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Fig. 3 in First record of sabellid and serpulid polychaetes from the Permian of Sicily

Fig. 3. Serpulid Filograna sp. from the Sosio Valley, western Sicily (Italy), Wordian to upper Permian. A. MSNC 4524, set of subparallel tubes on a sponge. Photograph (A1), SEM image showing a Y bifurcation of a tube (A2). B. MSNC 4525, slightly curved tubes on a sponge.

Fig. 2 in First record of sabellid and serpulid polychaetes from the Permian of Sicily

Fig. 2. Sabellids from literature (A) and from study material (B–F). A. Holotype of Serpula testatrix Etheridge, 1892 (pl. 18: 5) on a crinoid stem from East Maitland (South Wales), Permo-Carboniferous, showing typical loose loops and spirals. B, C. Glomerula testatrix (Etheridge, 1892) Sanfilippo comb. nov., from the Sosio Valley, western Sicily (Italy), Wordian to upper Permian. B. MSNC 4515, irregular glomerate interweaving tubes; photograph (B1), SEM image (B2); B3, detail of B2, showing the tube outer surface with feeble growth lines. C. MSNC 4518, set of sub-parallel tubes slightly meandering and locally forming a sharp bend encrusting a sponge. D–F. Glomerula gemmellaroi sp. nov. from the Sosio Valley, western Sicily (Italy), Wordian to upper Permian. D. MSNC 4519, holotype, specimen forming meanders and bending at angles of 90° and 180°. E. MSNC 4520, tube initially loop-like curved and then bent at right angle. F. MSNC 4521, meandering tube on a sponge.

Fig. 7 in First record of sabellid and serpulid polychaetes from the Permian of Sicily

Fig. 7. Operculum of serpulid Pyrgopolon (Turbinia?) gaiae sp. nov. from the Sosio Valley, western Sicily (Italy), Wordian to upper Permian, MSNC 4530, holotype. Frontal (A) and lateral (B) views of the cup. C. Detail of upper side of the cup showing radial ridges endings with cone-shaped teeth regularly spaced (0.15 mm). D. SEM image of the upper side of the cup, the denticulated outer edge forming a nearly continuous ring is obvious.

Fig. 1. A in First record of sabellid and serpulid polychaetes from the Permian of Sicily

Fig. 1. A. Location of the study area in the Mediterranean and Sicily. B. Geological map of the Palazzo Adriano area (Sicani Mountains) showing the location of the fossiliferous limestone blocks. Holocene deposits not shown. Material was collected in blocks cropping out in areas indicated as "fossiliferous limestone".

Figure 6 in Written in stone: history of serpulid polychaetes through time

Figure 6. Outline of geological history of calcareous polychaetes and some convergent tube-dwelling taxa ("pseudoserpulids") during the Phanerozoic. A – Cloudina hartmannae Germs, 1972, SEM, Late Ediacaran (549-542 Ma), China (after Hua et al., 2005: fig. 1A). B – Cornulites sp., Early Ordovician (485-470 Ma), Estonia (after Vinn, 2013a: fig. 8). C – microconchoid Palaeoconchus tenuis (Sowerby in Murchison, 1839), Silurian (Wenlockian; 433-427 Ma), England (after Vinn, 2006: fig. 4). Scale: A – 3 mm, B – 0.5 mm, C – 1 mm.

