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Fig. 16 in New species of sabellariids (Annelida: Sabellariidae) from the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico

Fig. 16. Phalacrostemma sp. (UMML-22.1194). A. Complete specimen, dorsal view. B. Anterior region, dorsal view. C. Complete specimen, ventral view. D. Anterior region, ventral view. E. Complete specimen, lateral right view. F. Anterior region, lateral view. Abbreviations: bo = building organ; br = branchia; c1 = cirri 1st thoracic segment; c2 = cirri 2nd thoracic segment; m = mount; mo = median organ; nh = nuchal hooks; op = outer paleae; opa = opercular papillae. Numbers indicate the cirri. Scale bars: A, C, E = 1 mm; B, D, F = 0.5 mm.

Figures 28-40 in Oogenesis in Phragmatopoma (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae): Evidence for morphological distinction among geographically remote populations

Figures 28-40. Ultrastructure in Phragmatopoma caudata of the SW Atlantic. Growth Phase. Figure 28 Oocyte during late vitellogenesis filled with yolk granules (Y) and lipid droplets (Li). Note the cytoplasmic patches where the annulate lamellae (Al) are located and the welldeveloped egg envelope (Eg) (810x). Figure 29 Ripe oocytes occupy the entire coelomic cavity toward the body wall (810x). MC = muscle; Ep = epidermis. Figure 30 General view of the annulate lamellae (Al) between yolk granules and lipid droplets (560X). Figures 31-33 The annulate lamellae are composed by fenestrated endomembranes (arrows) parallel to each other arranged (Figure 31, 2,900X. Figure 32, 10,500X. Figure 33, 3,100X). Figure 34 Mature yolk granules with an elliptical shape (Y) showing a medullar crystalline substructure (white arrow) and non-crystalline cortex with electron-lucent spheres (black arrow) (13500X). Figure 35 Crystallised medullar in a parallel arrangement (white arrow) and a cortical lucid sphere (black arrow) (43,000X). Figure 36 Yolk granules (Y) and lipid droplets (Li) in the cytoplasm, with the presence of glycogen granules (arrow) close to the droplets (13,500X). M = mitochondria. Figure 37 Details of yolk granules delimited by the membrane (arrow) next to a lipid droplet (Li) and glycogen (Gly) (61000X). Figure 38 Cortical cytoplasm filled with yolk granules (Y), lipid droplets (Li) and cortical granules (CG) below the plasma membrane. Notice the thick egg envelope (Eg) (2,050X). Figure 39 The perivitelline space (1) is narrow and the egg envelope (Eg) is composed of two layers (2 and 3) with different electron-densities. The winding microvilli (Mv) are completely immersed in the egg envelope. Only the apical surface of the microvilli is in contact with the coelomic cavity (arrow) (5,400X). CG = cortical granules. Figure 40 Microvilli apex showing the expansion bears extensive filamentous adornment with an electron-dense centre (31,000X).

Figures 22-27 in Oogenesis in Phragmatopoma (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae): Evidence for morphological distinction among geographically remote populations

Figures 22-27. Ultrastructure in Phragmatopoma caudata of the SW Atlantic. Grow Phase. Figure 22 Oocyte during early vitellogenesis (Ev) with attributes of several yolk granules (Y) and lipid droplets (Li) in the cytoplasm, adjacent to an oocyte in late vitellogenesis (Lv) which vitelline envelope (Eg) thick (1,450X). N = nucleus, arrow = clumps of heterochromatin. Figure 23 Nucleus showing the heterochromatin clumps (large white arrow) and many complex pores in the nuclear envelope (small white arrows). The perinuclear cytoplasm aspect of granular material accumulations, juxtaposed with the nuclear envelope (black arrow) and next to mitochondria (M) (2,050X). Figure 24 Small and rounded yolk granules (Y) with different electron-densities and lucid spheres are observed inside. Besides Vesicles containing some electron-dense material (white arrow) also have lucid spheres (black arrow) and resemble nascent yolk granules (8,200X). Figure 25 Yolk granules (Y) of oocytes at the beginning of vitellogenesis showing varied electron-densities (black arrow) and electron-lucent spheres (large white arrow). Glycogen is also noticed (small white arrow) (21,500X). Figure 26 Cortical cytoplasm showing Golgi complexes (GC) close to the cortical granules (CG), which are filled with a fibrous material (black arrow). Note the large amount of glycogen (Gly) in the cytoplasm (1,150X). White arrow = glycogen. Figure 27 Microvilli (Mv) are larger and the egg envelope (Eg) thicker (2), relative to the previous stage. The perivitelline space (1) appears thinner (1500X).

