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Fig. 9 in A new large mammal from the Ypresian of Morocco: Evidence of surprising diversity of early proboscideans

Fig. 9. Log transformed plot comparing the relative size (length × width) of the jugal teeth of Daouitherium and Numidotherium. After Court (1995: fig. 1). Note the slightly smaller size of Daouitherium and the strong size difference between m1 and m2. N. koholense is probably specialized in its large p2 with respect to p3 (feature 7).

Fig. 10 in A new large mammal from the Ypresian of Morocco: Evidence of surprising diversity of early proboscideans

Fig. 10. Comparison of the lower jugal dentition of Daouitherium rebouli gen. et sp. nov. and Numidotherium koholense. Occlusal sketches of the teeth. A. Daouitherium rebouli,CPSGMMA4,leftp2–4,m1–3,andalveoli for i1 or i2, i2 or i3, i3 or c1, c1 or p1. B. Numidotherium koholense, cast of unumbered specimen with left i1–2, diastema, p2–4, and m1–3. Drawings not to scale; scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 11 in A new large mammal from the Ypresian of Morocco: Evidence of surprising diversity of early proboscideans

Fig. 11. Comparison of the upper premolar referred to Daouitherium rebouli gen. et sp. nov. with those of Phosphatherium and Numidotherium A. Phosphatherium escuilliei, holotype, P3–4. B. Phosphatherium escuilliei, PM18, P4. C. Daouitherium rebouli, CPSGM MA6, P4?. D. Numidotherium koholense, P3–4, unumbered cast. Occlusal sketches of the teeth. Drawings not proportional; scale bars 5 mm. CPSGM MA6 belongs to a noticeably small individual with respect to the hypodigm of Daouitherium rebouli.

Fig. 8 in A new large mammal from the Ypresian of Morocco: Evidence of surprising diversity of early proboscideans

Fig. 8. Daouitherium rebouli gen. et sp. nov. CPSGM MA6, left p4 in occlusal stereo−view. Anterior is up.

Fig. 7. Daouitherium rebouli gen. etsp.nov.MNHNPM3 in A new large mammal from the Ypresian of Morocco: Evidence of surprising diversity of early proboscideans

Fig. 7. Daouitherium rebouli gen. etsp.nov.MNHNPM3,rightdentary with with ascending ramus and m1–3, p3. in labial (A) and lingual (B) views.

Fig. 5 in A new large mammal from the Ypresian of Morocco: Evidence of surprising diversity of early proboscideans

Fig. 5. Daouitherium rebouli gen. et sp. nov. Drawing of m1–3, p2–4 preservedintheholotype,CPSGMMA4inlingual(A),labial(B),andocclusal (C) views. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 6 in A new large mammal from the Ypresian of Morocco: Evidence of surprising diversity of early proboscideans

Fig. 6. Daouitherium rebouli gen. et sp. nov. MNHN PM3, right dentary with m1–3 and p3 in occlusal view.

Fig. 2 in A new large mammal from the Ypresian of Morocco: Evidence of surprising diversity of early proboscideans

Fig. 2. Daouitherium rebouli gen. et sp. nov. Holotype, CPSGM MA4, left dentary with m1–3, p2–4, and anterior alveoli in labial stereo−view (A) and lingual stereo−view (B).

Fig. 4 in A new large mammal from the Ypresian of Morocco: Evidence of surprising diversity of early proboscideans

Fig. 4. Daouitherium rebouli gen. et sp. nov. Holotype, CPSGM MA4. Detail of the anterior part showing the p2 and anterior alveoli (arrows) in sub−occlusal view.

Fig. 3 in A new large mammal from the Ypresian of Morocco: Evidence of surprising diversity of early proboscideans

Fig. 3. Daouitherium rebouli gen. et sp. nov. Holotype, CPSGM MA4. Detailed occlusal stereo−view of p2–4 (A), m1–2 (B), and m3 (C).

Fig. 1 in A new large mammal from the Ypresian of Morocco: Evidence of surprising diversity of early proboscideans

Fig. 1. Daouitherium rebouli gen. et sp. nov. Holotype, CPSGM MA4, left dentary with m1–3, p2–4, and anterior alveoli in occlusal stereo−view.

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Figure 2 in Body size in proboscideans, with notes on elephant metabolism

Figure 2. The best hindlimb predictors of body mass in Elephas maximus and Loxodonta africana. The y-axis in all cases is log body mass. (A) Log femur length; (B) log femur diaphysial anteroposterior diameter; (C) log femur lateral condyle width; (D) log tibia length; (E) log tibia least circumference; (F) log fibula least circumference. For regression statistics see Table 4.

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Figure 1 in Body size in proboscideans, with notes on elephant metabolism

Figure 1. The best forelimb predictors of body mass in Elephas maximus and Loxodonta africana. The y-axis in all cases is log body mass. (A) Log humerus length; (B) log humerus least circumference; (C) log humerus diaphysis anteroposterior diameter; (D) log radius length; (E) log ulna length; (F) log ulna least circumference. For regression statistics see Table 3.

