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FIG. 11 in Nouveautés taxonomiques et nomenclaturales chez les fougères grammitides (Pteridophyta, Polypodiaceae, Grammitidoideae) de Madagascar

FIG. 11. — Zygophlebia rouxii Rakotondr. & Parris, sp. nov. (Rouhan et al. 1249): A, aspect général; B, face inférieure du limbe; C, écaille du rhizome; D-F, poils septés du pétiole. Échelles: A, 10 mm; B, 5 mm; C, 0,25 mm; D, 0,02 mm; E, F, 0,05 mm.

FIG. 8 in Nouveautés taxonomiques et nomenclaturales chez les fougères grammitides (Pteridophyta, Polypodiaceae, Grammitidoideae) de Madagascar

FIG. 8. — Grammitis membranifolia Rakotondr. & Parris, sp. nov. (Rakotondrainibe 1196): A, aspect général; B, face supérieure d'une fronde; C, face inférieure d'une fronde; D, détail du limbe, face inférieure; E, écaille du rhizome. Échelles: A, 10 mm; B, C, 5 mm; D, 0,5 mm; E, 0,25 mm.

FIG. 10 in Nouveautés taxonomiques et nomenclaturales chez les fougères grammitides (Pteridophyta, Polypodiaceae, Grammitidoideae) de Madagascar

FIG. 10. — Moranopteris madagascarica Rakotondr. & Parris, sp. nov. (Rakotondrainibe 3690): A, aspect général; B, face supérieure du limbe; C, face inférieure du limbe; D, écaille du rhizome; E, F, poils ramifiés du pétiole. Échelles: A, 20 mm; B, C, 2 mm; D, 0,4 mm; E, F, 0,1 mm.

FIG. 6 in Nouveautés taxonomiques et nomenclaturales chez les fougères grammitides (Pteridophyta, Polypodiaceae, Grammitidoideae) de Madagascar

FIG. 6. — Grammitis coriaceifolia Rakotondr. & Parris, sp. nov. (Rakotondrainibe 3663): A, aspect général; B, écaille du rhizome; C, limbe fertile avec deux sores jeunes, vue de face et en coupe; D, sores âgés, coalescents; E, poils ramifiés de la marge du limbe. Échelles: A, 10 mm; B, E, 0,5 mm; C, 2 mm; D, 1 mm.

FIG. 9. — A-D in Nouveautés taxonomiques et nomenclaturales chez les fougères grammitides (Pteridophyta, Polypodiaceae, Grammitidoideae) de Madagascar

FIG. 9. — A-D, Melpomene flabelliformis (Poir.) A.R. Sm. & R.C. Moran (Rakotondrainibe et al. 6940): A, aspect général; B, pétiole ailé, subglabre; C, face supérieure du limbe; D, face inférieure du limbe; E, F, Melpomene flabelliformis var. circumvoluta Rakotondr. & Parris, var. nov. (Perrier de la Bâthie 13190); E, aspect général; F, pétiole non ailé, pileux. Échelles: A, 20 mm; B, 2 mm; C, D, 3 mm; E, 10 mm; F, 1 mm.

FIG. 5 in Nouveautés taxonomiques et nomenclaturales chez les fougères grammitides (Pteridophyta, Polypodiaceae, Grammitidoideae) de Madagascar

FIG. 5. — Grammitis anisophylla Rakotondr. & Parris, sp. nov. (Rakotondrainibe & Raharimalala 1832): A, B, aspect général; C, écaille du rhizome; D, face supérieure du limbe; E, face inférieure du limbe avec de jeunes sores; F, face inférieure du limbe avec des sores plus âgés.Échelles: A,10 mm; B, 5 mm; C, 0,3 mm; D, 1,5 mm; E, 2 mm.

FIG. 3 in Nouveautés taxonomiques et nomenclaturales chez les fougères grammitides (Pteridophyta, Polypodiaceae, Grammitidoideae) de Madagascar

FIG. 3. — Ctenopterella lastii Parris & Rakotondr., sp. nov. (Last s.n., BM000585367): A, aspect général; B, écaille du rhizome; C, segments stériles, face supérieure; D, segments fertiles, face inférieure; E, fragment de pétiole; F-H, poils présents seulement sur le pétiole; I, J, poils présents sur le pétiole, le rachis et les costae. Échelles: A, 10 mm; B, 1 mm; C, D, 3 mm; E, 0,5 mm; F, 0,05 mm; G-J, 0,025 mm.

