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61 results for “Predator cues”
Data from: Highlighting potential physical and chemical cues involved in conspecific recognition system in a predator nematode, Seinura caverna
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No impact of biocontrol agent’s predation cues on development time or size of surviving Aedes albopictus under optimal nutritional availability
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White-tailed deer responses to predator cues depend upon past land use and contemporary fire regime
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Data from: Functionally redundant multimodal predator cues elicit changes in prey foraging behavior
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Temperature and predator cues interactively affect ontogenetic metabolic scaling of aquatic amphipods
<p>A common belief is that body-mass scaling of metabolic rate results chiefly from intrinsic body-design constraints. However, several studies have shown that multiple ecological factors affect metabolic scaling. The mechanistic basis of these effects is largely unknown. Here, we explore whether abiotic and biotic environmental factors have interactive effects on metabolic scaling. To address this question, we studied the simultaneous effects of temperature and predator cues on the ontogenetic metabolic scaling of amphipod crustaceans inhabiting two different aquatic ecosystems, a freshwater spring and a saltwater lagoon. We assessed effects of phenotypic plasticity on metabolic scaling by exposing amphipods in the laboratory to water with and without fish-cues at multiple temperatures. Temperature interacts significantly with predator cues to affect metabolic scaling. Our results suggest that metabolic scaling is highly malleable in response to short-term acclimation. The interactive effects of temperature and predators show the importance of studying effects of global warming in realistic ecological contexts.</p>
Supplementary data for "Visual cues of predation risk outweigh acoustic cues: a field experiment in black-capped chickadees"
<p>All data required for the analyses, including R code, presented in the paper "Visual cues of predation risk outweigh acoustic cues: a field experiment in black-capped chickadees" DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2002</p>
Data from: Parasite and predator risk assessment: nuanced use of olfactory cues
Foraging herbivores face twin threats of predation and parasite infection, but the risk of predation has received much more attention. We evaluated, experimentally, the role of olfactory cues in predator and parasite risk assessment on the foraging behaviour of a population of marked, free-ranging, red-necked wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus). The wallabies adjusted their behaviour according to these olfactory cues. They foraged less, were more vigilant and spent less time at feeders placed in the vicinity of faeces from dogs that had consumed wallaby or kangaroo meat compared with that of dogs feeding on sheep, rabbit or possum meat. Wallabies also showed a species-specific faecal aversion by consuming less food from feeders contaminated with wallaby faeces compared with sympatric kangaroo faeces, whose gastrointestinal parasite fauna differs from that of the wallabies. Combining both parasite and predation cues in a single field experiment revealed that these risks had an additive effect, rather than the wallabies compromising their response to one risk at the expense of the other.
Social learning of acoustic anti-predator cues occurs between wild bird species
<p>In many species, individuals gather information about their environment both through direct experience and through information obtained from others. Social learning, or the acquisition of information from others, can occur both within and between species and <span>may </span>facilitate the rapid spread of antipredator behaviour. Within birds, acoustic signals are frequently used to alert others to the presence of predators, and individuals can quickly learn to associate novel acoustic cues with predation risk. However, few studies have addressed whether <span>such learning occurs only though direct experience or whether it has a social component, nor whether such learning can occur between species. We investigate these questions in</span> two sympatric species of Parids: blue tits (<i>Cyanistes caeruleus</i>) and great tits (<i>Parus major</i>). <span>Using playbacks of unfamiliar bird vocalisations paired with a predator model in a controlled aviary setting, we find that blue tits can learn to associate a novel sound with predation risk via direct experience, and that antipredator response to the sound can be socially transmitted to heterospecific observers, despite lack of first-hand experience. Our results suggest that social learning of acoustic cues can occur between species. </span><span>Such i</span><span>nterspecific social information transmission may help to mediate the formation of mixed-species aggregations.</span></p>
Data from: Predation risk perception, food density and conspecific cues shape foraging decisions in a tropical lizard
When foraging, animals can maximize their fitness if they are able to tailor their foraging decisions to current environmental conditions. When making foraging decisions, individuals need to assess the benefits of foraging while accounting for the potential risks of being captured by a predator. However, whether and how different factors interact to shape these decisions is not yet well understood, especially in individual foragers. Here we present a standardized set of manipulative field experiments in the form of foraging assays in the tropical lizard Anolis cristatellus in Puerto Rico. We presented male lizards with foraging opportunities to test how the presence of conspecifics, predation-risk perception, the abundance of food, and interactions among these factors determines the outcome of foraging decisions. In Experiment 1, anoles foraged faster when food was scarce and other conspecifics were present near the feeding tray, while they took longer to feed when food was abundant and when no conspecifics were present. These results suggest that foraging decisions in anoles are the result of a complex process in which individuals assess predation risk by using information from conspecific individuals while taking into account food abundance. In Experiment 2, a simulated increase in predation risk (i.e., distance to the feeding tray) confirmed the relevance of risk perception by showing that the use of available perches is strongly correlated with the latency to feed. We found Puerto Rican crested anoles integrate instantaneous ecological information about food abundance, conspecific activity and predation risk, and adjust their foraging behavior accordingly.
