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FIG. 7 in Differential Survival and the Effects of Predation on a Color Polymorphic Species, the Red-Backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus)

FIG. 7. Kaplan-Meier survival plots of (a) avian attacks and (b) mammalian attacks on striped and unstriped clay models (n = 40 each) that were checked weekly over 3 wk. (a) Unstriped models of P. cinereus were significantly more likely to not be attacked by birds (solid line, n = 38) than striped models (dashed line, n = 31) (Z = 5.04, P = 0.0248). (b) There was no difference in models' ''survival'' from mammalian attacks based on color (striped: n = 31; unstriped: n = 30; Z = 0.07, P = 0.787).

FIG. 6 in Differential Survival and the Effects of Predation on a Color Polymorphic Species, the Red-Backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus)

FIG. 6. The cumulative model weights for encounter probability (p) in Spring 2013, 2014, 2015 showed equivocal support for both age and color morph (a X c) affecting encounter probability in the spring seasons; the null model (.) had similar weights. In Fall 2013 and 2014, the model including both age and color morph (a X c) was more heavily weighted than the other models in each year.

FIG. 4 in Differential Survival and the Effects of Predation on a Color Polymorphic Species, the Red-Backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus)

FIG. 4. Color morph frequencies varied based on age but not adult sex. Juveniles of P. cinereus (SVL <28 mm) had a significantly higher frequency (mean ± SE) of striped individuals than adults (SVL> 35 mm; X2 = 3.177, P = 0.049, n = 356). Adult males and females of Plethodon cinereus (SVL> 1 35 mm) did not differ in frequencies of striped and unstriped color morphs (X2 = 0.90, P = 0.210, n = 286).

FIG. 3 in Differential Survival and the Effects of Predation on a Color Polymorphic Species, the Red-Backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus)

FIG. 3. Examples of clay model replicates of adult striped (top) and unstriped (bottom) Plethodon cinereus.

FIG. 2 in Differential Survival and the Effects of Predation on a Color Polymorphic Species, the Red-Backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus)

FIG. 2. Map of the location of the study site (Nanticoke River Wildlife Management Area, Wicomico County, Maryland, USA) in Eastern North America.

FIG. 1 in Differential Survival and the Effects of Predation on a Color Polymorphic Species, the Red-Backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus)

FIG. 1. Examples of striped (left) and unstriped (right) Plethodon cinereus. The striped individual pictured here has a previously autotomized tail, which, while originally striped (see Moore and Ouellet, 2014; Fig. 1), grew back without a red stripe (Petranka, 1998).

FIG. 5 in Differential Survival and the Effects of Predation on a Color Polymorphic Species, the Red-Backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus)

FIG. 5. The cumulative model weights for survival (ψ) in Spring 2013, 2014, 2015 showed that both age and color morph (a X c) affected survival probability in the spring seasons. In Fall 2013 and 2014, the null model (.) was more heavily weighted than models including age or color.

Fig. 4 in Carotenoid profiles of red- and yellow-colored arils of cultivars of Taxus baccata L. and Taxus × media Rehder

Fig. 4. Light micrographs of (a) red arils of Taxus baccata L. 'Hessei' and (b) yellow arils of Taxus baccata L. 'Lutea'. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Carotenoid profiles of red- and yellow-colored arils of cultivars of Taxus baccata L. and Taxus × media Rehder

Fig. 2. ESI(+)-MS2 spectra of the compounds 19 and 21 from the arils of cultivars of Taxus baccata L. and Taxus × media Rehder assigned to (all-E)- rhodoxanthin (a) and (all-E)-eschscholtzxanthin (b), respectively. Proposed mass fragmentation of eschscholtzxanthin (c) and the formation of resonancestabilized in-source fragments as shown for eschscholtzxanthin and eschscholtzxanthin myristate (d) (Ziegler et al., 2015; Breithaupt et al., 2002; Enzell and Back, 1995).

Fig. 3 in Carotenoid profiles of red- and yellow-colored arils of cultivars of Taxus baccata L. and Taxus × media Rehder

Fig. 3. UV/vis absorption spectra of (all-E)-eschscholtzxanthin (solid line), (all- E)-eschscholtzxanthone (dashed line), and (all-E)-rhodoxanthin (dot-dashed line) at 210–700 nm from the arils of cultivars of Taxus baccata L. and Taxus × media Rehder.

