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Fig. 2 in First report of a severe nasopulmonary acariasis caused by Orthohalarachne diminuata Doetschman, 1944 (Acari: Halarachnidae) in a captive South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens Shaw, 1800)
Fig. 2. Morphological identification of Orthohalarachne diminuata. Light microscopy of (A) hexapod larval stage and (B) adult female. (C, D, E) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of (C) a larval stage, revealing (D) the anterior end of a pedipalp and (E) claw of first leg, showing hair-like sensillae. Scale bars: (A, B, C) 200 μm, (D) 10 μm, (E) 20 μm.
Fig. 1 in First report of a severe nasopulmonary acariasis caused by Orthohalarachne diminuata Doetschman, 1944 (Acari: Halarachnidae) in a captive South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens Shaw, 1800)
Fig. 1. Severe Orthohalarachne diminuata infestation in a 2-year-old South American sea lion. (A) Bifurcatio tracheae reveals various adult mites migrating out of bronchial system. (B) Hyperemic tracheal vessels and adult mites. (C) Trepanation of nasal cavity and sinus paranasalis. (D, E) Multiple clusters of larval mites infesting turbinate mucosa. (F, G) Larval mites burying their pedipalpes and legs into the turbinate mucosa and causing multiple petechial hemorrhages and hyperemia of mucosa. (H) Histological cross-section of turbinate mucosa, showing larval mite (ha), surrounded by saniserous exsudate (hb), and epithelial exfoliation (hc). Legend: White arrows = O. diminuata. Scale bars: (F, G) 2 mm, (H) 200 μm.
Data from: Detecting signals of chronic shedding to explain pathogen persistence: Leptospira interrogans in California sea lions
Identifying mechanisms driving pathogen persistence is a vital component of wildlife disease ecology and control. Asymptomatic, chronically infected individuals are an oft-cited potential reservoir of infection but demonstrations of the importance of chronic shedding to pathogen persistence at the population level remain scarce. Studying chronic shedding using commonly collected disease data is hampered by numerous challenges, including short-term surveillance that focuses on single epidemics and acutely ill individuals, the subtle dynamical influence of chronic shedding relative to more obvious epidemic drivers, and poor ability to differentiate between the effects of population prevalence of chronic shedding versus intensity and duration of chronic shedding in individuals. We use chronic shedding of Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) as a case study to illustrate how these challenges can be addressed. Using leptospirosis-induced strands as a measure of disease incidence, we fit models with and without chronic shedding, and with different seasonal drivers, to determine the timescale over which chronic shedding is detectable and the interactions between chronic shedding and seasonal drivers needed to explain persistence and outbreak patterns. Chronic shedding can enable persistence of L. interrogans within the sea lion population. However, the importance of chronic shedding was only apparent when surveillance data included at least two outbreaks and the intervening inter-epidemic trough during which fadeout of transmission was most likely. Seasonal transmission, as opposed to seasonal recruitment of susceptibles, was the dominant driver of seasonality in this system, and both seasonal factors had limited impact on long-term pathogen persistence. We show that the temporal extent of surveillance data can have a dramatic impact on inferences about population processes, where the failure to identify both short- and long-term ecological drivers can have cascading impacts on understanding higher-order ecological phenomena, such as pathogen persistence.
Processed data for a Slocum ocean glider campaign in the Gulf of Lion, Mediterranean Sea, 2021
<p>The data set was measured in the Gulf of Lion by a Slocum glider in February 2021. It includes processed data from a CTD and a turbulence microstructure package.</p>
California Sea Lion Stranding Records from Quantifying the linkages between California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) strandings and particulate domoic acid concentrations at piers across Southern California
<p>Pacific Marine Mammal Center (PMMC) is a member of the West Coast Marine Mammal Stranding Network, which was established under the United States Marine Mammal Protection Act by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to respond to stranded marine mammals. PMMC rescues, rehabilitates, and releases sick and injured marine mammals along the Orange County coastline, which is approximately 68 km of the Southern California coastline (<strong>Figure 1</strong>). All marine mammal rescue and rehabilitation activities are conducted by PMMC under a Stranding Agreement with National Marine Fisheries Service/NOAA.