FIG. 2 in Nouveautés taxonomiques et nomenclaturales chez les fougères grammitides (Pteridophyta, Polypodiaceae, Grammitidoideae) de Madagascar

FIG. 2. — Ceradenia pseudodevoluta Rakotondr.& Parris, sp. nov.:A, aspect général; B, détail du limbe portant sur la face inférieure de jeunes sores en partie couverts d'une sécrétion cireuse blanche; C, sores plus âgés sans sécrétion apparente; D, écaille du rhizome; E-G, les trois types de poils en mélange sur le pétiole et le limbe; H, plante juvénile; A-G, Rakotondrainibe 3214;H, Rakotondrainibe et al.6939 bis. Échelles: A, 30 mm; B, C, 5 mm; D, 2 mm; E, 0,5 mm; F,0,2 mm; G, 0,1 mm; H, 10 mm.

FIG. 7 in Nouveautés taxonomiques et nomenclaturales chez les fougères grammitides (Pteridophyta, Polypodiaceae, Grammitidoideae) de Madagascar

FIG. 7. — Grammitis dauphinensis Rakotondr. & Parris, sp. nov. (Birkinshaw et al. 1630): A, aspect général; B, face supérieure du limbe: nervation et hydatodes, C, face inférieure du limbe: nervation et sores; D, poil ramifié sur la marge du limbe. Échelles: A, 10 mm; B, 2 mm; C, 5 mm; D, 0,1 mm.

FIG. 1 in Nouveautés taxonomiques et nomenclaturales chez les fougères grammitides (Pteridophyta, Polypodiaceae, Grammitidoideae) de Madagascar

FIG. 1. — Ceradenia ivohibensis Rakotondr. & Parris, sp. nov.: A, B, aspect général; C, segment du limbe avec de jeunes sores; D, segment du limbe avec des sores âgés; E, écaille du rhizome; F, poil sétiforme du pétiole; G, H, poils caténés simples et ramifiés sur la marge du limbe et au milieu des sores; A, Rakotondrainibe et al. 4211 ter;B -H, Rakotondrainibe et al. 4211 bis. Échelles: A, 20 mm; B, 40 mm; C, D, 3 mm; E, 0,3 mm; G, H, 0,05 mm.

FIG. 9 in Lygodium hians E.Fournier (Pteridophyta, Schizaeales) - an endemic unusual groundclothing member of a modern climbing fern genus in New Caledonia

FIG. 9. — Cretacous Lygodium cretaceum Debey & Ettingshausen: A, pinnule fragment with sterile basal portion (left of image) and fertile terminal sorophore (Natural History Museum, Vienna, Department of Geology and Palaeontology, specimen 1857/0008/0004).B, scanning electron microscope image, FEGSEM uncoated directly of specimen on rock, showing part of sorophore from A, with three 'bulges' likely representing original positions of single sporangia, each associated with an elongate marginal protrusion interpreted as an indusium; no details of sporangia and no spores were visible on any specimens examined. Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B, 1 mm.

FIG. 8 in Lygodium hians E.Fournier (Pteridophyta, Schizaeales) - an endemic unusual groundclothing member of a modern climbing fern genus in New Caledonia

FIG. 8. — In situ spores of Lygodium hians E.Fournier, scanning electron microscope images, uncoated FEGSEM: A, spore showing verrucate to irregularly reticulate ornament (preparation from specimen Nr. 00.nov.00 01836, Herb. Leiden), SEM stub now deposited in Leiden; B, spore showing verrucate to irregularly reticulate ornament (preparation from specimen MNHN P00630569, Herb. P., SEM stub now deposited in Paris. Scale bars: A, 30 µm; B, 50 µm.

FIG. 7 in Lygodium hians E.Fournier (Pteridophyta, Schizaeales) - an endemic unusual groundclothing member of a modern climbing fern genus in New Caledonia

FIG. 7. — Isolated spores of Lygodium hians E.Fournier, light microscope images; preparation from specimen from Mt. Panié, New Caledonia (Nr. 00.nov.00 01836, Herb. Leiden). Slides now deposited in Leiden:A, spore with perispore showing verrucate to irregularly reticulate ornament; B, spore lacking perispore, showing clear margo adjacent to trilete laesurae; C, perispore isolated from spore showing thick and robust structure and verrucate to irregularly reticulate ornament. Scale bars: 50 µm.

FIG. 5 in Lygodium hians E.Fournier (Pteridophyta, Schizaeales) - an endemic unusual groundclothing member of a modern climbing fern genus in New Caledonia

FIG. 5. — Blade details in Lygodium hians E.Fournier from Plateau de Dogny, New Caledonia: A, long blades from Figure 2A showing morphology and basal dichotomies; B, blade from Figure 2A showing various arrangements of lateral vein departure from mid-vein, open dichotomous venation with up to two dichotomies, and denticulate margin with vein endings not related to position of marginal teeth; C, tip of short blade from right frond in Figure 2A showing insect damage and wound reaction tissue. Page 23222, Herb E. Scale bars: A, 1cm; B, 2 mm; C, 1 mm.