Figure 5 in Written in stone: history of serpulid polychaetes through time

Figure 5. Ultrastructural diversity of fossil serpulids and some typical "pseudoserpulids". A-C: ultrastructures of most characteristic pseudoserpulids: A – Cloudina sinensis Zhang et al. in Ding et al., 1992, showing microgranular structure; Late Ediacaran (549-542 Ma), China (after Feng et al., 2003: fig. 1b). B – microconchoid Palaeoconchus tenuis (Sowerby in Murchison, 1839), Silurian (Wenlockian; 433-427 Ma), England (after Vinn, 2006: fig. 4). C – microconchoid Punctaconchus ampliporus Vinn et Taylor, 2007, surface showing pores; Middle Jurassic (Bathonian, 168-166 Ma), U.K. (after Vinn and Taylor, 2007: fig. A 2). D-I: ultrastructures of fossil serpulids: D – 'Serpula' etalensis (Piette, 1856), longitudinal section of irregularly oriented prismatic structure (IOP); Early Jurassic, Late Pliensbachian (~185 Ma), eastern Germany (after Vinn et al., 2008c: fig. 1D). E – Rotularia spirulaea (Lamarck, 1818), longitudinal section of homogeneous angular crystal structure? (HAC); Eocene (56-34 Ma) of Doss Trento, Northern Italy. F – Protula sp., cross section of semi-ordered irregularly oriented prismatic structure (SOIOP); Tongrian, Late Eocene (~35 Ma), Latdorf, North Germany (after Vinn, 2007: fig. 3.1, detail). G – Propomatoceros sp., outer tube layer, spherulitic prismatic structure (SPHP); Middle Volgian (~148 Ma), Samara region, Russia. H – Placostegus polymorphus Rovereto, 1895, cross section of simple prismatic structure (SP); Badenian (~15 Ma), Miocene, Ehrenhausen, Styria, Austria (after Vinn, 2007: fig. 1.5, detail). I – Spiraserpula sp., oblique section of lamello-fibrillar structure (LF); Badenian (~15 Ma), Miocene, Nussdorf, Vienna, Austria (after Vinn, 2007: fig. 4.5).

Figure 3 in Written in stone: history of serpulid polychaetes through time

Figure 3. Ultrastructural diversity of Recent serpulid tubes. A-E: isotropic structures: A – Serpula crenata Ehlers, 1908, inner tube layer, cross section of irregularly oriented prismatic structure (IOP), B – Pseudovermilia madracicola ten Hove, 1989, cross section of spherulitic irregularly oriented prismatic structure (SIOP) (after Vinn et al., 2008b: fig. 2A), C – Neovermilia falcigera (Roule, 1898), cross section of irregularly oriented platy structure (IOPL), D – Laminatubus alvini ten Hove et Zibrowius, 1986, cross section of homogeneous angular crystal structure (HAC), E – Pomatostegus stellatus (Abildgaard, 1789), cross section of homogeneous rounded crystal structure (HRC) (after Vinn et al., 2008b: fig. 3E), F, G: semi-oriented structures: F – Protula diomedeae Benedict, 1887, cross section of semi-ordered irregularly oriented prismatic structure (SOIOP) (after Vinn, 2007: fig. 5.5), G – Pyrgopolon ctenactis Mörch, 1863, outer tube layer, cross section of semi-ordered spherulitic irregularly oriented prismatic structure (SOSIOP) (after Vinn, 2007: fig. 7.4), H, I and M-O: oriented prismatic structures: H – Spiraserpula caribensis Pillai et ten Hove, 1994, outer tube layer, longitudinal section of spherulitic prismatic structure (SPHP) (after Vinn, 2007: fig. 6.5), I – Vitreotubus digeronimoi Zibrowius, 1979, longitudinal section of simple prismatic structure (SP) (after Vinn et al., 2008b: fig. 5B, enlarged), J-L: oriented complex structures: J – Hydroides dianthus Verrill, 1873, third layer from outside, longitudinal section of lamello-fibrillar structure (LF) (after Vinn, 2008: fig. 4.5), K – Floriprotis sabiuraensis Uchida, 1978, inner layer, cross section of spherulitic lamello-fibrillar structure (SLF), L – Spirobranchus giganteus (Pallas, 1766), outer layer, longitudinal section of ordered fibrillar structure (OF) (after Vinn et al., 2008b: fig. 6B), M-O – Ditrupa arietina (O. F. Müller, 1776), regularly ridged prismatic structure (RRP): M – tube external surface, etched with 1% acetic acid for 30 sec (after Vinn et al., 2008d: fig. 3F), N – external tube layer, longitudinal section, O – lateral surface of a RRP structure prism with ridges (after Vinn et al., 2008d: fig. 4A).

Figure 1. A in Written in stone: history of serpulid polychaetes through time

Figure 1. A hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships within Serpulidae (a Bayesian majority rule consensus phylogram of the combined 18S and 28S rDNA serpulid sequence data; modified from Kupriyanova et al., 2009). Nodes with posterior probabilities of 1.0 are indicated by "*".

