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Fig. 1 in Effects of the antennal sensilla distribution pattern on the behavioral responses of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Fig. 1. Tribolium castaneum antennal ultrastructure observations. Dorsal view of the whole antenna with 11 antennal segments with a black line indicating where antennae were cut. Sensilla basiconica were found only on the last 3 segments of the antennae and sensilla trichodea on all antennal segments.

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Fig. 3 in Effects of the antennal sensilla distribution pattern on the behavioral responses of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Fig. 3. SEM photomicrographs of 6 types (A1, B1, C1, D1, E1, F1) of sensilla basiconica (SB) showing lateral view of the antennae of Tribolium castaneum. TEM photomicrographs 6 types (A2, B2, C2, D2, E2, F2) of sensilla basiconica (SB) showing the thin wall and continuous pores and dendrites. CW = cuticle wall, P = pores, D = dendrites, SBI = sensilla basiconica type 1, SBII = sensilla basiconica type II, SBIII = sensilla basiconica type III, SB IV = sensilla basiconica type IV, SBV = sensilla basiconica type V, SBVI = sensilla basiconica type VI.

Fig. 2. Linear regression models showing the relationship between Aphis citricola and Harmonia axyridis abundance. A in Behavioral responses of Aphis citricola (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its natural enemy Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to non-host plant volatiles

Fig. 2. Linear regression models showing the relationship between Aphis citricola and Harmonia axyridis abundance. A: Catnip (Nepeta cataria) + French marigold (Tagetes patula), B: ageratum (Ageratum houstonianum) + French marigold, C: catnip + ageratum, and D: native vegetation.

Fig. 6 in Behavioral responses of Aphis citricola (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its natural enemy Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to non-host plant volatiles

Fig. 6. Typical chromatograms obtained from headspace collections of volatiles from French marigold (Tagetes patula) (B) and catnip (Nepeta cataria) (C). A, air control.

Fig. 9 in Behavioral responses of Aphis citricola (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its natural enemy Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to non-host plant volatiles

Fig. 9. An Aphis citricola infestation model showing the effects of aromatic plant volatiles. Solid arrows refer to positive effects. Dotted lines refer to negative effect. The thickness of the arrows indicates the magnitude of the effects. The model includes data from this study and the studies by Song et al. (2013) and Chen et al (2014).

Fig. 8 in Behavioral responses of Aphis citricola (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its natural enemy Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to non-host plant volatiles

Fig. 8. Response of Harmonia axyridis adults to 12.5 μL/L, 25 μL/L, and 50 μL/L 1:1 mixed D-limonene and terpinolene afer 60 min. A: No aphids; B: aphids present. The numbers of asterisks represent the level of significance: ** highly significant (P <0.01); * significant (P <0.05); n.s. no significant difference.

Fig. 5 in Behavioral responses of Aphis citricola (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its natural enemy Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to non-host plant volatiles

Fig. 5. Differences in the number of Harmonia axyridis adults responding to French marigold (Tagetes patula) (A) and catbip (Nepeta cataria) (B) afer 60 min. T: Apple trees + aromatic plants; CK: apple trees. Aphids removed: aphids introduced for 2 h and then removed. The numbers of asterisks represent the level of significance: * significant (P <0.05); n.s. no significant difference.

Fig. 7 in Behavioral responses of Aphis citricola (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its natural enemy Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to non-host plant volatiles

Fig. 7. Differences in the number Harmonia axyridis adults in response to 12.5 μL/L, 25 μL/L, and 50 μL/L D-limonene (A, B) and terpinolene (C, D) afer 60 min. A, C: No aphids;B, D: aphids present.The numbers of asterisks represent the level of significance:** highly significant (P <0.01);* significant (P <0.05);n.s. no significant difference.

Fig. 3 in Behavioral responses of Aphis citricola (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its natural enemy Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to non-host plant volatiles

Fig. 3. Linear regression models showing the relationship in the ratio of Harmonia axyridis abundance to Aphis citricola abundance with sampling years. A: Catnip (Nepeta cataria) + French marigold (Tagetes patula), B: ageratum (Ageratum houstonianum) + French marigold, C: catnip + ageratum, and D: native vegetation.

Figure 14. The time that a in Manatee behavioral response to boats

Figure 14. The time that a manatee has to change its behavior (i.e., the time window from when a boat was first audible on the DTAG to when the boat reached its CPA to the manatee) plotted against boat speed at CPA. The criteria to be included in this analysis were: boat passed within 50 m of the manatee; boat did not change its speed class during the pass; it was either a single boat pass or the first within a series of boat passes; and personal watercraft (e.g., Jet Skis) were excluded.

Figure 4 in Manatee behavioral response to boats

Figure 4. The mean rate of change in roll (A), heading (B), depth (C), and fluking (D) for 16 tagged manatees during boat passes with a CPA <50 m, during boat passes with a CPA>50 m, and periods without boat noise. Categories with different letters are significantly different (P <0.05). Standard error of the mean (6 SEM) is represented by whiskers.