Figure 7 in Evolution of the tooth enamel microstructure in the earliest proboscideans (Mammalia)

Figure 7. Schmelzmuster mapped on the phylogeny of basal proboscideans and selected other paenungulates; the cladogram is adapted from Tassy (1996) and Gheerbrant et al. (2005a). Enamel microstructures of Elephantiformes and Deinotheriidae are from Remy (1976b), Bertrand (1989), Koenigswald et al. (1993), and Pfretzschner (1994). See text for an explanation of enamel microstructure traits.

Figure 2. A in Evolution of the tooth enamel microstructure in the earliest proboscideans (Mammalia)

Figure 2. A, Phosphatherium escuilliei, earliest Eocene, Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco; vertical section of an upper molar with Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB) that represent more than 85% of the enamel thickness. B, Tangential section in the same species, HSB present pronounced undulations. EDJ, enamel dentine junction; OES, outer enamel surface.

Figure 3. A in Evolution of the tooth enamel microstructure in the earliest proboscideans (Mammalia)

Figure 3. A, Moeritherium chehbeurameuri, late–middle Eocene, Bir El Ater, Algeria; vertical section of a lower molar showing a two-layered Schmelzmuster with radial enamel in the outer zone underlain by Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB) in the inner two thirds; EDJ, enamel dentine junction. B, Daouitherium rebouli, earliest Eocene, Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco; horizontal section of a lower molar with open-prism cross sections and an important amount of interprismatic matrix (IPM). C, vertical section of a lower molar of the same species showing HSB that reach the outer enamel surface (OES).

Figure 5. A in Evolution of the tooth enamel microstructure in the earliest proboscideans (Mammalia)

Figure 5. A, Numidotherium koholense, early Eocene, El Kohol, Algeria; vertical section of an upper molar with thick bundles of prisms that decussate in all directions, this organization corresponds to the 3-D enamel and results in combinations of both horizontal and vertical decussations. B, same sample as (A): in some places the vertical component is more attenuated than the horizontal one, which generates essentially horizontal decussations; this peculiar and limited microstructure is evidently evocative of Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB). OES, outer enamel surface.

Figure 6. A in Evolution of the tooth enamel microstructure in the earliest proboscideans (Mammalia)

Figure 6. A, Numidotherium koholense, early Eocene, El Kohol, Algeria; vertical section of a lower molar showing zones of transition between areas of decussations; the prisms exhibit a keyhole cross section and the interprismatic matrix (IPM) is very reduced. B, Numidotherium savagei, late Eocene, Dor el Talha, Libya; vertical section of a lower molar with 3-D enamel near the enamel dentine junction (EDJ). C, Anthracobune pinfoldi, either late early or early middle Eocene, Kuldana Formation, Pakistan; horizontal section of a P4 near the outer enamel surface (OES), closed circles within hexagonal structures are typical of poorly mineralized areas of the outer zone; the hexagons represent the area of one ameloblast and the central circles may represent the trace of Tomes' process. D, Seggeurius amourensis, early Eocene, El Kohol, Algeria; natural vertical section of an upper molar with a Schmelzmuster composed of radial enamel only. E, Crivadiatherium iliescui, late Eocene, Hateg Basin, Romania; vertical section of a molar showing modified radial enamel in the inner first-third of the enamel thickness; in this zone, the prisms are lanceolate in outline and the crystallites of the IPM are directed perpendicular to the prisms long axis.

Figure 4. A in Evolution of the tooth enamel microstructure in the earliest proboscideans (Mammalia)

Figure 4. A, indeterminate large mammal, earliest Eocene, N'Tagourt 2, Ouarzazate Basin, Morocco; vertical section with Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB) in the inner two thirds overlain by radial enamel; in some areas, HSB are penetrating the entire thickness of the enamel. B, detail of the same sample with bifurcation of HSB, the width of the HSB varies from nine to more than 20 prisms. EDJ, enamel dentine junction; OES, outer enamel surface.

Figure 1. A in Evolution of the tooth enamel microstructure in the earliest proboscideans (Mammalia)

Figure 1. A, Khamsaconus bulbosus, earliest Eocene, N'Tagourt 2, Ouarzazate Basin, Morocco; natural vertical fracture of the DP4 (holotype and unique specimen) with radial enamel. B, Phosphatherium escuilliei, earliest Eocene, Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco; vertical section near the outer enamel surface (OES), with irregular prism cross sections that vary from open to closed. C, same sample as in (B) showing Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB) and the typical keyhole cross sections of the prisms in the 'ginkgo-tree-leaf ' pattern. D, same sample as in (B) and (C) near the enamel dentine junction (EDJ), the interprismatic matrix (IPM) crystallites show the same orientation as the long axis of prisms.