Data from: Yellowtail damselfish Chrysiptera parasema can associate predation risk with the acoustic call of a heterospecific damselfish following pairing with conspecific alarm cues
<p>The ability to detect and respond to the presence of predation risk is under intense selection, especially for small-bodied fishes that coexist with predators. Fish use visual, olfactory, and auditory cues to assess predation risk. Damselfishes (Pomacentridae) use auditory vocalizations during inter- and intrasexual interactions, but it is not known if they can use vocalizations in the context of predator-prey interactions. Here, we test if yellowtail damselfish, <em>Chrysiptera parasema</em>, can learn to associate the territorial vocalization of heterospecific humbug damselfish <em>Dascyllus aruanus</em> with predation risk. In conditioning trials of yellowtail damselfish we played the territorial call of humbug damselfish while introducing either blank water (control treatment) or chemical alarm cue derived from damaged skin of conspecific yellowtail damselfish. In conditioning trials, fish exposed to alarm cue increased activity and spent more time in the water column relative to fish that received the control treatment. After a single conditioning trial, conditioned fish were exposed again to the territorial call. Fish conditioned with the call + alarm cue increased activity and time in the water column relative to fish that had been conditioned with the control treatment. These data indicate associative learning of an auditory stimulus with predation risk in a species that regularly uses auditory signaling in other contexts. Recordings of conditioning and test trials failed to detect any acoustic calls produced by test fish in response to the perception of predation risk. Thus, although yellowtail damselfish can associate risk with auditory stimuli, we found no evidence that they produce an alarm call.</p>
Data from: Blood-red colour as a prey-choice cue for mosquito specialist predators
<p>Specialist predators are innately and distinctively proficient at targeting specific prey types. This is enabled by behavioural, perceptual, and cognitive mechanisms that can only be understood using carefully-designed experiments. <i>Evarcha culicivora </i>is<i> </i>an East African jumping spider that feeds on vertebrate blood acquired indirectly by actively targeting blood-carrying female mosquitoes as preferred prey. Here we asked whether these spiders use the colour red to locate this prey. In Objective 1, we used spectrophotometry to document the changing redness of mosquitoes in the 17 hours following blood meals. In Objective 2, we used vision-based choice tests to document how <i>E</i>. <i>culicivora</i>'s preference for blood-carrying mosquitoes changes over time (using an interval comparable to that in Objective 1). We found that <i>E. culicivora</i> exhibits the strongest preference for blood-carrying mosquitoes during the first 6 hours after those mosquitoes had fed on blood and that this time interval corresponded to when mosquitoes exhibit the reddest coloration. Based on this, we then took mosquitoes that had never fed on blood and manipulated their colour using a blend of red food dye to make them appear blood-fed (i.e., by matching their spectral properties to mosquitoes that had fed on blood within the previous 6 hours). We also created grey-dyed mosquitoes that matched the spectral properties of those that had never fed on blood. In Objective 3, we found that <i>E. culicivora</i> did not visually discriminate between our red-dyed mosquitoes and blood-carrying mosquitoes; this indicated that, to <i>E. culicivora</i>, our red-dyed mosquitoes appropriately resembled blood-carrying mosquitoes. Finally, in Objective 4, we showed that <i>E. culicivora</i> consistently preferred red-dyed mosquitoes over grey-dyed mosquitoes, supporting the hypothesis that <i>E. culicivora</i> uses some aspect of red coloration to locate their preferred prey. We discuss how these findings relate to cognitive processes, colour-based communication, and sensory exploitation. </p>