Figures 15-21 in Oogenesis in Phragmatopoma (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae): Evidence for morphological distinction among geographically remote populations

Figures 15-21. Ultrastructure in Phragmatopoma caudata of the SW Atlantic. Grow Phase. Figures 15 and 16 Previtellogenic oocyte with a large nucleus (N) and nucleolus (Nu), as well as small rough heterochromatin clumps (small arrow). The cytoplasm is filled with rough, lamellar endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and noticeable mitochondria (M) in the perinuclear cytoplasm. The elongated portions of these cells create adhesion with adjacent oocyte (large arrow) (Figure 15, 2,050X. Figure 16, 4,200X). Oc = oocyte. Figure 17 Cytoplasm showing glycogen α (Gly) greater than the ribosomes (white arrows) attached to the reticulum (black arrow) (13,500X). M = mitochondria. Figures 18 and 19 Cortical cytoplasm of the rounded surface, showing Golgi complexes (GC) close to the cortical granules (CG), positioned beneath the microvilli (Mv) with the expansion bearing extensive filamentous adornment above the vitelline envelope (Eg) (Figure 18, 10,500x. Figure 19, 5,400X). Figures 20 and 21 Plasma membrane on a rounded surface showing endocytic depressions (black arrow) and coated vesicles (Cv). The vitelline envelope is composed by means of medium-apical extracellular matrix (2) in relation to microvilli (Mv). The basal region is electron-lucent and forming the beginnings of the perivitelline space (1) (Figure 20. 13,500X. Figure 21, 28,000X). GC = Golgi complexes, Eg = vitelline envelope.

Figures 10–14 in Oogenesis in Phragmatopoma (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae): Evidence for morphological distinction among geographically remote populations

Figures 10–14. Ultrastructure in Phragmatopoma caudata of the SW Atlantic. Proliferative Phase. Figures 10 and 11 Oogonia (Oo) and oocytes (Oc) connected via cellular prolongations (white arrow) to the endothelium of the intersegmental blood vessel (Bv). Note that the contact of ovary basal lamina is quite electron dense (black arrow). Desmosomes (D) form the oocyte-oocyte junction (Figure 10, 1,150X; Figure 11, 2,050X). M = mitochondria; Ch = chromosome. Figure 12 Oogonia with mitotic chromosomes (Ch) and oocytes in prophase with finely granular chromatin and chromosomes united by synaptonemal complexes (arrows) (2,400X). Figure 13 Synaptonemal complex (33,600X). N = nucleus. Figure 14 Narrow cytoplasm in oogonia (Oo) androunded nucleus. Oocyte (Oc) with wide cytoplasm and adhesion via desmosomes (D) (2,050X).

Figures 1–9 in Oogenesis in Phragmatopoma (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae): Evidence for morphological distinction among geographically remote populations

Figures 1–9. Histology and Histochemistry in Phragmatopoma caudata of the SW Atlantic. Figures 1 and 2 Oogonia (Oo) and previtellogenic oocytes (Pv) of early vitellogenesis (Ev) associated with the intersegmental blood vessels (BV) for cytoplasmic prolongations (black star). Oocytes in advanced and late vitellogenesis are released into the coelomic cavity (white star). Oocytes in vitellogenesis have intensely acidophilic granules, and the ripe oocytes are less acidophilus (black arrows). Figure 2 depicts oocytes in late vitellogenesis occupying the entire coelom with a basophils vitelline envelope (white arrow). N = nucleus; H&E staining. Scales = 20 μm. Figures 3 and 4 Techniques used to visualize basic and total proteins, respectively. The previtellogenic and vitellogenesis (Ev) oocytes (Pv) have intense granules (large black arrow), and the ripe in late vitellogenesis (Lv) are less reactive (white arrow). The vitelline envelope is reactive to protein (small arrow). Scales = 20 μm. Figure 5 Technique for visualizing neutral polysaccharides with positive staining in both the previtellogenic oocyte cytoplasm and the vitellogenic oocyte granules. The reactivity disappears in the vitellogenic granules of ripe oocytes, but surrounding these is a noticeable positive staining (large black arrow). Star = oogonia with little reactivity to neutral polysaccharides. The egg envelope is reactive to PAS (small arrow). Scale = 20 μm. Figures 6 and 7 Absence of acid polysaccharides (pH 1.0 and 2.5), respectively, in oogonia and oocytes in P. caudata. Scales = 20 μm. Figures 8 and 9 Lipids stained by Sudan Black B. The oogonia are uniformly positive (small white arrow), while the oocytes during previtellogenesis and vitellogenesis have droplets in the cytoplasm (large black arrow). The yolk granules are reactive during vitellogenesis, while the staining is less intensive (large white arrows) in the mature oocytes. The vitelline envelopes have lipids (small black arrow). Scales = 20 μm.

