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111 results for “Secondary Forest”
Benchmark maps of 33 years of secondary forest age for Brazil
<p><strong>Title: </strong>Benchmark maps of 33 years of secondary forest age for Brazil</p> <p><strong>Contact:</strong> Celso H. L. Silva Junior (celsohlsj@gmail.com)</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data:</strong> Increment (Product 1), Extent (Product 2), Loss (Product 3), and Age (Product 4) of Brazilian Secondary Vegetation</p> <p><strong>Coverage:</strong> Brazil land</p> <p><strong>Period:</strong> 1986 to 2018 (1987 to 2018 for secondary forest loss)</p> <p><strong>Spatial resolution:</strong> 30-meters</p> <p><strong>Temporal resolution:</strong> Annual</p> <p><strong>Coordinate reference system:</strong> Geographic Coordinate System with Datum WGS84</p> <p><strong>File format:</strong> 131 zip files per year (being 33 for increment, 33 for extent, 33 for age and 32 for loss). Each zip file containing eight tiles in compressed TIFF format.</p> <p><strong>Code:</strong> <a href="https://github.com/celsohlsj/gee_brazil_sv">https://github.com/celsohlsj/gee_brazil_sv</a></p> <p><strong>Dataset usage</strong>: It is free to use, but if you use this dataset in your work, please make sure to cite the repository and our paper properly. We also welcome users to invite us for collaboration.</p> <p><strong>For the use of this dataset, please cite: </strong>Silva Junior, C.H.L., Heinrich, V.H.A., Freire, A.T.G., Broggio, I.S., Rosan, T.M., Doblas, J., Anderson, L.O., Rousseau, G.X., Shimabukuro, Y.E., Silva, C.A., House, J.I., Aragão, L.E.O.C. Benchmark maps of 33 years of secondary forest age for Brazil. Scientific Data (2020). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-00600-4">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-00600-4</a></p>
Data from: Plant community responses to stand-level nutrient fertilization in a secondary tropical dry forest
The size of the terrestrial carbon (C) sink is mediated by the availability of nutrients that limit plant growth. However, nutrient controls on primary productivity are poorly understood in the geographically extensive yet understudied tropical dry forest biome. To examine how nutrients influence above‐ and belowground biomass production in a secondary, seasonally dry tropical forest, we conducted a replicated, fully factorial nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization experiment at the stand scale in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. The production of leaves, wood, and fine roots was monitored through time; root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi and the abundance of N‐fixing root nodules were also quantified. In this seasonal forest, interannual variation in rainfall had the largest influence on stand‐level productivity, with lower biomass growth under drought. By contrast, aboveground productivity was generally not increased by nutrient addition, although fertilization enhanced growth of individual tree stems in a wet year. However, root growth increased markedly and consistently under P addition, significantly altering patterns of stand‐level biomass allocation to above‐ vs. belowground compartments. Although nutrients did not stimulate total biomass production at the community scale, N‐fixing legumes exhibited a twofold increase in woody growth in response to added P, accompanied by a dramatic increase in the abundance of root nodules. These data suggest that the relationship between nutrient availability and primary production in tropical dry forest is contingent on both water availability and plant functional diversity.
Data from: The ephemerality of secondary forests in southern Costa Rica
Secondary forests are increasingly recognized for conserving biodiversity and mitigating global climate change, but these and other desired outcomes can only be achieved after decades of regeneration, and secondary forests are frequently recleared before they recover to predisturbance conditions. We used a time series of aerial photographs (1947-2014) to evaluate multidecadal persistence of secondary forests across a 320 sq. km landscape in southern Costa Rica. Secondary forests had relatively short lifespans, with 50% recleared within 20 years and 85% recleared within 54 years of when they were first observed. Larger forest fragments and forests near rivers had a lower reclearance hazard, but forest persistence did not differ over time, indicating that regional forest regeneration may be generally ephemeral. Costa Rica has made an international commitment to restore 1 million ha of degraded land by 2020. Depending on how this is achieved, only half that target may remain forested by 2040.
