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234 results for “Salt marshes”
Aboveground biomass at control and fertilized plots in a Spartina patens-dominated salt marsh, Rowley River, Plum Island Ecosystem LTER, MA (2000-2025).
Aboveground biomass is determined destructively at control and fertilized sites approximately monthly during the growing season at a Spartina patens salt marsh on the Rowley River within the Plum Island Ecosystems (PIE) LTER site.
PIE LTER salt marsh vegetation zone along transects in Rowley, MA.
Marsh vegetation presence-absence data along transects in salt marsh sites in Rowley, MA. The transects are intended to study long term changes in marsh vegetation. Four sites ((12 transects) were originally set up to study the impact of salt marsh haying. Two of these sites (labeled McH and EPH) were regularly hayed until 2002. The other two (PUH and CC) were reference sites. Two additional sites labeled RM and RR (8 transects) were originally set up to track invasion by Phragmites australis.
Decomposition and lignin content of wooden dowels deployed in a salt- or brackish marsh for 3, 5, or 7 years at the Plum Island Ecosystem LTER site, Rowley MA, 2017-2024.
Wooden dowels were used to examine organic matter decomposition in salt- and brackish marsh soils. Dowels were inserted to a depth of 45cm in control and fertilized marsh plots. They were harvested after 3, 5 or 7 years and sectioned into 5-cm segments. Weight loss of the dowel segments was used to quantify the fate of labile organic matter while change in lignin content was used to quantify the fate of refractory organic matter.
VCR Fowling Point Salt Marsh Flux Tower, 2019-2023
This dataset contains eddy covariance CO2 and H2O fluxes, sensible and latent heat fluxes, and meteorological measurements collected in an intertidal salt marsh. The flux tower is part of the Virginia Coastal Reserve Long Term Ecological Research (VCR LTER) site on the Eastern Shore of Virginia, USA. The marsh is on the Atlantic Ocean side of the Delmarva Peninsula and faces shallow coastal lagoons backed by barrier islands. No major rivers drain into the area. The tower is located 2 km from the shoreline and 85 m from a major creek edge. The marsh is dominated by Spartina alterniflora (also referred to as Sporobolus alterniflorus), with an average height of 0.6 m. The semidiurnal tidal cycle inundates the marsh platform twice daily, with 10% of time points having water above the mud platform (indicated by the MHHW dataset variable). Fluxes were measured at 10Hz and averaged over 30 minutes. The CO2 and energy fluxes were gap-filled using the REddyProc software package (doi: 10.5194/bg-15-5015-2018). Using the nighttime approach, the gross primary production and ecosystem respiration fluxes were partitioned from the net ecosystem exchange flux. The research was conducted at the Virginia Coastal Reserve Long Term Ecological Research (VCR LTER) site on the Eastern Shore of Virginia, USA. The flux tower site (37-deg 24'39.85"N, 75-deg 50'0.53"W) a lagoonal salt marsh which is located near the area of Fowling point. The site is located at about 2.2 kilometers away from the mainland and 10.7 kilometers away from Hog Island, the nearest barrier island. The flux tower is situated at about 80 meters away from the creek edge, on the lagoonal salt marsh.
Consumer Front Plant Trait Sampling in Two Virginia Coast Salt Marshes, 2018
A consumer front forms when dense aggregations of herbivores form at the edge of a resource. The front then propagates through the ecosystem in search of additional resources. In U.S. Atlantic salt marshes, the purple marsh crab, Sesarma reticulatum, creates consumer fronts as it grazes the smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora. Sesarma fronts typically form at the heads of tidal creeks and create distinct zonation between the low marsh, tall-form Spartina zones and the high marsh, short-form Spartina zones, with a denuded band of mudflat in between. Over time, Sesarma consumer fronts are moving directionally inland towards the short-form zone and away from the tall-form zone. This movement inland allows for tall-form Spartina to revegetate, preventing further marsh loss. However, it remains unknown why these consumer fronts are moving inland. To test the hypothesis that plant traits (i.e., nutritional quality, palatability) are driving the Sesarma consumer front inland, we collected Spartina from consumer fronts at 8 unique creekheads across two marsh systems on the Eastern Shore of Virginia (4 consumer fronts at Upper Phillips Creek and 4 at Upshur Creek). Spartina was collected from 15 replicate quadrats (0.0625m^2) from the tall-form low marsh zones (TSA) and from the short-form low marsh zones (SSA) at each creekhead. The short-form zone was delineated into two additional zones, an interior (SSA-I) and an exterior (SSA-E), to assess if there were any differences in plant traits between Spartina being actively grazed (SSA-E, adjacent to consumer front) and those that have not been grazed (SSA-I, 2 meters from consumer front). Collected Spartina plants were then processed for a series of plant traits that can influence herbivore preference.