Shape of evasive prey can be an important cue that triggers learning in avian predators
<p>This repository contain the complete dataset used for all analysis, presented within the publication "Shape of evasive prey can be an important cue that triggers learning in avian predators". </p>
When is it safe to go home? Post-predation assessment of risk and safety when personal information conflicts with social cues
<p>Navigating the risk of predation is a major driver of behavioral decision-making in small fishes. Fish use personal information from olfactory and visual indicators of risk, and also rely upon social cues to inform behavioral trade-offs between risk avoidance and fitness-positive activities such as foraging. Here, fathead minnows (<em>Pimephales promelas</em>), were captured, clipped, and released at 48 field sites chemically labeled with either fathead minnow alarm cue (high risk) or water (low risk). We removed the chemical label after 2 h, then monitored area use by clipped and non-clipped fish. In addition, a shoal was placed in traps in half of the risky and half of the safe locations as a visual social cue of safety. We caught 2919 fish in the first sample, of which 594 were fathead minnows. These were clipped and released. The second sample caught 1500 fish, of which 164 were fathead minnows including 11 bearing marks from the first sample. Fathead minnows and northern redbelly dace in the general community, which lacked personal information about risk status associated with trap sites, avoided areas previously labeled with alarm cues for at least 2 h after the source of alarm cue was removed, unless an experimental shoal was present at the risky site, in which case they joined the shoal in the trap. Clipped fathead minnows with direct personal knowledge of risk showed a significant shift away from areas labeled with conspecific alarm cues and a significant attraction toward sites seeded with a shoal. Moreover, unlike fish in the general community, clipped fathead minnows were not influenced by experimental shoals at sites previously labeled as risky. These data indicate that the influence of social cues on safety depends on whether individual minnows have access to recent personal information about risk assessment.</p>
Data from: Predator olfactory cues generate a foraging-predation tradeoff through prey apprehension
Most animals are faced with the challenge of securing food under the risk of predation. This frequently generates a trade-off whereby animals respond to predator cues with reduced movement to avoid predation at the direct cost of reduced foraging success. However, predators may also cause prey to be apprehensive in their foraging activities, which would generate an indirect 'apprehension cost'. Apprehension arises when a forager redirects attention from foraging tasks to predator detection and incurs a cost from such multi-tasking, because the forager ends up making more mistakes in its foraging tasks as a result. Here, we test this apprehension cost hypothesis and show that damselflies miss a greater proportion of their prey during foraging bouts in response to both olfactory cues produced by conspecifics that have only viewed a fish predator and olfactory cues produced directly by fish. This reduced feeding efficiency is in addition to the stereotypical anti-predator response of reduced activity, which we also observed. These results show that costs associated with anti-predator responses not only arise through behavioural alterations that reduce the risk of predation, but also from the indirect costs of apprehension and multi-tasking that can reduce feeding efficiency under the threat of predation.