Recolonization of secondary forests by a locally extinct Caribbean anole through the lens of range expansion theory
<p>Disturbance and recovery dynamics are characteristic features of many ecosystems. Disturbance dynamics are widely studied in ecology and conservation biology. Still, we know less about the ecological processes that drive ecosystem recovery. The ecological processes that mediate ecosystem recovery stand at the intersection of many theoretical frameworks. Range expansion theory is one of these complementary frameworks that can provide unique insights into the population-level processes that mediate ecosystem recovery, particularly fauna recolonization. Although the biodiversity patterns that follow fauna recolonization of recovering forests have been well described in the literature, the ecological processes at the population level that drive these patterns remain conspicuously unknown. In this study, we tested three fundamental predictions of range expansion theory during the recolonization of recovering forests in Puerto Rico by a shade specialist anole, <em>Anolis</em> <em>gundlachi</em>. Range expansion theory predicts that individuals at the early stages of recolonization (i.e., younger forests) would have a high prevalence of dispersive traits, experience less density dependence, and suffer less parasitism. To test these predictions, we conducted a chronosequence study applying space-for-time substitution where we compared phenotypic traits (i.e., body size, body condition, and relative limb size), population density, population growth rates, and <em>Plasmodium</em> parasitism rates among lizard populations living in young (< 30 years), mid (40–60 years), and old-growth forests (> 75 years). Lizard populations in younger forests had lower densities, higher population growth rates, and lower rates of <em>Plasmodium</em> parasitism compared with old-growth forests. Still, while we found that individuals had larger body sizes, and longer forelimbs in young forests in one site, this result was not consistent among sites. This suggests a potential trade-off between the traits that provide a dispersal advantage during the initial stages of recolonization and those that are advantageous to establish in novel environmental conditions. Overall, our study emphasizes the suitability of range expansion theory to describe fauna recolonization but also highlights that the ecological processes that drive recolonization are time-dependent, complex, and nuanced.</p>
Data from: Woody plant secondary chemicals increase in response to abundant deer and arrival of invasive plants in suburban forests
<p>Plants in suburban forests of eastern North America face the dual stressors of high white-tailed deer density and invasion by nonindigenous plants. The combination of chronic deer herbivory and strong competition from invasive plants could alter a plant's stress- and defense-related secondary chemistry, especially for long-lived juvenile trees in the understory, but this has not been studied. We measured foliar total antioxidants, phenolics, and flavonoids in juveniles of two native trees, <em>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</em> (green ash) and <em>Fagus grandifolia </em>(American beech), growing in six forests in the suburban landscape of central New Jersey, USA. The trees grew in experimental plots that had been subject for 2.5 years to factorial treatments of deer access/exclosure X addition/no addition of the nonindigenous invasive grass <em>Microstegium vimineum </em>(Japanese stiltgrass). As other hypothesized drivers of plant secondary chemistry, we also measured non-stiltgrass herb layer cover, light levels, and water availability. Univariate mixed model analysis of the deer and stiltgrass effects and multivariate structural equation modeling (SEM) of all variables showed that both greater stiltgrass cover and greater deer pressure induced antioxidants, phenolics, and flavonoids, with some variation between species. Deer were generally the stronger factor, and stiltgrass effects were most apparent at high stiltgrass density. SEM also revealed that soil dryness directly increased the chemicals; deer had additional positive, but indirect, effects via influence on the soil; in beech PAR positively affected flavonoids; and herb layer cover had no effect. Juvenile trees' chemical defense/stress responses to deer and invasive plants can be protective, but also could have a physiological cost, with negative consequences for recruitment to the canopy. Ecological implications for species and their communities will depend on costs and benefits of stress/defense chemistry in the specific environmental context, particularly with respect to invasive plant competitiveness, extent of invasion, local deer density, and deer browse preferences.</p>
Fig. 1 in Camera Trapping The Indochinese Tiger, Panthera Tigris Corbetti, In A Secondary Forest In Peninsular Malaysia
Fig. 1. Map of FJB and infra red sensored camera locations.
