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FIGURE 6 in A new deep-sea scalpelliform barnacle, Vulcanolepas buckeridgei sp. nov. (Eolepadidae: Neolepadinae) from hydrothermal vents in the Lau Basin

FIGURE 6. Vulcanolepas buckeridgei sp. nov. (holotype). A. Right mandible B. Serrated teeth on mandular cutting margin. C. Spine behind the first tooth. D. Inferior angle of mandible. E. Left mandible. F. Magnified view of serrated teeth on cutting margin. G. Mandibulatory palp. H. Labrum. Scale bars in µm.

FIGURE 6 in A new species of hydrothermal vent stalked barnacle Vulcanolepas (Scalpelliforms: Eolepadidae) from the North Fiji Basin, Southwestern Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 6. Ƒulcanolepas fijiensis sp. nov. Paratype. A. Whole view of the barnacle. B. Cirrus I, showing the distal half of ramus bearing antenniform segments (antenniform segs) and proximal half bearing robust segments (robust segs). Holotype. C. Drawing of penis and insert showing magnified view of the minute caudal appendages. Scale bars in mm in A, µm in B, C.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of hydrothermal vent stalked barnacle Vulcanolepas (Scalpelliforms: Eolepadidae) from the North Fiji Basin, Southwestern Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 2. In situ underwater photographs of the type locality of Ƒulcanolepas fijiensis sp. nov. in the North Fiji Basin, Southwestern Pacific Ocean. A. Overview of the diffuse-flow area. B. Species community where Ƒ. fijiensis was found. Arrows indicate Ƒ. fijiensis individuals. Scale bar = 10 cm.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of hydrothermal vent stalked barnacle Vulcanolepas (Scalpelliforms: Eolepadidae) from the North Fiji Basin, Southwestern Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 1. World map showing the global distribution of all known neolepadids. Insert shows enlarged area of the Southern Pacific region, including the Lau Ridge and North Fiji Basin, and the sampling location of Ƒulcanolepas fijiensis sp. nov. Note that the Indian Ocean is dominated by one species, Neolepas marisindica. The orientation of the insert is not the same as that of the world map. Part of the world map is redrawn from Buckeridge et al. 2013.

FIGURE 8 in A new species of hydrothermal vent stalked barnacle Vulcanolepas (Scalpelliforms: Eolepadidae) from the North Fiji Basin, Southwestern Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 8. Neighbor-joining tree based on the CO1 gene of species of the subfamily Neolepadinae. Bootstrap values>50% are given above the nodes.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of hydrothermal vent stalked barnacle Vulcanolepas (Scalpelliforms: Eolepadidae) from the North Fiji Basin, Southwestern Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 5. Ƒulcanolepas fijiensis sp. nov. Holotype. A. Setae on proximal robust segments of cirrus I. B. Setae on antenniform segments of cirrus I. C, D. Setae on distal segment of cirrus I. E. Maxilla. F. Setae on margin of maxilla. G. Maxillule. H. Setae on cutting margin of maxillule. Scale bars in µm.

FIGURE 7 in A new species of hydrothermal vent stalked barnacle Vulcanolepas (Scalpelliforms: Eolepadidae) from the North Fiji Basin, Southwestern Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 7. Ƒulcanolepas fijiensis sp. nov. Holotype. A. Mandible. B. First tooth of mandible. C. Second and third teeth of mandible. D. Magnified view of second tooth of mandible. E. Inferior angle. F. Setae on lower margin. G. Mandibular palp. H. Labrum with fine, sharp teeth in notch. Scale bars in µm.

FIGURE 12 in Vulcanolepas scotiaensis sp. nov., a new deep-sea scalpelliform barnacle (Eolepadidae: Neolepadinae) from hydrothermal vents in the Scotia Sea, Antarctica

FIGURE 12. Benthic Ecology: The V. scotiaensis sp. nov. assemblage at the "Dog's Head" vent in E2. The morphotype present here is predominantly the 'robust' variety of V. scotiaensis sp. nov., and specimens are generally heavily encrusted with blackish Fe/Mn minerals. The greatest density of organisms is found along what is interpreted as an old, or dying active vent. The bio-density in this reduced energy environment is significantly lower than at "Carwash" (Figure 11).

FIGURE 10a in Vulcanolepas scotiaensis sp. nov., a new deep-sea scalpelliform barnacle (Eolepadidae: Neolepadinae) from hydrothermal vents in the Scotia Sea, Antarctica

FIGURE 10a. Ratios of peduncle to capitulum length. The "gracile" form (shown as series 1, a diamond) is the less ornamented variety, and by far the most abundant in the collections. During growth, the peduncle can grow up to 20 times the length of the capitulum. The trend line included is for the "gracile" form only; the R2 correlation of this regression at 0.72518 confirms a reasonable correlation—i.e. that with growth, the pedun11 cle can be expected to become proportionately longer. However, the "robust" variety (shown here as series 2, a square) has subequal p:c ratios, and this apparently changes little with growth (= age), such that some larger specimens may even possess a capitulum that is slightly longer than the peduncle. This part of the graph is isolated and used in Figure 10b. Data base 57 specimens ("gracile" from JC42 F-0396 (34), JC42 F386 (10); "robust" 13 from JC42-F0122). p = peduncle length, c = capitulum length.

