<p><span>Ocean warming challenges marine organisms' resilience, especially for species experiencing temperatures close to their upper thermal limits. A potential increase in thermal tolerance might significantly reduce the risk of population decline, which is intrinsically linked to variability in local habitat temperatures.</span></p> <p><span>Our goal was to assess the plastic and genetic potential of response to elevated temperatures in a tropical bivalve model, <em>Pinctada margaritifera</em>. We benefit from two ecotypes for which local environmental conditions are characterized by either large diurnal variations in the tide-pools (Marquesas archipelago) or lower mean temperature with stable to moderate seasonal variations (Gambier archipelago).</span><br><br><span>We explored the physiological basis of individual responses to elevated temperature<em>, </em>genetic divergence as well as plasticity and acclimation by combining lipidomic and transcriptomic approaches.</span><br><br><span>We show that <em>P. margaritifera</em> has certain capacities to adjust to long-term elevated temperatures that was thus far largely underestimated. Genetic variation across populations overlaps with gene expression and involves the mitochondrial respiration machinery, a central physiological process that contributes to species thermal sensitivity and their distribution ranges.</span><br><br><span>Our results present evidence for acclimation potential in <em>P. margaritifera</em> and urge for longer term studies to assess populations resilience in face of climate change.</span></p>
Novel host plant unmasks heritable variation in plant preference within an insect population
<p>Introductions of novel plant species can disturb the historical resource environment of herbivorous insects, resulting in strong selection to either adopt or exclude the novel host. However, an adaptive response depends on heritable genetic variation for preference or performance within the targeted herbivore population, and it is unclear how heritability of host-use preference may differ between novel and historical hosts. <em>Pieris macdunnoughii</em> butterflies in the Rocky Mountains lay eggs on the nonnative mustard <em>Thlaspi arvense</em>, which is lethal to their offspring. Heritability analyses revealed considerable sex-linked additive genetic variation in host preference within a population of this butterfly. This was contrary to general predictions about the genetic basis of preference variation, which are hypothesized to be sex-linked between populations but autosomal within populations. Evidence of sex-linkage disappeared when butterflies were tested on methanol-based chemical extracts, suggesting these chemicals in isolation may not be the primary driver of female choice among available host plants. Although unexpected, evidence for within-population sex-linked genetic variation in preference for <em>T. arvense</em> over native hosts indicates that persistent maladaptive oviposition on this lethal plant must be maintained by alternative evolutionary dynamics such as migration- or drift-selection balance or pleiotropic constraints.</p>
Genome-wide association implicates numerous genes underlying ecological trait variation in natural populations of Populus trichocarpa
In order to uncover the genetic basis of phenotypic trait variation, we used 448 unrelated wild accessions of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) from much of its range in western North America. Extensive data from large-scale trait phenotyping (with spatial and temporal replications within a common garden) and genotyping (with a 34 K Populus single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array) of all accessions were used for gene discovery in a genome-wide association study (GWAS). We performed GWAS with 40 biomass, ecophysiology and phenology traits and 29 355 filtered SNPs representing 3518 genes. The association analyses were carried out using a Unified Mixed Model accounting for population structure effects among accessions. We uncovered 410 significant SNPs using a Bonferroni-corrected threshold (P < 1.7 × 10−6). Markers were found across 19 chromosomes, explained 1–13% of trait variation, and implicated 275 unique genes in trait associations. Phenology had the largest number of associated genes (240 genes), followed by biomass (53 genes) and ecophysiology traits (25 genes). The GWAS results propose numerous loci for further investigation. Many traits had significant associations with multiple genes, underscoring their genetic complexity. Genes were also identified with multiple trait associations within and/or across trait categories. In some cases, traits were genetically correlated while in others they were not.
Genome-wide association implicates numerous genes underlying ecological trait variation in natural populations of Populus trichocarpa
In order to uncover the genetic basis of phenotypic trait variation, we used 448 unrelated wild accessions of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) from much of its range in western North America. Extensive data from large-scale trait phenotyping (with spatial and temporal replications within a common garden) and genotyping (with a 34 K Populus single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array) of all accessions were used for gene discovery in a genome-wide association study (GWAS). We performed GWAS with 40 biomass, ecophysiology and phenology traits and 29 355 filtered SNPs representing 3518 genes. The association analyses were carried out using a Unified Mixed Model accounting for population structure effects among accessions. We uncovered 410 significant SNPs using a Bonferroni-corrected threshold (P < 1.7 × 10−6). Markers were found across 19 chromosomes, explained 1–13% of trait variation, and implicated 275 unique genes in trait associations. Phenology had the largest number of associated genes (240 genes), followed by biomass (53 genes) and ecophysiology traits (25 genes). The GWAS results propose numerous loci for further investigation. Many traits had significant associations with multiple genes, underscoring their genetic complexity. Genes were also identified with multiple trait associations within and/or across trait categories. In some cases, traits were genetically correlated while in others they were not.