Behavioral and chemical composition data for: Maternal and personal information mediates the use of social cues about predation risk
<p></p><p>Organisms can gain information about predation risks from their parents, their own personal experience, and their conspecifics and adjust their behavior to alleviate these risks. These different sources of information can, however, provide conflicting information due to spatial and temporal variation of the environment. This raises the question of how these cues are integrated to produce adaptive antipredator behavior. We investigated how common lizards (Zootoca vivipara) adjust the use of conspecific cues about predation risk depending on whether the information is maternally or personally acquired. We experimentally manipulated the presence of predator scent in gestating mothers and their offspring in a full-crossed design. We then tested the consequences for social information use by monitoring offspring social response to conspecifics previously exposed to predator cues or not. Lizards were more attracted to the scent of conspecifics having experienced predation cues when they had themselves no personal information about predation risk. In contrast, they were more repulsed by conspecific scent when they had personally obtained information about predation risk. However, the addition of maternal information about predation risk canceled out this interactive effect between personal and social information: lizards were slightly more attracted to conspecific scent when these two sources of information about predation risk were in agreement. A chemical analysis of lizard scent revealed that exposure to predator cues modified the chemical composition of lizard scents, a change that might underlie lizards' use of social information. Our results highlight the importance of considering multiple sources of information while studying antipredator defenses.</p><p></p>
Predation cues amplify the effects of parasites on the personality of a keystone grazer
<p>1. Parasites can alter species interactions either by modifying infected host behavior or by influencing behavioral responses in uninfected individuals. Salt marsh ecosystems are characterized by a predator-prey interaction between the keystone grazer, Littoraria irrorata, and its main predator, Callinectes sapidus, both integral players in mediating the productivity of these habitats.</p> <p>2. Littoraria also acts as the first intermediate host for at least four species of digenetic trematode. Parasite infection has been shown to decrease grazing and climbing in populations of Littoraria, though effects on infected host response to predators has not been investigated. Moreover, how infection might increase or decrease among-individual variation in behavior (i.e., animal personality) is still unknown. <span>Here we ask how trematode infection affects the expression of boldness in the antipredator responses of </span>L. irrorata <span>in both the absence and presence of a predator cue. </span></p> <p>3. <span>We find that </span>individual boldness varies substantially, and repeatability tends to increase as the number of stressors increases, with infected individuals exposed to a predator cue showing the strongest expression of behavioral types.</p> <p>4. Parasitism amplifies this effect, though the parasite itself does not appear to directly induce behavioral changes: infected snails show no evidence of decreased climbing or differences in refuge use as compared to their uninfected counterparts. Infection might therefore drive the expression of condition-dependent personality differences evident only under high-risk conditions.</p> <p>5. Group infection status strongly influenced behavioral reaction norms: uninfected individuals grouped with an infected snail<span> were more responsive to predation risk, exhibiting increased climbing behavior and spending less time in the water. Here parasites are influencing personality indirectly by inducing avoidance behaviors in healthy individuals, though only in high-risk environments. </span></p> <p>6. The potential for exposure to parasites and predators fluctuates greatly across marsh ecosystems. Given the ecological importance of this predator-prey relationship, trematode infection can act as an important, though indirect, determinant of overall salt marsh community structure, health, and function.</p>
Acquired predator recognition via epidermal alarm cues but not dietary alarm cues by isolated pupfish
<p>We tested whether Shoshone pupfish <em>Cyprinodon nevadensis shoshone</em> and Amargosa River pupfish <em>C. n. amargosae</em> respond behaviourally to conspecific chemical alarm cues released when epidermal tissue is damaged by a predator. We found that both subspecies reduced activity and vertical position in the water column in response to alarm cues. We then tested if pupfish can use alarm cues to acquire recognition of a novel predator. We trained pupfish with (1) water + odour of largemouth bass fed a diet of earthworms, (2) alarm cues from skin extract (epidermal alarm cues) + odour of bass fed a diet of earthworms, or (3) water + odour of bass fed a diet of pupfish (dietary alarm cues). Pupfish responded to epidermal alarm cues but not to dietary alarm cues. Pupfish were retested with the odour of bass that were fed an earthworm diet. Pupfish that had previously received epidermal alarm cues reduced vertical position and activity relative to the other two treatments. This is the first demonstration of acquired recognition of a novel predator by a pupfish, the first report of partial predator naiveté, and opens the possibility of predator-recognition training as a tool for management and conservation of endangered desert fishes.</p>
Temperature and predator cues interactively affect ontogenetic metabolic scaling of aquatic amphipods
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Predation cues amplify the effects of parasites on the personality of a keystone grazer
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Data from: A novel alarm signal in aquatic prey: Familiar minnows coordinate group defences against predators through chemical disturbance cues
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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