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99 results for “Puna”
Data from: Diversity of Andean shrubland puna butterflies of the genus Punargentus (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Satyrini, Pronophilina) with the description of two new species and two new subspecies
<p>Two new species and two new subspecies of the satyrine butterfly genus <em>Punargentus </em>Heimlich – <em>P. atusparia </em>n. sp., <em>P. heimlichi </em>n. sp., <em>P. blanchardi libertas </em>n. ssp. and<em> P. atusparia yupania </em>n. ssp.<em> </em>– are described from north-central Peru (Áncash, Huánuco and La Libertad). The affinities of the new taxa are evaluated based on molecular data obtained by target enrichment and COI barcoding. <em>Punargentus </em>is fully supported and divides into two branches, <em>P. lamna </em>clade with four species, and <em>P. blanchardi </em>clade with three species, two of which described here. The species of the <em>P. blanchardi </em>clade occur in Andean shrubland, at 2800-3600 m, whereas those of <em>P. lamna </em>clade are found in puna grassland at 3600-4600 m, with occasional overlapping. Considered their habitat preference, none of the newly described species requires immediate conservation measures.</p>
Data from: Unveiling current guanaco distribution in Chile based upon niche structure of phylogeographic lineages: Andean puna to subpolar forests
Niche description and differentiation at broad geographic scales have been recent major topics in ecology and evolution. Describing the environmental niche structure of sister taxa with known evolutionary trajectories stands out as a useful exercise in understanding niche requirements. Here we model the environmental niche structure and distribution of the recently resolved phylogeography of guanaco (Lama guanicoe) lineages on the western slope of the southern Andes. Using a maximum entropy framework, field data, and information on climate, topography, human density, and vegetation cover, we identify differences between the two subspecies (L.g.cacsilensis, L.g.guanicoe) and their intermediate-hybrid lineage, that most likely determine the distribution of this species. While aridity seems to be a major factor influencing the distribution at the species-level (annual precipitation <900 mm), we also document important differences in niche specificity for each subspecies, where distribution of Northern lineage is explained mainly by elevation (mean = 3,413 m) and precipitation seasonality (mean = 161 mm), hybrid lineage by annual precipitation (mean = 139 mm), and Southern subspecies by annual precipitation (mean = 553 mm), precipitation seasonality (mean = 21 mm) and grass cover (mean = 8.2%). Among lineages, we detected low levels of niche overlap: I (Similarity Index) = 0.06 and D (Schoener's Similarity Index) = 0.01; and higher levels when comparing Northern and Southern subspecies with hybrids lineage (I = 0.32-0.10 and D = 0.12-0.03, respectively). This suggests that important ecological and/or evolutionary processes are shaping the niche of guanacos in Chile, producing discrepancies when comparing range distribution at the species-level (81,756 km2) with lineages-level (65,321 km2). The subspecies-specific description of niche structure is provided here based upon detailed spatial distribution of the lineages of guanacos in Chile. Such description provides a scientific tool to further develop large scale plans for habitat conservation and preservation of intraspecific genetic variability for this far ranging South American camelid, which inhabits a diversity of ecoregion types from Andean puna to subpolar forests.
FIGURES 266–268. The South American transition zone. 266 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna
FIGURES 266–268. The South American transition zone. 266, the Neotropical and Ando-Patagonian regions; 267, high Andean Nepticulidae species were described from two biogeographical provinces: the Páramo and Puna; 268, The South American transition zone (after Morrone 2014, 2015) which, following Morrone (2015), includes the Páramo, Puna, Nazca (or Desert sensu Morrone 2015), Atacama, Prepuna and Monte provinces but in our monograph was considered as belonging to the Ando-Patagonian Region (the Andean region sensu Morrone 2015).
FIGURES 250–255 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna
FIGURES 250–255. Bionomics of Stigmella calceolarifoliae Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. 250, 251, host-plant Calceolaria sp. (Calceolariaceae); 252–255, leaf-mines.
FIGURES 245–249 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna
FIGURES 245–249. Stigmella calceolarifoliae Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. 245, holotype, male adult; 246, holotype, male genitalia, slide no. AD650, phallus; 247, same, capsule with phallus removed; 248, same, focused from ventral to more dorsal view; 249, paratype, female genitalia, slide no. AD649 (ZMUC).
FIGURES 238–244 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna
FIGURES 238–244. Bionomics of Stigmella clinopodiella Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. 238, host-plant Clinopodium axillare (Rusby) Harley (Lamiaceae: Mentheae); 239–244, leaf-mines.