Fig. 1 in Carotenoid profiles of red- and yellow-colored arils of cultivars of Taxus baccata L. and Taxus × media Rehder

Fig. 1. HPLC-DAD chromatograms of carotenoids from (a) red arils of Taxus × media Rehder 'Hicksii' and (b) yellow arils of Taxus baccata L. 'Lutea' at 504 (450) and 475 nm, respectively. See Tables 2 and 3 for compound assignment. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

publicJun 2022View details →

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Red coloration and the evolution of aposematism in arboreal sciurids

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Female ornaments: is red skin color attractive to males and related to condition in rhesus macaques?

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publicOct 2020View details →

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Genetic basis for red coloration in birds

The yellow and red feather pigmentation of many bird species [1] plays pivotal roles in social signaling and mate choice [2, 3]. To produce red pigments, birds ingest yellow carotenoids and endogenously convert them into red ketocarotenoids via an oxidation reaction catalyzed by a previously unknown ketolase [4–6]. We investigated the genetic basis for red coloration in birds using whole-genome sequencing of red siskins (Spinus cucullata), common canaries (Serinus canaria), and ''red factor'' canaries, which are the hybrid product of crossing red siskins with common canaries [7]. We identified two genomic regions introgressed from red siskins into red factor canaries that are required for red coloration. One of these regions contains a gene encoding a cytochrome P450 enzyme, CYP2J19. Transcriptome analysis demonstrates that CYP2J19 is significantly upregulated in the skin and liver of red factor canaries, strongly implicating CYP2J19 as the ketolase that mediates red coloration in birds. Interestingly, a second introgressed region required for red feathers resides within the epidermal differentiation complex, a cluster of genes involved in development of the integument. Lastly, we present evidence that CYP2J19 is involved in ketocarotenoid formation in the retina. The discovery of the carotenoid ketolase has important implications for understanding sensory function and signaling mediated by carotenoid pigmentation.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: Evolution of carotenoid pigmentation in caciques and meadowlarks (Icteridae): repeated gains of red plumage coloration by carotenoid C4-oxygenation

Many animals use carotenoid pigments to produce yellow, orange, and red coloration. In birds, at least 10 carotenoid compounds have been documented in red feathers; most of these are produced through metabolic modification of dietary precursor compounds. However, it is poorly understood how lineages have evolved the biochemical mechanisms for producing red coloration. We used high-performance liquid chromatography to identify the carotenoid compounds present in feathers from 15 species across two clades of blackbirds (the meadowlarks and allies, and the caciques and oropendolas; Icteridae), and mapped their presence or absence on a phylogeny. We found that the red plumage found in meadowlarks includes different carotenoid compounds than the red plumage found in caciques, indicating that these gains of red color are convergent. In contrast, we found that red coloration in two closely related lineages of caciques evolved twice by what appear to be similar biochemical mechanisms. The C4-oxygenation of dietary carotenoids was responsible for each observed transition from yellow to red plumage coloration, and has been commonly reported by other researchers. This suggests that the C4-oxygenation pathway may be a readily evolvable means to gain red coloration using carotenoids.

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What makes a mimic? Orange, red, and black color production in the mimic poison frog (Ranitomeya imitator)

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opencc-by-4.0Jun 2024View details →

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Figures 1-3 from: Hinojosa-Díaz I, Brosi B (2013) First records and description of metallic red females of Euglossa (Alloglossura) gorgonensis Cheesman, with notes on color variation within the species (Hymenoptera, Apidae). ZooKeys 335: 113-119. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.335.6134

Figures 1-3 - Euglossa (Alloglossura) gorgonensis Cheesman, female, red specimen from the Pacific slope of southern Costa Rica. 1 Dorsal habitus 2 Lateral habitus 3 Facial aspect.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2013View details →

publicSep 2015View details →

Data from: Viewing images of snakes accelerates making judgments of their color in humans: red snake effect as an instance of ‘emotional Stroop facilitation’

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publicMay 2021View details →

Data from: Complex evolution of novel red floral color in Petunia

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