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622 results for “Prey and predator”
Figure 1 in Amphibians and reptiles as prey of Heteroctenus junceus (Scorpiones: Buthidae), with a summary of vertebrate predation by scorpions in the West Indies
Figure 1. Partially digested Anolis ophiolepis found being preyed upon by an adult female Heteroctenus junceus at Loma La Carrera; the scorpion fled as soon as we turned the rock over.
Figure 3 in Amphibians and reptiles as prey of Heteroctenus junceus (Scorpiones: Buthidae), with a summary of vertebrate predation by scorpions in the West Indies
Figure 3. Live individuals of the species of amphibians and reptiles reported here as being preyed upon by Heteroctenus junceus: Osteopilus septentrionalis (3a), Anolis allisoni (3b), A. sagrei (3c), and A. ophiolepis (3d).
Food quantity and quality modulates inducible defences in a common predator-prey system
<p><span>Zooplankton display different inducible defences against invertebrate and vertebrate predators. The response pattern to gape-limited invertebrate predators involves increased somatic growth and offspring body size but delayed maturity and reduced offspring numbers. In contrast to this general pattern, the freshwater model organism <em>Daphnia magna</em> has been reported to exhibit a different response when encountering the gape-limited tadpole shrimp <em>Triops cancriformis</em>. Under laboratory conditions, <em>D. magna</em> showed increased somatic growth, earlier maturation, and an increase in both offspring number and size. We propose here that the discrepancy between the previously observed and the theory-based response patterns against invertebrate predators is due to differences in food availability in the applied laboratory settings and assessed whether the defensive response of <em>D. magna</em> against <em>T. cancriformis</em> is modulated differently by food quantity and quality. We found a strong impact of food quantity and quality on the defence response of <em>D. magna</em> to <em>T. cancriformis</em> kairomones. The prey seem to be able to overcome trade-offs between morphological defence traits and reproductive traits, but distinctly between high food quantity and high food quality. Thereby, reproductive traits were preferred over morphological defences. Furthermore, removal of particles from the <em>T. cancriformis</em>-conditioned water caused a defence pattern in <em>D. magna</em> that was consistent with the general response pattern known from other invertebrate predators, thus explaining the described discrepancy to previous studies with <em>T. cancriformis</em>. <span> </span>Our study highlights the importance of assessing food-related effects on predator-prey interactions to understand trophic relationships and food web processes.</span></p>
Figure 1. A in The predator becomes the prey: the katydid Erechthis gundlachi Bolívar, 1888 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) feeding upon the Cuban lizard Anolis homolechis (Cope, 1864) (Squamata: Dactyloidae), with some notes on Hispaniolan Erechthis Bolívar, 1888
Figure 1. A. Male of Anolis viridius Köhler & Blair Hedges, 2016 preying upon Erechthis ayiti at Polo, Bahoruco, southwestern Dominican Republic. B. Female of Anolis cyanostictus Mertens, 1939 preying upon a juvenile female unidentified Conocephalinae at National Botanical Garden, Santo Domingo, southern Dominican Republic. Photos courtesy Fr. Alejandro Sánchez.
Figure 2. Adult female Erechthis gundlachi predating upon a in The predator becomes the prey: the katydid Erechthis gundlachi Bolívar, 1888 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) feeding upon the Cuban lizard Anolis homolechis (Cope, 1864) (Squamata: Dactyloidae), with some notes on Hispaniolan Erechthis Bolívar, 1888
Figure 2. Adult female Erechthis gundlachi predating upon a juvenile male Anolis homolechis at La Gran Piedra, Santiago de Cuba, southeastern Cuba: A. Photographed at nature when found. B. Photographed after preservation, with millimetric scale for reference.
Fig. 1 in Does diet of prey affect life table parameters of the predator Podisus nigrispinus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)?
Fig. 1. Nymph absolute survival (according to Kaplan-Meier estimator) of Podisus nigrispinus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) reared with soybean plants supplemented with Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) caterpillars fed an artificial diet (T1); on soybean plants with caterpillars fed soybean leaves (T2); on soybean plants with Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) pupae (T3); or on soybean plants with A. gemmatalis pupae from caterpillars fed soybean leaves (T4).
Fig. 3 in Native anuran species as prey of invasive American Bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, in Brazil: a review with new predation records
Fig. 3. Spatial distribution of Lithobates catesbeianus invasive populations and predation reports of native anurans in Brazil. White circles: American Bullfrog populations in Brazil (Both et al. 2011; Instituto Horus 2016); yellow stars: predation reports of adult Boana raniceps and adult Phyllomedusa distincta in southern and southeastern Brazil; light green circles: locations of 41 published predation records.