Figure 8 in Manatee behavioral response to boats

Figure 8. Model-estimated mean probability of a manatee making a change in depth (6 SEM) according to the order of the boat pass. "First" indicates that the boat pass was a single boat pass or the first boat pass in a series of overlapping boat passes. "Subsequent" indicates a boat pass after the first pass in a series of overlapping boat passes. Means sharing any common letters are not significantly different (P> 0.05). The fixed factor values used to generate these estimates are listed in Table 3.

Figure 11 in Manatee behavioral response to boats

Figure 11. Model-estimated mean time delay from start of boat pass until first change in manatee behavior (6 95% CI) in relation to the time available for change (i.e., time from start of pass to CPA). Results are broken out by fluking state at the start of the pass: high fluking state (orange) and low fluking state (purple). Intermediate fluking state was slightly lower but not significantly different from low fluking state (Fig. S4). The fixed factor values used to generate these estimates are listed in Table 3.

Figure 3 in Manatee behavioral response to boats

Figure 3. Visualization of the acoustic and sensor data recorded by a manatee-borne DTAG for a boat pass while the tagged manatee was resting at 3 m depth. The top plot (A) is a spectrogram (frequency vs. time) from the acoustic record; color denotes amplitude (dark red is loudest). The second plot (B) shows changes in pitch of the manatee's peduncle; the colored horizontal lines at the bottom of the plot depict fluking state: black indicates a period of fluking classified as low, green is intermediate, and red indicates high fluking behavior. The purple triangle indicates an increase in fluking rate. The third plot (C) shows the manatee's roll, the fourth (D) shows the manatee's heading (relative scale), and the bottom plot (E) shows the manatee's depth, all plotted against time (s) on the x-axis. The blue lines on the bottom three plots represent periods of time during which there was a substantial change in the corresponding parameter (e.g., depth). On the bottom plot (E), the first black vertical line on the left indicates the start of the boat pass (i.e., when it first becomes audible on DTAG record), the red line indicates the boat's closest point of approach (CPA), and the black line on the right indicates the end of the boat pass (i.e., no longer audible on the DTAG record). For this pass, the manatee changed its fluking behavior, roll, heading, and depth during the boat pass and the first change in behavior was an increase in fluking state at 5.5 s before CPA (arrow on plot B).

Figure 13 in Manatee behavioral response to boats

Figure 13. The time of a manatee's first change in behavior in relation to boat speed class for boat passes within 50 m of the manatee based on the raw data (n 5 64). (A) Time of behavioral change expressed relative to the start of the pass (i.e., when boat noise first became audible on the DTAG record). (B) Time of behavioral change expressed relative to the time at CPA of the boat. The CPA occurs at 0 s with negative values indicating changes in behavior that occurred before CPA and positive values indicating changes after CPA. The boxes represent the interquartile range, the horizontal line shows the median, and the whiskers indicate the 10th and 90th percentiles.

Figure 2 in Manatee behavioral response to boats

Figure 2. Manatees were captured and tagged in Lemon Bay during the first field season (2007) and in Placida Harbor and Gasparilla Sound during the second field season (2008). When the DTAGs were recording and the manatees were being followed by the observation boat, the manatees ranged from Sarasota Bay to Cayo Costa, between the Gulf of Mexico and the Peace River.

Figure 15 in Manatee behavioral response to boats

Figure 15. The amount of time a manatee has to change its behavior before the time of CPA in relation to boat speed class for boat passes within 50 m of the manatee based on the raw data (n 5 91). Boat passes are split between those that are single or the first in a string of overlapping passes (A) and those subsequent to the first pass in a string of overlapping passes (B). The boxes represent the interquartile range, the horizontal line shows the median, and the whiskers indicate the 10th and 90th percentiles.

Figure 5 in Manatee behavioral response to boats

Figure 5. Model-estimated mean probability (6 SEM) of any change in manatee behavior (roll, heading, depth, or fluking) during a boat pass in relation to manatee-boat distance at CPA. Means sharing any common letters are not significantly different (P> 0.05). The fixed factor values used to generate these estimates are listed in Table 3.

Figure 9 in Manatee behavioral response to boats

Figure 9. Model-estimated mean probability (6 SEM) of a manatee changing its heading (A) and mean number of heading changes per min (6 SEM) (C) according to presence of manatee chewing at the start of the boat pass. Model-estimated mean probability (6 SEM) of manatee making a change in depth (B) and mean number of depth changes per min (6 SEM) (D) according to seagrass presence at the manatee's location at the start of the boat pass. Means sharing any common letters are not significantly different (P> 0.05). The fixed factor values used to generate these estimates are listed in Table 3.