FIG. 4 in Lygodium hians E.Fournier (Pteridophyta, Schizaeales) - an endemic unusual groundclothing member of a modern climbing fern genus in New Caledonia

FIG. 4. — Herbarium sheets from other collections of Lygodium hians E.Fournier including lectotype: A, herbarium sheet of Lygodium hians from Mt. Arembo (New Caledonia) showing both a dichotomous determinate ground-clothing frond and a climbing fertile frond, the latter with terminal and sub-terminal sorophores (MNHN, P00630569, Herb. P); B, lectotype of Lygodium hians from Mt. Humboldt (New Caledonia), showing a climbing frond with terminal and subterminal sorophores (MNHN, P00523232, Herb.P). Sheet height: 42 cm.

FIG. 3 in Lygodium hians E.Fournier (Pteridophyta, Schizaeales) - an endemic unusual groundclothing member of a modern climbing fern genus in New Caledonia

FIG. 3. — Sporeling plant of typical Lygodium Sw. (L. reticulatum Schkuhr.) showing typical progression of juvenile dichotomous growth more or less immediately into climbing-frond form, collected at lower altitude (c. 25 m) in New Caledonia. Hadfield 76, Herb E. Height (h): 10 cm.

FIG. 2 in Lygodium hians E.Fournier (Pteridophyta, Schizaeales) - an endemic unusual groundclothing member of a modern climbing fern genus in New Caledonia

FIG. 2. — Dichotomous form of ground-clothing fronds of Lygodium hians E.Fournier: A, herbarium sheet of specimens from Plateau de Dogny showing blade form. The reduced length of some blades (right frond and right blade pair of centre frond) is due to extensive insect feeding damage (detail in Fig. 5C). Page 23222, Herb. E; B, stylised diagram of end and side view showing characteristic structure. Abbreviations: a, abscission zones; b, blades; d, double true-dichotomies at top of main stipe; h, height 15 (9-20) cm; S, stipe, distance between stipes 8-15 cm. Scale bar: A, 4 cm.

FIG. 1 in Lygodium hians E.Fournier (Pteridophyta, Schizaeales) - an endemic unusual groundclothing member of a modern climbing fern genus in New Caledonia

FIG. 1. — Forest habitat (A) and forest floor (B) of the Lygodium hians E.Fournier colony on Plateau de Dogny, c. 710 m, New Caledonia.; A, natural vegetation showing temperate character of relatively open, mature forest community (lacking, for example, in such tropical fern families as Cyatheaceae and Gleicheniaceae, which are abundant at lower, more tropical altitudes). The surrounding nearby forest-floor vegetation also contains abundant Blechnum L. ferns; B, fronds of part of the colony, showing predominance of typically dichotomous-bladed vegetative frond growth, with some variation in blade form. The conifer seedling is Austrotaxus spicata Compton.

FIG. 6 in Lygodium hians E.Fournier (Pteridophyta, Schizaeales) - an endemic unusual groundclothing member of a modern climbing fern genus in New Caledonia

FIG. 6. — Sorophores and sporangia from Lygodium hians E.Fournier, scanning electron microscope images, uncoated FEGSEM. Preparation from specimen from Mt. Panié, New Caledonia (Nr. 00.nov.00 01836, Herb. Leiden). SEM stubs now deposited in Leiden. A, sorophores situated on laminar protrusions and bearing 5-6 single indusiate sporangia in two rows; B, detail of part of sorophore showing indusiate sporangia; C, detail from A showing apical annulus of sporangium; D, detail from A showing longitudinal dehiscence of sporangium revealing verrucate to irregularly reticulate spores. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, 500 µm; C, D, 200 µm.

FIG. 10 in Lygodium hians E.Fournier (Pteridophyta, Schizaeales) - an endemic unusual groundclothing member of a modern climbing fern genus in New Caledonia

FIG. 10. — Scenario for the predominance of the climbing frondform of Lygodium Sw., developing from a basic dichotomous structure. A, a theoretical initial stage in which a series of simple sequenced dichotomies form a successive set in which left and right branches become alternatively indefinitely developed; B, the shorter branches of each non-continuing dichotomy are each soon 'stopped' from further indefinite development by establishment of a non-continuing terminal bud, but with a lateral 'pinna' pair of definite growth forming a pseudo-dichotomy; C, the typical frond-form in most modern Lygodium species in which each noncontinuing dichotomous branch and its arresting bud are eventually reduced to nothing. Paired 'pinnae' only remain, and these may bear further sets of foliage in successive complex 'pinna' arrangement developments in individual species.