Genomic variation in the Black-throated Green Warbler (Setophaga virens) suggests divergence in a disjunct Atlantic Coastal Plain population (S. v. waynei)
<p>We used whole-genome resequencing to estimate genetic distinctiveness in the Black-throated Green Warbler (Setophaga virens)—including S. v. waynei—a putative subspecies that occupies a narrow disjunct breeding range along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Despite detecting low-global differentiation (FST = 0.027) across the entire species, the principal components analysis of genome-wide differences shows the main axis of variation separates S. v. waynei from all other S. v. virens samples. We also estimated a low-migration rate for S. v. waynei, but found them to be most similar to another disjunct population from the Piedmont of North Carolina, and detected evidence of a historical north-to-south geographic dispersal among the entire species. New World wood warblers (family: Parulidae) can exhibit strong phenotypic differences among species, particularly, in song and plumage; however, within-species variation in these warblers—often designated as subspecies—is much more subtle. The existence of several isolated Black-throated Green Warbler populations across its eastern North American breeding range offers an excellent opportunity to further understand the origin, maintenance, and conservation status of subspecific populations. Our results, combined with previously documented ecological and morphological distinctiveness, support that S. v. waynei be considered a distinct and recognized subspecies worthy of targeted conservation efforts.</p>
FIGURE 4 in Exploring the phylogenetic signal in the cranial variation of European populations of grayling (Actinopterygii, Salmonidae)
FIGURE 4 PCA of the grayling dorsal cranium. Wireframe diagrams (magnified 3 times) illustrate shape differences along PC1 and PC2 axes.
FIGURE 1 in Exploring the phylogenetic signal in the cranial variation of European populations of grayling (Actinopterygii, Salmonidae)
FIGURE 1 Grayling populations analyzed. Abbreviations and symbols: filled symbols, wild populations; open symbols, hatchery populations; circles, T. thymallus populations from the Caspian phylogenetic clade (2 – Bugurla and 3 – Kana); square, T. aeliani population from the Adriatic phylogenetic clade (4 – Soča); triangles, T. thymallus populations from the Balkan phylogenetic clade (1 – Lim, 5 – Sava Bohinjka and 6 – Una).
FIGURE 3 in Exploring the phylogenetic signal in the cranial variation of European populations of grayling (Actinopterygii, Salmonidae)
FIGURE 3 Landmarks collected on grayling cranium in A) dorsal, B) ventral, and C) occipital views. See table 2 for definitions of landmarks.
FIGURE 2 in Exploring the phylogenetic signal in the cranial variation of European populations of grayling (Actinopterygii, Salmonidae)
FIGURE 2 Phylogeny of studied grayling populations based on Neighbour-Joining method of A) mtDNA CR haplotypes (indicated in parentheses), including Da23 Sava Bohinjka haplotype – phylogeny mtDNA CR Da23, B) mtDNA CR haplotypes (indicated in parentheses), including Da25 Sava Bohinjka haplotype – phylogeny mtDNA CR Da25, and C) DAS estimated from 12 microsatellite DNA loci – phylogeny microsatellites.
FIGURE 6 in Exploring the phylogenetic signal in the cranial variation of European populations of grayling (Actinopterygii, Salmonidae)
FIGURE 6 PCA of the grayling occipital cranium. Wireframe diagrams (magnified 3 times) illustrate shape differences along PC1 and PC2 axes. Downloaded from Brill.com 06/21/2024 06:29:33PM via Open Access. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
FIGURE 5 in Exploring the phylogenetic signal in the cranial variation of European populations of grayling (Actinopterygii, Salmonidae)
FIGURE 5 PCA of the grayling ventral cranium. Wireframe diagrams (magnified 3 times) illustrate shape differences along PC1 and PC2 axes. Downloaded from Brill.com 06/21/2024 06:29:33PM via Open Access. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Fig. 2 in Spatial Variation In Prey Composition And Its Possible Effect On Reproductive Success In An Expanding Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila Heliaca) Population
Fig. 2. Cluster analyses of imperial eagle breeding areas based on prey composition data. Region codes are presented in Fig. 1. Codes with bold characters represent mountainous habitats. The single breeding pair of the Cserehát Mountains was excluded from the analysis, because of low sample size
Fig. 3 in Spatial Variation In Prey Composition And Its Possible Effect On Reproductive Success In An Expanding Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila Heliaca) Population
Fig. 3. Frequency of the three main prey species (a-c) and reproductive success (d) of imperial eagles in two East-Hungarian regions. Boxplots presents the minimum-maximum (whiskers), lower and upper quartiles (box) and the median (line) of the data. Dots are outliers. Significance of difference is in-
Fig. 3 in Altitudinal Variation In Population Density, Body Size And Morphometric Structure In C A R A B U S O D O R At U S S H I L, 1996 (C O L E O P T E R A: Carabidae)
Fig. 3. Illustration of measurements: 1-2 – elytra length (hereafter "A", 3-4 – elytra width ("B"), 5-6 – pronotum length "C"), 7-8 – pronotum width (D), 9-10 – head length (E), 11–12 – distance between the eyes (signed as "head width" or "F" in the figures).
Fig. 7 in Altitudinal Variation In Population Density, Body Size And Morphometric Structure In C A R A B U S O D O R At U S S H I L, 1996 (C O L E O P T E R A: Carabidae)
Fig. 7. Descriptive statistics of elytra length means in C. odoratus at the plots on different altitudes.
Figure 3 in Infraspecific genetic variation and population structure of Salvia nemorosa L. (Lamiaceae) in Iran
Figure 3. PCoA plot of the studied populations based on ISSR data (population numbers are according to Table 1).
Figure 2 in Infraspecific genetic variation and population structure of Salvia nemorosa L. (Lamiaceae) in Iran
Figure 2. MDS plot of the studied populations based on ISSR data (population numbers are according to Table 1).
Figure 4 in Infraspecific genetic variation and population structure of Salvia nemorosa L. (Lamiaceae) in Iran
Figure 4. NJ tree of S. nemorosa populations based on ISSR results (population numbers are according to Table 1).
Fig. 5. Sequence variation among 4 28S in Population genetics of Oligonychus perseae (Acari: Tetranychidae) collected from avocados in Mexico and California
Fig. 5. Sequence variation among 4 28S genotypes identified from Oligonychus perseae populations in California, Mexico, and Costa Rica. Genotypes are named according to 3 genetic clusters identified from cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) haplotypes (see Fig. 2).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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