Afrotropical secondary forests exhibit fast diversity and functional recovery, but slow compositional and carbon recovery after shifting cultivation
<p>Question: Human disturbance is increasingly affecting forest dynamics across the tropics. Forests can recover via natural secondary succession to pre-disturbance levels of biodiversity, species composition, and ecosystem carbon stocks. Central Africa will be subject to increasingly high shifting cultivation pressure in the next decades, but succession trajectories of these ecosystem properties are still poorly known for the Congo basin. We addressed two questions: (1) how does taxonomic and functional composition and diversity shift? (2) How fast do aboveground carbon stocks recover during secondary succession in tropical forests?</p> <p>Location: Central Congo basin</p> <p><span>Methods: We conducted an inventory of trees (DBH ≥10 cm diameter), measured species traits and soil texture and carbon content in 18 plots, located along six secondary succession stages (i.e. from agricultural to old growth forest sites). We measured tree diameter, height for 20% of trees distributed across diameter classes, wood traits from all species, and leaf traits from species that contributed to 85% of the plot basal area.</span></p> <p>Results: We showed that secondary forests recover relatively fast in terms of tree species diversity, alpha functional diversity, and fine root carbon, with near-old-growth forest values after six decades past disturbance, while floristic composition exhibited slower recovery. Secondary forests only partially shifted from acquisitive to a conservative life-history, with shifts in leaf traits being largely decoupled from wood traits. Only 43% of above-ground carbon recovered after 60 years of forest regrowth, potentially through a slow recovery of the large-sized tree stems that dominate carbon stocks of old-growth forests.</p> <p>Conclusions: Our findings underline the capacity of Afrotropical forests to recover species and alpha functional diversity after clear-cutting through shifting cultivation. Simultaneously, old-growth forests harbors a particular floristic community and store a large quantity of carbon with much longer recovery trajectories, stressing the need for conservation of these forests in the Congo Basin.</p>
Landscape structure, predictability of forest regeneration trajectories, and recovery rate on secondary forests
<p>Abandonment of agricultural lands promotes the global expansion of secondary forests, which are critical for preserving biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services. Such roles largely depend, however, on two essential successional attributes, trajectory and recovery rate, which are expected to depend on landscape-scale forest cover in non- linear ways. This dataset is the synthesis outcome of 22 independent databases from studies of woody plant species recovery as part of the research project entitled "Impacts of landscape structure on secondary tropical forest regeneration". This work aimed to understand the effect of landscape-level disturbance on forest regeneration, specifically through the predictability of trajectories and the recovery rate of these forests.</p> <p>Using a multiscale approach and a large vegetation dataset (843 plots, 3511 tree species) from 22 secondary forest chronosequences distributed across the Neotropics, we show that successional trajectories of woody plant species richness, stem density, and basal area are less predictable in landscapes (4-km radius) with intermediate (40-60%) forest cover than in landscapes with high (>60%) forest cover. This supports theory suggesting that high spatial and environmental heterogeneity in intermediately deforested landscapes can increase the variation in key ecological factors for forest recovery (e.g. seed dispersal, seedling recruitment), increasing the uncertainty of successional trajectories. Regarding the recovery rate, only the species richness is positively related to forest cover in relatively small (1-km radius) landscapes. These findings highlight the importance of using a spatially-explicit landscape approach in restoration initiatives and suggest that these initiatives can be more effective in more forested landscapes, especially if implemented across spatial extents of 1-4 km radius. </p>
Light-demanding tree species are more susceptible to lianas than shade-tolerant tree species in a subtropical secondary forest
<ol> <li> <span>Tree-tree competition has been widely studied as a mechanism responsible for maintaining forest plant species diversity</span><span>.</span><span> Other common plant types, such as lianas, may influence tree species competition. Previous studies reported the negative effects of lianas on trees; however, variation in susceptibility to lianas among tree species and the species-specificity of liana species for tree hosts remain unclear. If lianas have species-specific interactions with trees, based either on tree or liana species identity, then lianas may influence tree-tree interactions by altering tree species-specific competitiveness. </span> </li> <li> <span>We surveyed 5,676 lianas</span><span> (DBH </span><span>≥ </span><span>0.5 cm</span><span>)</span><span> and </span><span>61,538 trees </span><span>(DBH </span><span>≥ </span><span>1 cm</span><span>)</span><span> in a 12-ha subtropical secondary forest</span><span> plot to assess </span><span>liana-tree interactions</span><span>.</span><span> We</span><span> tested </span><span>variation among the 20 most common tree species in their </span><span>susceptibility to lianas,</span><span> including whether light-demanding and shade-tolerant tree species differed. </span><span>We</span><span> quantified liana-tree network structure and</span><span> evaluated the specificity between the 20 most common tree species and the 15 most common liana species. </span><span>We expected that: (1) </span><span>tree species would vary in their susceptibility to lianas, and the extent of this </span><span>variation</span><span> would be predicted by tree shade-tolerance; and (2) </span><span>liana species would have distinct species-specific interactions with host trees. </span> </li> <li> <span>Tree species differed greatly in their susceptibility to lianas, with some tree species accumulating many more lianas than others. Light-demanding tree species particularly had greater susceptibility to lianas than shade-tolerant tree species. Both the liana-tree network structure and the interaction </span><span>intensity</span><span> between the 15 liana species and 20 tree species showed distinct specialization of liana-tree interactions. </span> </li> <li><span><em>Synthesis</em>. Variation in tree species' susceptibility to lianas implies that lianas may alter tree species-specific competitive abilities by disproportionately affecting some tree species more than others. In contrast to studies in neotropical forests, light-demanding tree species were more susceptible to lianas than shade-tolerant tree species, suggesting that lianas could reduce light-demanding tree performance in this forest. The distinct species specialization between liana and tree species suggests that increases in the relative abundance of liana species, which is occurring in many forests, may alter the tree community by reducing the relative abundance of preferred host tree species. </span></li> </ol>
APPENDIX 13 in Detangling the effects of patch attributes on bryophyte diversity in fragmented subtropical secondary forests - a case study of land-bridge islands
APPENDIX 13. — Islands with multi-long branched appearance in the Thousand Island Lake, China.