</p> <p>Patient case records from 2015-2019 for California sea lions (hereafter, sea lions) were reviewed and collated for each animal’s case presentation including sex, age class, seizure activity, postictal signs, comatose, abortion, and whether the sea lion was diagnosed by the attending veterinarian with domoic acid intoxication following the behavioral diagnostic criteria outlined by Gulland et al., <a href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?XUrLiy">(2002)</a>. Multiple veterinarians made diagnoses during the time series based on these criteria which may have introduced some variation in the diagnosis of domoic acid intoxication during the study period. Age classes were defined following Greig et al. <a href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?DGqEGG">(2005)</a> using dentition, straight length, pregnancy status, and sexual dimorphism to classify a sea lion’s age class. The following demographic categories are included in this study: juvenile/subadult male, subadult female, adult male, and adult female. Younger sea lions in the pup and yearling age classes were excluded as sea lions within these age classes are generally the most common patients at the center and often strand due to malnutrition <a href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?eTzjbp">(Bejarano et al., 2008a)</a>, and rarely present with acute or chronic domoic acid intoxication during blooms. Adult and subadult age classes are the most commonly affected by domoic acid intoxication <a href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?6xP9cn">(Bejarano et al., 2008a)</a>. Only live sea lions that were rescued on the Orange County coastline, brought to PMMC's facility, and assessed by the attending veterinarian were included. Adult and subadult sea lions that died on the beach were excluded from the study cohort because an attending veterinarian could not assess clinical signs to diagnosis domoic acid intoxication prior to death.</p>
Beta-hydroxybutyrate ketone concentrations via ketometer and colorimetric assay in Steller sea lion whole blood and plasma
<p>We evaluated the Precision Xtra™ ketometer during a larger study categorizing free-ranging Steller sea lion (<em>Eumetopias jubatus</em>; SSL) pup fasting status, necessitating identification of plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations ([β-HBA]) around a < and ≥0.3 mmol/L threshold. Whole blood samples mixed with sodium heparin (NaHep) or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid liquid anticoagulants were tested <10 minutes after collection (n=14; triplicate technical replicates). Plasma (stored at -80°C, NaHep, <em>Thaw1</em>) measured via our laboratory's <em>Reference Assay </em>(Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, Kit #MAK041) served as the standard [β-HBA] for ketometer comparisons. Our observed β-HBA range (0.0–1.6 mmol/L), consistent with published [β-HBA] of free-ranging Otariid pups, represented the lower 20% of the ketometer's range (0.0–8.0 mmol/L). The maximal coefficient of variation (%CV) of ketometer technical replicates was 9.1% (NaHep, whole blood). The majority of ketometer technical replicate sets (84%, including all matrices, anticoagulants, and thawings) were identical (CV=0%). We found linear relationships and agreement of ketometer [β-HBA] between whole blood preserved with different anticoagulants and between whole blood and plasma (<em>Thaw1</em>) measurements. The ketometer produced results with linearity to the <em>Reference Assay</em> for both whole blood and plasma (<em>Thaw1</em>). We identified a non-linear relationship between plasma at <em>Thaw1</em> and <em>Thaw2</em> (tested four months apart, NaHep), as only samples with higher SSL [B-HBA] decreased in concentration, and all others remained the same. With respect to categorizing SSL pup fasting, the ketometer % Accuracy, %Sensitivity, and %Specificity for samples with <em>Reference Assay</em> β-HBA <0.2 and >0.4 mmol/L were 100%. We adopted a modified procedure: plasma samples with mean ketometer concentrations ±0.1 mmol/L of 0.3 mmol/L β-HBA were re-evaluated using the <em>Reference Assay</em>, improving measurement precision from tenths (ketometer) to thousandths (assay) mmol/L. The Precision Xtra™ ketometer was valuable to our application, over the range of [β-HBA] observed in SSL pup plasma and whole blood samples.</p>
Sea Lion Femur (OCPC 524)
This fossil femur (OCPC 524) belonged to an ancient sea lion. It was discovered by Ron Price in Mission Viejo, California in the Mio-Pliocene Capistrano Formation. The original fossil is housed at the Cooper Laboratory as part of the Orange County Parks Paleontology Collection. The model was created in Meshroom and edited in Meshmixer. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Fig. 1 in South American Sea Lions Otaria flavescens, a good indicator of relative spatial and temporal changes in the distribution and abundance of marine resources?
Fig. 1. Study area showing the location of the rookeries analysed at RÍo Negro Province, Argentina.
Does ivermectin treatment for endemic hookworm infection alter the gut microbiota of endangered Australian sea lion pups?