FIGURE 5 in Vulcanolepas scotiaensis sp. nov., a new deep-sea scalpelliform barnacle (Eolepadidae: Neolepadinae) from hydrothermal vents in the Scotia Sea, Antarctica

FIGURE 5. Morphotypes of Vulcanolepas scotiaensis sp. nov. a: The "gracile" form. Holotype NHMUK 2013.1031. The capitulum comprises eight approximate, calcareous plates: carina (c), rostrum (r) and paired terga (t), scuta (s) and medial latera (ml); is = imbricating scale of the peduncle. Note the broadly arched profile of the carina (compared with b), and on the tergum, the weak longitudinal ridge on the scutal side that extends to a point near the apex of the medial latus. The peduncle has been truncated in this diagram (see Figure 6f for an appreciation of the relative peduncle to capitulum length). b: The "robust" form. Paratype NHMUK 2013.1032. Note the nodose pattern on the plates, produced by intersection of strong growth lines with longitudinal ribs. The peduncle, although truncated for this diagram, is approximately the same length as the capitulum.

FIGURE 4 in Vulcanolepas scotiaensis sp. nov., a new deep-sea scalpelliform barnacle (Eolepadidae: Neolepadinae) from hydrothermal vents in the Scotia Sea, Antarctica

FIGURE 4. Genetic relationship of V. scotiaensis sp. nov. with other neolepadines: 28S Bayesian majority-rule consensus phylogeny. Bayesian posterior support and maximum likelihood bootstrap support are respectively shown next to each tree node.

FIGURE 8. Vulcanolepas scotiaensis Appendages and trophi. a in Vulcanolepas scotiaensis sp. nov., a new deep-sea scalpelliform barnacle (Eolepadidae: Neolepadinae) from hydrothermal vents in the Scotia Sea, Antarctica

FIGURE 8. Vulcanolepas scotiaensis Appendages and trophi. a: Cirrus I; b: Cirrus II. c Right second maxilla; d: Right maxilla (or maxillule); e: Right mandible, showing modification of the two lower teeth and the inferior angle into a comb-like structure, a characteristic feature of the neolepadines noted in Southward & Newman, (1998: 261). f: Intermediate segment of cirrus VI, showing six pairs of long, simple setae and below these, three pairs of successively shorter, finer setae (setae truncated). g: Uni-articulate caudal appendage. (Note that in these diagrams, the density of the setae on the trophi is reduced). From JC42-F-0396.

FIGURE 2 in Vulcanolepas scotiaensis sp. nov., a new deep-sea scalpelliform barnacle (Eolepadidae: Neolepadinae) from hydrothermal vents in the Scotia Sea, Antarctica

FIGURE 2. Distribution of described species of Neolepadinae. In addition to these eight species, Newman et al. (2006) list at least a further nine taxa to be described. These new taxa are not defined at genus level here, nor is their distribution likely to be complete; they are included to provide an appreciation of the wide distribution of the subfamily. Although primarily from the eastern and southern Pacific Ocean, these undescribed taxa include a form intermediate between Leucolepas and Neolepas from the Indian Ocean Ridge (Newman et al., 2006: 362). It is likely that further neolepadines will be found as the known distribution is a reflection of where sampling regimes have been most active; the apparent absence of neolepadines from the widely sampled mid Atlantic Ridge refugial ecosystems is nonetheless surprising.

FIGURE 1 in Vulcanolepas scotiaensis sp. nov., a new deep-sea scalpelliform barnacle (Eolepadidae: Neolepadinae) from hydrothermal vents in the Scotia Sea, Antarctica

FIGURE 1. Locality diagram. Regional setting of the East Scotia Ridge back-arc basin, some 400–500 kilometres southeast of South Georgia in the Southern Ocean. Vent-field segments E2 and E9 of the ESR (shown by stars) are roughly positioned along a longitudinal line immediately to west of the South Sandwich Islands.

FIGURE 7. Vulcanolepas scotiaensis Plate morphology. a in Vulcanolepas scotiaensis sp. nov., a new deep-sea scalpelliform barnacle (Eolepadidae: Neolepadinae) from hydrothermal vents in the Scotia Sea, Antarctica

FIGURE 7. Vulcanolepas scotiaensis Plate morphology. a: Capitulum (left side, exterior) showing plate arrangement (carina, rostrum and peduncle removed); b: Capitulum (interior) showing plate arrangement; c: Carina (exterior); d: Carina (interior); e: Rostrum (exterior); f: Rostrum (interior). From JC42-F-0396.