Changes in nitrogen and phosphorus availability driven by secondary succession in temperate forests shape soil fungal communities and function
<p><span>Soil fungal community plays an important role in forest ecosystems, and forest secondary succession is a crucial driver of soil fungal community. However, the driving factors of fungal community and function during temperate forest succession and their potential impact on succession processes are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of the soil fungal community in three temperate forest secondary successional stages (shrublands, coniferous forests, and deciduous broadleaf forests) using high-throughput DNA sequencing coupled with functional prediction via the FUNGuild database. We found that fungal community richness, α-diversity, and evenness decreased significantly during the succession process. Soil available phosphorus and nitrate</span> <span>nitrogen decreased significantly after initial succession occurred, and redundancy analysis showed that both were significant predictors of soil fungal community structure. Among functional groups, fungal saprotrophs as well as pathotrophs represented by plant pathogens were significantly enriched in the early-successional stage, while fungal symbiotrophs represented by ectomycorrhiza were significantly increased in the late-successional stage. The abundance of both saprotroph and pathotroph fungal guilds was positively correlated with soil nitrate</span> <span>nitrogen and available phosphorus content. Ectomycorrhizal fungi were negatively correlated with nitrate</span> <span>nitrogen and available phosphorus content and positively correlated with ammonium</span> <span>nitrogen content.</span> <span>These results indicated that the dynamics of fungal community and function reflected the changes in nitrogen and phosphorus availability caused by the secondary succession of temperate forests. The fungal plant pathogen accumulated in the early-successional stage and ectomycorrhizal fungi accumulated in the late-successional stage may have a potential role in promoting forest succession. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the response of soil fungal communities to the secondary forest succession process and highlight the importance of fungal communities during temperate forest succession.</span></p>
Data from: Contrasting sap flow characteristics between pioneer and late-successional tree species in secondary tropical montane forests of Eastern Himalaya, India
Abstract The interactive role of life-history traits and environmental forcing on plant-water relations is crucial for understanding species response to climate change but remains poorly understood in secondary tropical montane forests (TMFs). Comparing contrasting life-history traits (pioneer vs late-successional species) in a biodiverse Eastern Himalayan secondary TMF, we investigated sap flow responses in co-occurring pioneer species, Symplocos racemosa (n=5) and Eurya acuminata (n=5), and late-successional species, Castanopsis hystrix (n=3), using modified Granier's Thermal Dissipation probes. The fast-growing pioneers S. racemosa and E. acuminata) had 2.1- and 1.6-times higher sap flux density than the late-successional C. hystrix, respectively, and exhibited characteristics of long-lived pioneer species. Significant radial and azimuthal variability in sap flow (V) between species was observed and attributed to life history traits and the canopy's access to sunlight. Nocturnal V (1800-0500 hr) was 13.8 % of daily V and is attributed to stem recharge for evening V (1800-2300 hr) and to endogenous stomatal controls for pre-dawn V (0000-0500 hr). Both the shallow-rooted pioneer species exhibited midday depression in V attributed to photosensitivity and diel moisture stress response. In contrast, deep-rooted C. hystrix transpired unaffected across the dry season likely accessing groundwater. Thus, the secondary broadleaved TMFs, with the dominance of shallow-rooted pioneers, are more prone to the negative impacts of drier and warmer winters than primary forests, which are dominated by deep-rooted species. The study provides an empirical understanding of life-history traits and microclimate modulating plant-water use in widely distributed secondary TMFs in Eastern Himalaya and highlights their vulnerability against warmer winters and reduced snowfall due to climate change.
Afrotropical secondary forests exhibit fast diversity and functional recovery, but slow compositional and carbon recovery after shifting cultivation
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Data from: The ephemerality of secondary forests in southern Costa Rica
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Data from: Links between leaf morphology and ecological strategy across secondary succession in a temperate deciduous forest (North Carolina, USA): Implications for the fossil record
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Data from: Contrasting sap flow characteristics between pioneer and late-successional tree species in secondary tropical montane forests of Eastern Himalaya, India
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Landscape structure, predictability of forest regeneration trajectories, and recovery rate on secondary forests
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Species-specific water-use characteristics of trees in old-growth and secondary tropical forests of Thailand
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Data from: Persistent effects of landscape context on recruitment dynamics during secondary succession of tropical forests
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Data from: Soil is the main predictor of secondary rain forest estimated aboveground biomass across a neotropical landscape
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