Fig. 6 in Tropical polychaete community and reef dynamics: insights from a Malayan Sabellaria (Annelida: Sabellariidae) reef

Fig. 6. Hierarchical cluster analyses of species relative to time (a) and space (b). In (a), six groups of species (T1–T6) are associated with different surveys; in parentheses: surveys in which all the group's components were found (De = 7 December 2010; No = 30 November 2012; Au = 7 August 2012; Ap = 26 April 2013; Fig 2). In (b), four groups of species (S1–S4) are associated with different sites; in parentheses: sites where all the group's components were found (A–F; Fig. 1); 'wil' (found at sites B and C) and 'cla' (found at site E) were not included in any group. Vertical dashed lines: 0.65 similarity cut-off value. Species' abbreviations as in Table 2.

Fig. 5 in Tropical polychaete community and reef dynamics: insights from a Malayan Sabellaria (Annelida: Sabellariidae) reef

Fig. 5. Species richness (grouped by family): per survey, at all sites (a); per survey, at each site (b); per site, in all surveys (c); per site, in each survey (d); chr = Chrysopetalidae, eun = Eunicidae, gly = Glyceridae, lum = Lumbrineridae, ner = Nereididae, onu = Onuphidae, phy = Phyllodocidae, pil = Pilargidae, pol = Polynoidae, sab = Sabellariidae, spi = Spionidae, ter = Terebellidae.

Fig. 4 in Tropical polychaete community and reef dynamics: insights from a Malayan Sabellaria (Annelida: Sabellariidae) reef

Fig. 4. Bar charts of Sabellaria sp. 1 tubes' density (a) and tubes' diameter (b) measured in December 2010. Bars indicate mean values, and whiskers indicate one-sigma intervals based on standard deviations.

Fig. 2 in Tropical polychaete community and reef dynamics: insights from a Malayan Sabellaria (Annelida: Sabellariidae) reef

Fig. 2. Some of the species found in this study. a = Lumbrineris sp. 1 (scale bar = 1 mm); b = Perinereis maindroni (scale bar = 1 mm); c = Parahalosydnopsis tubicola (scale bar = 5 mm); d = Eulalia sp. 1 (scale bar = 3 mm); e = Polydora cavitensis (scale bar = 1 mm); f = Loimia verrucosa (scale bar = 5 mm).

Fig. 3 in Tropical polychaete community and reef dynamics: insights from a Malayan Sabellaria (Annelida: Sabellariidae) reef

Fig. 3. Diagram illustrating the observed conditions of the polychaete communities. December 2010/January 2011: a = reef barriers; b = detail of a clump of Sabellaria sp. 1 (scale bar = 5 cm). August 2012: c = exposed shell bed, with erosive ridges perpendicular to the shore line with small (longest dimension: 5–20 cm) and scattered clumps of Sabellaria sp. 1; d = detail of a polychaete clump, on top of the shell lag (scale object's diameter = 5 cm). November 2012: e = polychaete reef, with larger and more tightly packed clumps than in c; f = detail of a clump mainly formed by tubes of spionids (scale bar = 3 cm). April 2013: g = the shore covered by a mud layer; h = detail of a patch of coarse sediments, heavily colonised by terebellid worms (scale bar = 10 cm); hatched lines: water's edge during spring low tide

Fig. 1 in Tropical polychaete community and reef dynamics: insights from a Malayan Sabellaria (Annelida: Sabellariidae) reef

Fig. 1. Jeram Beach and sampling sites. Diagram of the polychaete reef as in December 2010. Sites: A, B (inner reef patches); C (back reef); D (reef flat); E (northern exposed margin); and F (western exposed margin). Hatched line = water's edge during spring low tide; crosses = trees of Avicennia alba and Sonneratia sp.; stippled area = sand berm; shaded areas with black contours = polychaete reefs. Map redrawn from a satellite image (Google Earth Plus, v. 7.0, 2012). Inset: black arrow = Jeram.

Figure 1 in Macrocrustaceans associated with reefs of Phragmatopoma caudata Krøyer in Mörch, 1863 (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) and rocky shore in the Northeastern Brazil

Figure 1. Study area and collection of macrocrustaceans in colonies of Phragmatopoma caudata KrØyer in Mörch (highlighted by the white square) and rocky shore in the intertidal region of Santa Rita beach, Northeast Brazil.

Figure 4 in Macrocrustaceans associated with reefs of Phragmatopoma caudata Krøyer in Mörch, 1863 (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) and rocky shore in the Northeastern Brazil

Figure 4. Complex microhabitat in Phragmatopoma caudata KrØyer in Mörch (A, B) and heterogeneous microhabitat in the rocky shore (C), in the intertidal region of Santa Rita beach, Northeast Brazil.