Salt Marsh Crab Caging Experiment, Virginia 2021
Herbivore fronts can alter plant traits (chemical and/or morphological features) and performance via grazing. Yet, herbivore-driven trait alterations are rarely considered when assessing how these fronts shape ecosystems, despite the critical role that plant performance plays in ecosystem functioning. We evaluated herbivore fronts created by the purple marsh crab, Sesarma reticulatum, as it consumes the cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora, in Virginian salt marshes. Sesarma fronts form at the head of tidal creeks and move inland, creating a denuded mudflat between the tall-form Spartina low marsh (trailing edge) and the short-form Spartina high marsh (leading edge). We quantified Sesarma front migration rate, tested if Sesarma herbivory altered geomorphic processes and Spartina traits at the trailing and leading edges, and examined how these trait changes persisted through the final 8 weeks of the growing season. Sesarma front migration in our region is two times slower than fronts in the Southeast U.S., and Spartina retreat rate at the leading edge is greater than the revegetation rate at the trailing edge. Sesarma fronts lowered elevation, and decreased sediment shear strength at the trailing edge, while having no impact on soil organic matter and bulk density at either edge. At the leading edge, Sesarma grazing reduced Spartina growth traits and defensive ability, and trait changes persisted through the remaining growing season. At the trailing edge, however, Sesarma grazing promoted belowground biomass production, and had limited to no effect on growth or defensive traits. We show that herbivore fronts negatively impact saltmarsh plant traits at their leading edge, potentially contributing to front propagation. In contrast, plants at the trailing edge were more resistant to herbivore grazing, and may enhance resilience through elevated belowground biomass production. Future work should consider herbivore-driven plant trait alterations in the context of herbivore fr
The Blue Carbon of Southern South West Atlantic salt marshes and their biotic and abiotic drivers
<p>Organic carbon stocks, salt marsh plant biomass, crab burrow abundances and diameters. This data was generated by sampling at 11 salt marsh sites along 3000 km of coastal line in southern SW Atlantic coast in South America. Organic carbon stocks and burial rates extarcted from other publications and used to update global estimates are also included with their respective references. Values of biotic and abiotic drivers included in the Structural Equation Model (SEM) to evaluate their roles in belowground organic carbon stocks.</p>
Salt marsh redox potential at sites with runnel remediation in SE Massachusetts, 2020-2022
Natural disturbances, sea level rise, and historic human impacts to salt marshes have increased impounded water on marsh surfaces, resulting in vegetation loss and the associated loss of important ecosystem services such as carbon storage. Runnels are a climate adaptation technique designed to restore salt marsh habitat by reestablishing a tidal connection between impounded water and a nearby drainage feature. While runnels can drain impounded water and promote revegetation, the unintended effects of altering redox conditions remain unknown. Draining sediment and increasing redox potential could stimulate decomposition. We measured redox potential in two marshes in SE Massachusetts (Little Bay in Fairhaven, and Ocean View Farm in Dartmouth) prior to runnel restoration, and two years post restoration. We measured redox potential using three spatial distinctions: in the center of the panne, landward of the panne, and seaward of the panne. This was done every 2-3 weeks over a growing season.
Litterbag decomposition after runnel restoration in southern Massachusetts salt marshes from 2020-2022.
Natural disturbances, sea level rise, and historic human impacts to salt marshes have increased impounded water on marsh surfaces, resulting in vegetation loss and the associated loss of important ecosystem services such as carbon storage. Runnels are a climate adaptation technique designed to restore salt marsh habitat by reestablishing a tidal connection between impounded water and a nearby drainage feature. While runnels can drain impounded water and promote revegetation, the unintended effects of altering redox conditions remain unknown. Panne formation and runnel restoration could alter organic matter decomposition of litter. Therefore, we measured litterbag decomposition in two MA marshes for 3 years: 1 year prior to restoration, and two years post.
Salt marsh decomposition rates using Tea Bag Index in two Southeastern MA marshes in the towns of Fairhaven and Dartmouth from 2020-2022.
Natural disturbances, sea level rise, and historic human impacts to salt marshes have increased impounded water on marsh surfaces, resulting in vegetation loss and the associated loss of important ecosystem services such as carbon storage. Runnels are a climate adaptation technique designed to restore salt marsh habitat by reestablishing a tidal connection between impounded water and a nearby drainage feature. However, panne formation and runnel restoration can alter carbon decomposition. We measured decomposition using the Tea Bag Index at two marshes, one in Fairhaven and the other in Dartmouth, MA. We repeated measurements for three years: 1 year prior to runnel creation, and two years post. We measured decomposition at three spatial zones, the center of the panne, landward of the panne, and seaward of the panne.