<p>The gut microbiota is essential for the development and maintenance of the hosts' immune system. Disturbances to the gut microbiota in early life stages can result in long-lasting impacts on host health. This study aimed to determine if topical ivermectin treatment for endemic hookworm (Uncinaria sanguinis) infection in endangered Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) pups resulted in gut microbial changes. The gut microbiota was characterised for untreated (control) (n = 23) and treated (n = 23) Australian sea lion pups sampled during the 2019 and 2020/21 breeding seasons at Seal Bay, Kangaroo Island. Samples were collected pre- and post-treatment on up to four occasions over a four-to-five-month period. The gut microbiota of untreated (control) and treated pups in both seasons were dominated by five bacterial phyla, Fusobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroides. A significant difference in alpha diversity between treatment groups was seen in pups sampled during the 2020/21 breeding season (p = 0.008), with higher richness and diversity in treated pups. Modeling the impact of individual pup identification (ID), capture, pup weight (kg), standard length (cm), age, and sex on beta diversity revealed that pup ID accounted for most of the variation (35% in 2019 and 42% in 2020/21), with pup ID, capture, and age being the only significant contributors to microbial variation (p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the composition of the microbiota between treatment groups in both the 2019 and 2020/21 breeding seasons, indicating that topical ivermectin treatment did not alter the composition of the gut microbiota. To our knowledge, this is the first study to characterise the gut microbiota of free-ranging Australian pinniped pups, compare the composition across multiple time points, and consider the impact of parasitic treatment on the overall diversity and microbial composition of the gut microbiota. Importantly, the lack of compositional changes in the gut microbiota with topical ivermectin treatment supports the utility of topical ivermectin as a safe and minimally invasive management strategy to enhance pup survival in this endangered species. </p>
Mark-recapture dataset to estimate age-specific reproductive rates of Steller sea lions in Southeast Alaska
<p>Age, region, and year-specific estimates of reproduction are needed for monitoring wildlife populations during periods of ecosystem change. Population dynamics of Steller sea lions (<em>Eumetopias jubatus</em>) in Southeast Alaska varied regionally (with high population growth and survival in the north versus the south) and annually (with reduced adult female survival observed following a severe marine heatwave event), but reproductive performance is currently unknown. We used mark-resighting data from 1,006 SSL females marked as pups at age ~3 weeks of age from 1994–1995 and 2001–2005 and resighted from 2002–2019 (to a maximum age of 25) to examine age-, region-, and year-specific reproduction. In the north versus the south, age of first reproduction was earlier (beginning at age 4 versus age 5, respectively) but annual birth probabilities of parous females were reduced by 0.05. In an average year pre-heatwave, the proportion of females with pup at the end of the pupping season peaked at ages 12–13 with ~0.60/0.65 (north/south) with pup, ~0.30/0.25 with juvenile, and ~0.10 (both regions) without a dependent. In both regions, reproductive senescence was gradual after age 12: ~0.40, 0.40, and 0.20 of females were in these reproductive states, respectively, by age 20. Correcting for neonatal mortality, true birth probabilities at peak ages were 0.66/0.72 (north/south). No cost of reproduction on female survival was detected, but pup production remained lower (-0.06) after the heatwave event, which if sustained would result in population decline in the south. Reduced pup production and greater retention of juveniles during periods of poor prey conditions may be an important strategy for Steller sea lions in Southeast Alaska, where fine-tuning reproduction based on nutritional status may improve the lifetime probability of producing pups under good conditions in a variable and less productive environment. </p>
Steller sea lion pup plasma metabolites
<p>Geographic differences in population growth trends are well-documented in Steller sea lions (<em>Eumetopias</em> <em>jubatus</em>), a species of North Pacific pinniped listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 1990 following a marked decline in population abundance that began during the 1970s. As population growth is intrinsically linked to pup production and survival, examining factors related to pup physiological condition provides useful information to management authorities regarding potential drivers of regional differences. During dam foraging trips, pups predictably transition among three fasting phases, distinguished by the changes in the predominant metabolic byproduct. We used standardized ranges of two plasma metabolites (blood urea nitrogen and β–hydroxybutyrate) to assign pups to fasting categories (n=1528, 1990–2016, 12 subpopulations): <em>Recently Fed–Phase I</em> (digestion/assimilation–expected hepatic/muscle glycogen usage), <em>Phase II</em> (expected lipid utilization), transitioning between <em>Phases II–III</em> (expected lipid utilization with increased protein reliance), or <em>Phase III</em> (expected protein catabolism). As anticipated, the majority of pups were classified as <em>Recently Fed–Phase I </em>(overall mean proportion=0.72) and few pups as <em>Phase III</em> (overall mean proportion=0.04). By further comparing pups in Short (<em>Recently Fed–Phase II</em>) and Long (all other pups) duration fasts, we identified three subpopulations with significantly (p<0.03) greater proportions of pups dependent upon endogenous sources of energy for extended periods, during a life stage of somatic growth and development: the 1) central (0.27 ± 0.09) and 2) western (0.36 ± 0.13) Aleutian Island (declining population trend) and 3) southern Southeast Alaska (0.32 ± 0.06; increasing population trend) subpopulations had greater Long fast proportions than the eastern Aleutian Islands (0.10 ± 0.05; stabilized population). Due to contrasting population growth trends among these highlighted subpopulations over the past 50+ years, both density-independent and density-dependent factors likely influence the dam foraging trip duration, contributing to longer fasting durations for pups at some rookeries.</p>
Mark-recapture dataset to estimate age-specific reproductive rates of Steller sea lions in Southeast Alaska
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Steller sea lion pup plasma metabolites
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Data from: You can't go home again: Changes in trophic niche following extinction and recolonization of the New Zealand sea lion
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Data from: Detecting signals of chronic shedding to explain pathogen persistence: Leptospira interrogans in California sea lions
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Suckling observations of Galapagos sea lions
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Does ivermectin treatment for endemic hookworm infection alter the gut microbiota of endangered Australian sea lion pups?
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Beta-hydroxybutyrate ketone concentrations via ketometer and colorimetric assay in Steller sea lion whole blood and plasma
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Data from: Geographic variation in diet, prey resources and exposure to parasites and saxitoxin in Steller sea lions in the Gulf of Alaska
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Abundant γ-amino butyric acidergic synaptic boutons per granule cell in sclerotic hippocampi of sea lions with temporal lobe epilepsy
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.