FIGURES 234–237 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna
FIGURES 234–237. Female genitalia of Stigmella clinopodiella Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. 234, general view, paratype, genitalia slide no. AD653; 231, same, paratype, genitalia slide no. AD651; 236, same, accessory sac and ductus spermathecae with curved sclerite; 237, apophyses, paratype, genitalia slide no. AD652 (ZMUC).
FIGURES 218–223 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna
FIGURES 218–223. Genitalia of Stigmella ageratinae Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. 218, paratype, male genitalia, slide no. AD595, apical processes of valvae; 219, same, spined apex of phallus; 220, same, transtilla; 221, holotype, female genitalia, slide no. AD596, pectinations of bursa; 222, same, apophyses; 223, same, general view (ZMUC).
FIGURES 230–233 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna
FIGURES 230–233. Male genitalia of Stigmella clinopodiella Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. 230, holotype, genitalia slide no. AD646, capsule with phallus removed; 231, same, focused from ventral to more dorsal view; 232, 233, same, phallus (ZMUC).
FIGURES 200–203 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna
FIGURES 200–203. Male genitalia of Stigmella kristenseni Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov., holotype, temporary genitalia mount in glycerol. 200, valvae, ventral view; 201, same, lateral view; 202, 203, same, dorsal view (ZMUC).
FIGURES 227–229 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna
FIGURES 227–229. Bionomics of Stigmella ageratinae Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. 224, 226, host-plant Ageratina pentlandiana (DC.) R.M. King & H. Rob. (Asteraceae); 225, 227–229, leaf-mines.
FIGURES 259–265 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna
FIGURES 259–265. Known leaf-mines on Polylepis. 259, 260, Stigmella polylepiella Diškus & Stonis on Polylepis racemosa Ruiz & Pav., Peru, 60 km NW of Cuzco, Ollantaytambo, elevation 2850 m; 261–263, documentated leaf-mines of unknown Nepticulidae taxon on Polylepis racemosa Ruiz & Pav., Peru, Junin Province, Ondores, elevation 4100 m; 264, 265, Stigmella species 763 and species 764, mixed leaf-mines on Polylepis pauta Hieron., Ecuador, Pangor Canyon, 30 km NE Pallatanga, elevation 3025–3400 m (after Stonis et al. 2016b).
FIGURES 180–185 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna
FIGURES 180–185. Stigmella nivea Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov., holotype. 180, 181, male adult; 182, 183, male genitalia, slide no. RA700, capsule with phallus removed; 184, same, gnathos; 185, same, phallus (ZMUC).
FIGURES 213–217 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna
FIGURES 213–217. Stigmella ageratinae Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. 213, 214, holotype, female adult; 215, paratype, male genitalia, slide no. AD595, capsule with phallus removed; 216, same, focused from ventral to more dorsal view; 217, same, phallus (ZMUC).
FIGURES 204–208 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna
FIGURES 204–208. Stigmella lobata Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov. 204, holotype, male adult; 205, same, forewing and hindwing; 206, holotype, male genitalia, slide no. RA553, capsule with phallus removed; 207, same, focused from ventral to more dorsal view; 208, same, phallus (ZMUC).
FIGURES 157–161 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna
FIGURES 157–161. Stigmella evanida Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. 157, holotype, male adult; 158, same, male genitalia, slide no. AD672, cornuti in phallus; 159, same, capsule with phallus removed, focused from ventral to more dorsal view; 160, same, ventral view; 161, phallus (ZMUC).
FIGURES 174–179 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna
FIGURES 174–179. Stigmella alticosma Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov., holotype. 174, 175, male adult; 176, male genitalia, slide no. AD188, phallus; 177, same, uncus and gnathos; 178, same, capsule with phallus; 179, same, focused from ventral to more dorsal view (ZMUC).
FIGURES 167–173 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna
FIGURES 167–173. Stigmella angusta Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. 167, 168, holotype, male adult; 169, holotype, male genitalia, slide no. AD633, capsule with phallus removed; 170, same, focused from ventral to more dorsal view; 171, same, tube of phallus (vesica and cornuti removed); 172, 173, cornuti (ZMUC).
FIGURES 152–156 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna
FIGURES 152–156. Stigmella ampla Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. 152, holotype, male adult; 153, same, genitalia, slide no. AD645, transtilla; 154, same, valvae; 155, same, capsule with phallus removed; 156, same, phallus (ZMUC).
FIGURES 162–166 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna
FIGURES 162–166. Stigmella mustelina Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov. 162, holotype, male adult; 163, paratype, male genitalia, slide no. AD667, cornuti in phallus; 164, holotype, genitalia slide no. RA550, capsule with phallus removed; 165, same, focused from ventral to more dorsal view; 166, same, phallus (ZMUC).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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