PIE LTER surveys of salt marsh breeding birds using point counts in Rowley and Newbury, Massachusetts (Reformatted to a Darwin Core Archive)
This data package is formatted as a Darwin Core Archive (DwC-A, event core). For more information on Darwin Core see https://www.tdwg.org/standards/dwc/. This Level 2 data package was derived from the Level 1 data package found here: https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/metadata/eml/edi/336/2, which was derived from the Level 0 data package found here: https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/metadata/eml/knb-lter-pie/175/8. The abstract below was extracted from the Level 0 data package and is included for context: This data set contains the results of point count surveys of breeding birds in the salt marshes of the Plum Island Estuary. Surveys have been carried out each year in June beginning in 2004 and are ongoing. Currently six circles of 100 m radius are being surveyed. Three of the circles are in plots that had been regularly hayed and three in unhayed plots. Currently only one of the plots is regularly hayed. 85 species recorded as of 2020. Most frequently encountered are Agelaius phoeniceus, Ammospiza caudacuta, Tringa semipalmata. The Plum Island Ecosystems (PIE) LTER is developing a predictive understanding of the response of a linked watershed-marsh-estuarine system in northeastern Massachusetts to rapid environmental change. Over the last 30 years, surface sea water temperatures in the adjacent Gulf of Maine have risen at 3 times the global average, rates of sea-level rise have accelerated, and precipitation has increased. Coupled with these changes in climate and sea level are substantial changes within the rapidly urbanizing watersheds that influence water, sediment, and nutrient delivery to the marsh and estuary. In PIE IV our focus is on: Dynamics of coastal ecosystems in a region of rapid climate change, sea-level rise, and human impacts. NSF OCE LTER-Plum Island Ecosystems: Dynamics of coastal ecosystems in a region of rapid climate change, sea-level rise, and human impacts.
Comparative transect surveys of invertebrate abundance, plant cover, and sediment characteristics in Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico salt marshes from April 2009 to September 2010
Understanding the relative strengths of top-down and bottom-up forces is an important key to predicting the structure of biological communities. The strength of these effects can be regulated in part by predator abundance and nutrient availability. In 2009, we hypothesized that the importance of these factors varies geographically between the southeastern Atlantic Coast and the Gulf Coast due to differences in tidal regime, and began to study this variation using a biogeographic, manipulative field experiment. Although our original purpose was to understand the structure of salt marsh arthropod food webs, BP's Deepwater Horizon spill in the Gulf Coast presented an opportunity to understand how stress from an oil spill might affect the variables that we were measuring. The fact that we had plots and transect sampling in place at multiple sites along the Gulf and East Coasts put us in a position to evaluate any impacts that might occur if oil hit some of the sites. The study was conducted at 11 sites across the Gulf Coast, from Texas to Florida, and 11 sites along the Atlantic Coast, from Florida to Maine. At each site, experimental plots were sampled and a 100m transect was sampled near the plots within 5m of the high marsh boundary. Sampling was conducted in May 2009, August 2009, and August 2010. In 2010, four extra sites were added to the existing experimental sites because of known oil contamination, and another site was added as an extra control. Only the transect sampling was conducted at these sites. This dataset contains all the transect data; data from experimental plots will be reported in a companion dataset.
Experimental plots studies comparing the impact of fertilization and wrack addition on invertebrate abundance and plant cover in Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico salt marshes from April 2009 to September 2010
Understanding the relative strengths of top-down and bottom-up forces is an important key to predicting the structure of biological communities. The strength of these effects can be regulated in part by predator abundance and nutrient availability. In 2009, we hypothesized that the importance of these factors varies geographically between the southeastern Atlantic Coast and the Gulf Coast due to differences in tidal regime, and began to study this variation using a biogeographic, manipulative field experiment. Although our original purpose was to understand the structure of salt marsh arthropod food webs, BP's Deepwater Horizon spill in the Gulf Coast presented an opportunity to understand how stress from an oil spill might affect the variables that we were measuring. The fact that we had plots and transect sampling in place at multiple sites along the Gulf and East Coasts put us in a position to evaluate any impacts that might occur if oil hit some of the sites. The study was conducted at 11 sites across the Gulf Coast, from Texas to Florida, and 11 sites along the Atlantic Coast, from Florida to Maine. At each site, experimental plots were sampled and a 100m transect was sampled near the plots within 5m of the high marsh boundary. Sampling was conducted in May 2009, August 2009, and August 2010. In 2010, four extra sites were added to the existing experimental sites because of known oil contamination, and another site was added as an extra control. Only the transect sampling was conducted at these sites. This dataset contains all the data from experimental plots; experimental treatments of fertilizer addition, wrack addition, fertilizer & wrack addition, and no addition (control) were randomly applied to the plots. The plot treatments were maintained in August 2009 and May 2010.