Fig. 2 in Native anuran species as prey of invasive American Bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, in Brazil: a review with new predation records
Fig. 2. (A) Predation of an adult Phyllomedusa distincta by Lithobates catesbeianus, (B) Adult P. distincta partially digested, removed from the oral cavity of L. catesbeianus.
Fig. 1 in Native anuran species as prey of invasive American Bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, in Brazil: a review with new predation records
Fig. 1. Adult Lithobates catesbeianus swallowing an adult Boana raniceps in an artificial permanent pond within pasture area in southern Brazil.
Fig. 1 in Physiological responses of anti-predation in prey fish to the threat of piscivorous fish in different underwater visibility conditions
Fig. 1. Mean and standard error of plasma cortisol levels for Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus, 1758) shoals in treatments with clear (white box) and turbid water (striped box). Different letters above bars indicate significant differences at P<0.05 in the Kruskal Wallis test between predator types. There were no differences between plasma cortisol levels in clear and turbid water treatments.
The Meadow Viper's perspective on the diet and predator-prey interactions of the reptile specialist Smooth Snake
<p>Despite its wide distribution, ecological data on the Smooth Snake (Coronella austriaca) remains limited. Previous dietary analyses report that it mainly consumes lizards, but it also eats mammals and snakes. Little information is available on the habitat choice of the species, but vegetation structure and microtopography are considered the main factors determining occupancy of these snakes. As there is limited data on the diet of this species from Central Europe and it was considered a potential predator of the endangered Vipera ursinii rakosiensis (Hungarian Meadow Viper), we conducted a study concerning the diet of C. austriaca in one of the largest habitats of V. ursinii in Hungary. As there is no data on the occupancy of C. austriaca, we tested if the availability of certain prey species affects its occupancy C. austriaca individuals were captured to collect faecal samples, in which the remains were identified. In the obtained samples (n=53) we found remains of lizards (65%), mammals (20%), insects (12.5%) and Smooth Snake (2.5%). The consumed lizard species were Lacerta viridis, Podarcis tauricus and Lacerta agilis. We found no remains of V. ursinii in the faecal samples. We used dynamic two-species occupancy modeling to test if the occupancy of C. austriaca is linked to the presence of its prey species in the area. We found an interaction between C. austriaca and its lizard prey, as occupancy of C. austriaca had a higher probability when these species were present. We found no interaction between C. austriaca and V. ursinii. Our results support that C. austriaca mainly preys on lizards and its site occupancy depends on prey availability. Importantly, we found no evidence that C. austriaca consumes V. ursinii, which is further supported by the lack of interaction between the occupancy of C. austriaca and that of V. ursinii.</p>
Fig. 6 in Patterns of drilling predation of cassid gastropods preying on echinoids from the middle Miocene of Poland
Fig. 6. Relationships between test thickness and test length (A) and benefit−cost curves (B) of Echinocyamus species from the Heterostegina Sands; N, number of specimens; R, Pearson's correlation coefficient. Test thickness measured at the upper part of interambulacra situated between petals.
Fig. 15 in Patterns of drilling predation of cassid gastropods preying on echinoids from the middle Miocene of Poland
Fig. 15. Tests of representatives of Echinocyamus bearing multiple drill holes. A. Echinocyamus pseudopusillus. Double drilled MWG/ZI/036 in aboral (A1) and oral (A2) views. B. Echinocyamus pusillus. Double drilled MWG/ZI/037 in aboral (B1) and oral (B2) views. C–G. Echinocyamus linearis. C. MWG/ZI/038 bearing three drill holes in oral view. D. Juvenile specimen (MWG/ZI/039) bearing three drill holes in aboral (D1) and slightly (D2) oblique views. E. Double drilled MWG/ZI/040 in lateral (E1) and aboral (E2) views. Note the crevice connecting the drill holes (white arrow) and its oral prolongation (see E1). F. Double drilled MWG/ZI/041 in aboral view. Note extremely short distance between the drill holes. G. Double drilled MWG/ZI/042 in oblique view; ps, peristome; pp, periproct; d1, d2, d3, drill holes. E. linearis and E. pusillus collected from the coarse−grained Heterostegina Sands, and E. pseudopusillus from the fine−grained Heterostegina Sands. Scale bars 0.5 mm.