Figure 3 in Macrocrustaceans associated with reefs of Phragmatopoma caudata Krøyer in Mörch, 1863 (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) and rocky shore in the Northeastern Brazil

Figure 3. Redundancy Analysis triplot (RDA) addressing association of macrocrustacean species according to environmental variables (TEMP: Temperature; SAL: Salinity) on microhabitats: Phragmatopoma caudata KrØyer in Mörch and rocky shore, in Santa Rita beach, Northeast Brazil. Biotic variables: A_ang: Alpheus angulosus, A_bou: Alpheus bouvieri, A_buc: Alpheus buckupi, A_for: Alpheus formosus, A_nut: Alpheus nuttingi, S_fri: Synalpheus fritzmuelleri, C_tib: Calcinus tibicen, C_ant: Clibanarius antillensis, E_bit: Epialtus bituberculatus, M_lae: Macrocoeloma laevigatum, E_gon: Eriphia gonagra, N_bre: Neogonodactylus bredini, P_tra: Pachygrapsus transversus, M_nod: Menippe nodifrons, O_bic: Omalacantha bicornuta, M_for: Mithraculus forceps, M_ hem: Mithrax hemphilli, M_his: Mithrax hispidus, P_lhe: Pitho lherminieri, P_nor: Palaemon northropi, A_ber: Acantholobulus bermudensis, A_sch: Acantholobulus schmitti, E_lim: Eurytium limosum, H_pau: Hexapanopeus paulensis, P_occ: Panopeus occidentalis, P_das: Pilumnus dasypodus, P_ret: Pilumnus reticulatus, P_dep: Plagusia depressa, C_mar: Callinectes marginatus, M_ros: Megalobrachium roseum, P_gre: Pachycheles greeleyi, P_arm: Petrolisthesarmatus, P_gal: Petrolisthesgalathinus, P_bra:Pisidiabrasiliensis, U_nor: Upogebia noronhensis, U_omi: Upogebia omissa, P_spe: Platypodiella spectabilis, W_den: Williamstimpsonia denticulatus.

Figure 2 in Macrocrustaceans associated with reefs of Phragmatopoma caudata Krøyer in Mörch, 1863 (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) and rocky shore in the Northeastern Brazil

Figure 2. Heatmap estimated by relative abundance of macrocrustacean species in relation to both microhabitats: Phragmatopoma caudata KrØyer in Mörch (PC) and rocky shore (RS), in Santa Rita beach, Northeast Brazil.

FIGURE 10 in Two new species of Sabellariidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the abyss of eastern Australia

FIGURE 10. Photos of Phalacrostemma sp. (AM W.50676). A. Anterior end, lateral view. B. Close-up view of buccal cavity with palps, ventral view. C. Close-up view of anterior end, lateral view. D. Nuchal hooks. E–G. Close-up view of distal (E), middle (F) and proximal (G) parts of outer paleae. H. Notochaetae from segment 6. Abbreviations: bf, buccal flaps; cac, capillary chaeta; lac, lanceolate chaetae; nec, neuropodial cirri; nh, nuchal hooks; op, outer paleae; pa, palp; s, segment.

FIGURE 6 in Two new species of Sabellariidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the abyss of eastern Australia

FIGURE 6. Line drawings of Phalacrostemma timoharai n. sp. holotype (AM W.50674). A. Entire animal, ventral view. B. Entire animal, lateral view. C. Diagrammatic arrangement of paleae on each lobe of operculum. Abbreviations: bf, buccal flaps; ca, cauda; ip, inner paleae; nec, neuropodial cirri; nh, nuchal hooks; op, outer paleae; opa, opercular papilla; pa, palp; s, segment.

FIGURE 2 in Two new species of Sabellariidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the abyss of eastern Australia

FIGURE 2. Line drawings of Gesaia csiro n. sp. holotype (AM W.49506). A. Entire animal, ventral view. B. Anterior end, lateral view. C. Diagramatic presentation of arrangement of paleae on each opercular lobe. D. Anus. Abbreviations: br, branchiae; ca, cauda; ip, inner paleae; mo, medial organ; nec, neuropodial cirrus; nh, nuchal hooks; op, outer paleae; opa, opercular papillae; pa, palp; s, segment; tf, tentacular filaments.

FIGURE 1 in Two new species of Sabellariidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the abyss of eastern Australia

FIGURE 1. Map illustrating the sampling localities of Gesaia csiro n. sp., Phalacrostemma timoharai n. sp. and Phalacrostemma sp.