FIGURE 10b in Vulcanolepas scotiaensis sp. nov., a new deep-sea scalpelliform barnacle (Eolepadidae: Neolepadinae) from hydrothermal vents in the Scotia Sea, Antarctica

FIGURE 10b. Ratios of peduncle to capitulum length. Ratios of peduncle to capitulum lengths for the "robust" variety only. The extrapolation shown is a power regression, demonstrating that there is almost no correlation between growth and the ratio between peduncle and capitulum length. Data extracted from Figure 10a for the 14 specimens from JC42-F0122)

FIGURE 6 in Vulcanolepas scotiaensis sp. nov., a new deep-sea scalpelliform barnacle (Eolepadidae: Neolepadinae) from hydrothermal vents in the Scotia Sea, Antarctica

FIGURE 6. Vulcanolepas scotiaensis sp. nov., external morphology. a: Capitulum (left side, exterior), "gracile" form, peduncle truncated, from JC42-F-0396; b: Capitulum (left side, exterior), more heavily sculpted "robust" form (peduncle truncated), from JC42-F-0122; c: Complete animal (left side, exterior), more heavily sculpted "robust" form, showing a capitulum that is slightly longer than the peduncle, from JC42-F-0122; d: Complete animal (left side, exterior), "gracile" form, from JC42-F-0396; e: Complete animal (left side, exterior), "gracile" form (juvenile), from JC42-F-0396; f: Complete animal (right side, exterior), "gracile" form (adult) showing a peduncle that is at least ten times the length of the capitulum, from JC42-F-0396.

FIGURE 11 in Vulcanolepas scotiaensis sp. nov., a new deep-sea scalpelliform barnacle (Eolepadidae: Neolepadinae) from hydrothermal vents in the Scotia Sea, Antarctica

FIGURE 11. Benthic Ecology: The V. scotiaensis sp. nov. assemblage at the "Carwash" vent chimney in the E9 vent field (60°02.809S, 29°58904W), East Scotia Ridge Back-Arc Basin. a: Photograph DSCN9734, showing V. scotiaensis sp. nov. as the dominant organism living at this site. a specimen of the decapod Kiwa (arrowed) may be seen above and slightly to the right of the letter 'a'; a larger, pink anemone, Pacmanactis sp. (arrowed), is on the left margin. Image taken by the Scorpio stills camera on Isis, Dive 138. b: Photograph DSCN0191, showing detail of V. scotiaensis sp. nov. in feeding mode with extended, delicate, filamentous cirri. A specimen of the limpet Lepetodrilus sp. was grazing on the exterior of one of the larger peduncles (arrowed). Image taken by the Scorpio stills camera on Isis, Dive 140. Only the 'gracile variety' of V. scotiaensis sp. nov. is present in these two photographs, both taken at circa 2400 metres, where temperatures in the barnacle assemblage zone ranges between 5 and 19°C (Marsh et al., 2012). Scale: diameter of largest peduncle (arrowed) circa 6mm.

FIGURE 2. A–J in Two new species of scalpelliform barnacles (Cirripedia: Thoracica) from the Plio-Pleistocene of Cotentin, northwest France

FIGURE 2. A–J, Arcoscalpellum concavitectum sp. nov. A: paratype MNHN.F.A45795, external side of right scutum; B: paratype MNHN.F.A45796, internal side of left scutum; C: paratype MNHN.F.A45794, internal side of left tergum; D: paratype MNHN.F.A45793, external side of right tergum; E: paratype MNHN.F.A45797, external side of right upper lateral; F: paratype MNHN.F.A45798, internal side of left upper lateral; G1–2: holotype MNHN.F.A45791, external side of carina; H: paratype MNHN.F.A45792, transverse section of carina; I: paratype MNHN.F.A46422, external side of carina; J1–2: paratype MNHN.F.A46425, external and internal sides of left rostral lateral. K, Scalpellum sp. A, MNHN.F.A46423, external side of right?upper lateral. L, Scalpellum sp. B, MNHN.F.A46424, external side of left?upper lateral. Scale bars represent 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Two new species of scalpelliform barnacles (Cirripedia: Thoracica) from the Plio-Pleistocene of Cotentin, northwest France

FIGURE 1. Scalpellum carentanensis sp. nov. A1–2: paratype MNHN.F.A45801, internal and external sides of right scutum; B: paratype MNHN.F.A45806, external side of upper lateral; C1–2: holotype MNHN.F.A45800, internal and external sides of left tergum; D1–2: paratype MNHN.F.A45802, internal and external sides of right scutum; E: paratype MNHN.F.A45803, lateral side of carina; F: paratype MNHN.F.A45805, carina; G: paratype MNHN.F.A45804, carina. Scale bars represent 1 mm.