Fig. 5 in Patterns of drilling predation of cassid gastropods preying on echinoids from the middle Miocene of Poland
Fig. 5. Cross−sections of Echinocyamus tests. A, B. Echinocyamus pusillus, MWG/ZI/018 (A), MWG/ZI/019 (B). C. Echinocyamus linearis, MWG/ZI/020. D. Echinocyamus pseudopusillus, MWG/ZI/021; internal supports indicated by white arrows. Scale bars 0.5 mm.
Fig. 9 in Patterns of drilling predation of cassid gastropods preying on echinoids from the middle Miocene of Poland
Fig. 9. Intensities of drilling predation observed within particular samples (A) and facies (B). Confidence intervals for large samples (30 specimens or more) p (1 − p) computed from the formula p ± 1.96, where p denotes the proportion of one kind of fossil observed in the collection of n specimens (Łomnicki n 1995). Confidence intervals for small samples (less than 30 specimens) derived from Weber (1964: Table 8a).
Fig. 1 in Patterns of drilling predation of cassid gastropods preying on echinoids from the middle Miocene of Poland
Fig. 1. Palaeoenvironmental sketch of the Korytnica Basin with sample localities (adapted from Złotnik 2003).
Fig. 13 in Patterns of drilling predation of cassid gastropods preying on echinoids from the middle Miocene of Poland
Fig. 13. Distribution of drill holes within the particular sectors of the tests of Echinocyamus linearis (A), Echinocyamus pusillus (B), and Echinocyamus pseudopusillus (C); Fq, relative frequency of drill holes. E. linearis and E. pusillus collected from the coarse−grained Heterostegina Sands, and E. pseudopusillus from the fine−grained Heterostegina Sands. Fq for particular sectors computed from the formulas presented in Table 2, the numbers of formulas in Table 2 correspond to the numbers attributed here to the particular sectors. Confidence intervals computed from the formulas presented in captions to Fig. 9; abor. − (pet. + ap. dsc.), aboral side of test excluding petals and apical disc.
Fig. 12 in Patterns of drilling predation of cassid gastropods preying on echinoids from the middle Miocene of Poland
Fig. 12. Relationship between the size of drilled Echinocyamus linearis and the size (maximum diameter) of the drill holes; N, number of specimens; R, Pearson's correlation coefficient; p, probability of significance of R. All specimens collected from coarse−grained Heterostegina Sands.
Fig. 8 in Patterns of drilling predation of cassid gastropods preying on echinoids from the middle Miocene of Poland
Fig. 8. Numerical distribution of the particular morphotypes of drill holes within the studied Echinocyamus species.
Fig. 4 in Patterns of drilling predation of cassid gastropods preying on echinoids from the middle Miocene of Poland
Fig. 4. Morphotypes of drill holes observed on tests of Echinocyamus linearis. A–F. Circular drill holes. A. Circular drill hole on MWG/ZI/022. B. Circular drill hole on MWG/ZI/005 in view perpendicular to the test surface (B1) and its close up in slightly oblique view (B2). Note that the walls of the drill hole are perpendicular to the test surface. C. Circular (subcircular) drill hole on MWG/ZI/023. D. Circular drill hole on oral side of MWG/ZI/024; d, drill hole; ps, peristom; pp, periproct. E. Circular (subcircular) drill hole on MWG/ZI/025. F. Circular (subcircular) drill hole on MWG/ZI/026. G. Drill hole transitional in outline circular (subcircular)/irregular on MWG/ZI/027. H, I. Complex drill holes on MWG/ZI/028 (H1) and MWG/ZI/29 (I1) with explanatory drawings (H2 and I2); c, circular part of drill hole; i, irregular part of drill hole. J–P. Irregular drill holes. J. Irregular drill hole on MWG/ZI/030. K. Irregular drill hole on MWG/ZI/031. Note three radial crevices running from the drill hole margin. L. Irregular drill hole on MWG/ZI/032. Drill hole outline slightly modified due to the occurrence of ambulacral pore. M. Irregular drill hole? on MWG/ZI/033. The upper part of drill hole appears to be partially defined by series of ambulacral pores. N. Irregular drill hole on MWG/ZI/008. Drill hole margin apparently defined by the plate margins. O. Large irregular drill hole on aboral side of MWG/ZI/034. P. Irregular drill hole on MWG/ZI/035. Drill hole outline strongly modified due to the occurrence of ambulacral pores. All specimens collected from coarse−grained Heterostegina Sands. Scale bars 0.2 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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