Disturbance and recovery of salt marsh arthropod communities in Louisiana and Mississippi following the 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico
Oil spills represent a major environmental threat to coastal wetlands, which provide a variety of critical ecosystem services to humanity. The U.S. Gulf of Mexico is a hub of oil and gas exploration and production with recognized consequences on intertidal habitats, such as the salt marsh. Following the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill, we sampled the marine invertebrate and the terrestrial arthropod community found in stands of Spartina alterniflora, the most abundant plant in coastal salt marshes, in 2010 as oil was washing ashore and a year later in 2011. In 2010, intertidal crabs and terrestrial arthropods (insects and spiders) were suppressed by oil exposure even in seemingly unaffected stands of plants; however, Littoraria snails appeared unaffected. One year later, crab and arthropods appeared to have largely recovered. Our work is the first attempt that we know of assessing vulnerability of the salt marsh arthropod community to oil exposure, and it suggests that arthropods are both quite vulnerable to oil exposure, and quite resilient, able to recover from exposure within a year if host plants remain healthy. BP's Deepwater Horizon spill in the Gulf Coast presented an opportunity to understand how stress from an oil spill might affect variables that we were measuring in the area. The study was conducted at sites in Louisiana and Mississippi. At each site, a 100m transect was sampled within 5m of the dead zone boundary. Sampling was conducted in August 2010 and August 2011. The number of sites and location of sites differed slightly among years.
LIDAR data of the Duplin River and Blackbeard creek salt marshes
LIDAR (light detection and ranging) data were acquired on March 9-10, 2009 by the National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping (NCALM) for the Duplin River (35 km2) and Blackbeard Creek (19 km2) salt marshes. The deliverables provided by NCALM included the raw LAS point clouds and acii text files.
LIDAR data of the Duplin River and Blackbeard creek salt marshes
LIDAR (light detection and ranging) data were acquired on March 9-10, 2009 by the National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping (NCALM) for the Duplin River (35 km2) and Blackbeard Creek (19 km2) salt marshes. The deliverables provided by NCALM included the raw LAS point clouds and 1 m spatial resolution gridded digital elevation models (DEMs).
Corrected LIDAR-derived digital elevation model of the Duplin River salt marshes
LIDAR (light detection and ranging) data were acquired on March 9-10, 2009 by the National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping (NCALM) for the Duplin River (35 km2). A 1 m spatial resolution gridded digital elevation models (DEM) was produced from these data. The accuracy of the DEM was assessed using real time kinematic (RTK) GPS ground reference data and elevations were corrected following the method of Hladik and Alber (2012).
Study of Salt Marsh Consumer Diversity and Ecosystem Function on Sapelo Island, Georgia, from May-December 2011
This dataset contains the results of a field study investigating the effect of salt marsh consumer diversity on ecosystem functioning. Our field studies reveal that a diverse consumer assemblage significantly enhances simultaneous functioning of disparate ecosystem processes (i.e., productivity, decomposition, and infiltration). Extreme functional and phylogenetic differences among consumers underlie this relationship. Each marsh consumer affected at least one different ecosystem function and each individual function was affected by more than two consumers.
Rates of consumption of marsh periwinkles (Littoraria irrorata) by mud crabs (Eurytium limosum and Panopeus obesus) between August and December in a Georgia salt marsh
Predatory mud crabs (Panopeus obesus and Eurytium limosum) are two of the main resident infaunal predators in southeastern US salt marshes.The relative importance of the two species in the trophic control of marsh periwinkles (snails; Littoraria irrorata) is likley to change across seasons. We therefore manipulated the these predator species (Panopeus obesus and Eurytium limosum) in experimental cages in the field (at Dean Creek, Sapelo Island, GA) and assessed monthly predation rates over four months, between 15th August to 15th December. We included 3 treatments, consisting of two treatments containing each species alone, and one containing both species together; all treatments had the same density. Specifically, 1) 4 x Panopeus individuals; 2) 4 x Eurytium individuals; 3) 2 x Panopeus individuals + 2 Eurytium individuals. Only adult crabs (33-40mm carapace diameter) were used. We maintained the treatments over 4 months (15th Aug - 15th Dec 2009), replacing any missing crabs every two weeks and counting the number of snails killed by predators each month.
Effects of the relative abundance of predatory mud crabs (Panopeus obesus and Eurytium limosum) on abundances of snails and fiddler crabs in a Georgia salt marsh
Predatory mud crabs (Panopeus obesus and Eurytium limosum) are two of the main resident infaunal predators in southeastern US salt marshes. Little is known, however, about their effects on important prey species. These influences are llikely to be dependent on the identity and relative abundances of the two predator species. We therefore manipulated the relative abundances of Panopeus and Eurytium in experimental cages in the field (at Airport Marsh, Sapelo Island, GA). We maintained the treatments over 4 months (July - October 2011), before assessing impacts on predator limb loss (an indicator of interspecific antagonism) and prey densitities (small and large mud fiddler crabs and marsh periwinkles).
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