Figure 4 in Written in stone: history of serpulid polychaetes through time

Figure 4. Schematic presentation of serpulid tube ultrastructures (from Vinn et al., 2008b). A – irregularly oriented prismatic (IOP) structure. B – spherulitic irregularly oriented prismatic (SIOP) structure. C – irregularly oriented platy (IOPL) structure. D – homogeneous angular crystal (HAC) structure. E – rounded homogeneous crystal (RHC) structure. F – semi-ordered irregularly oriented prismatic (SOIOP) structure. G – semi-ordered spherulitic irregularly oriented prismatic (SOSIOP) structure. H – spherulitic prismatic (SPHP) structure. I – simple prismatic (SP) structure. J – lamellofibrillar (LF) structure. K – spherulitic lamello-fibrillar (SLF) structure. L – ordered fibrillar (OF) structure. Regularly ridged prismatic structure (RRP, see fig. 3 M-O) is similar to SP structure. Abbreviations: H: horizontal section; L: longitudinal section; T: transverse section.

Figure 9 in Written in stone: history of serpulid polychaetes through time

Figure 9. Geological history of calcareous tube-building polychaetes in Mesozoic and Cenozoic suggested by fossil record. Only the most common serpulid genera and those from the phylogenetic tree (fig. 1) are included. For legend see Figure 6. Major events: 1 – most ancient finds of cirratulids with calcified tubes; 2 – the youngest possible position of "coiling point" in spirorbins; 3 – first finds of calcified opercula in several serpulid lineages; 4 – penetration of serpulids to freshwater cave habitat.

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Text-fig. 1. Simplified map of the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin (BCB, the Czech Republic), showing the occurrence of Filogranula cincta (GOLDFUSS) in the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin: Předboj, Plaňany, Velim-Skalka, Kutná Hora-Karlov, Chrtníky, Novosedlice ("Weisskirchlitz"), Želenice nad Bílinou ("Schillinge") and Klokočské Loučky. in Filogranula Cincta (G , 1831), A Serpulid Worm (Polychaeta, Sedentaria, Serpulidae) From The Bohemian Cretaceous Basin

Text-fig. 1. Simplified map of the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin (BCB, the Czech Republic), showing the occurrence of Filogranula cincta (GOLDFUSS) in the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin: Předboj, Plaňany, Velim-Skalka, Kutná Hora-Karlov, Chrtníky, Novosedlice ("Weisskirchlitz"), Želenice nad Bílinou ("Schillinge") and Klokočské Loučky.

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Text-fig. 3. Filogranula cincta (GOLDFUSS), locality Chrtníky (Early Turonian), no. NM-O7620, a – general view of two specimens attached to a lychniscosan sponge Diplodictyon heteromorphum. Length of the sponge is 60 mm. b – detail of the tubes. Length of the left tube is 5.4 mm. The diameter of the aperture is 1.2 mm. Length of the right tube is 6 mm without the looped posterior portion. The diameter of the aperture is 1.4 mm. Scale bars are 5 mm. in Filogranula Cincta (G , 1831), A Serpulid Worm (Polychaeta, Sedentaria, Serpulidae) From The Bohemian Cretaceous Basin

Text-fig. 3. Filogranula cincta (GOLDFUSS), locality Chrtníky (Early Turonian), no. NM-O7620, a – general view of two specimens attached to a lychniscosan sponge Diplodictyon heteromorphum. Length of the sponge is 60 mm. b – detail of the tubes. Length of the left tube is 5.4 mm. The diameter of the aperture is 1.2 mm. Length of the right tube is 6 mm without the looped posterior portion. The diameter of the aperture is 1.4 mm. Scale bars are 5 mm.

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Fig. 3 in New serpulid polychaetes from the Permian of western Sicily

Fig. 3. Serpulid polychaete "Serpula" calannai sp. nov. (holotype MSNC 4549-33) from the Wordian to upper Permian, "Pietra di Salomone" Limestone, Sicily, Italy. A. Tube fragment before assembling. Growth direction, inferred from the slightly flaring peristomes, marked by an arrow. B. Detail of a peristome and growth lines. C. Longitudinal fracture of tube displaying wall section and inner surface covered by secondary crystals. D. Oblique view of tube showing prominence of ornamentations. E. Detail of C showing layered structure of tube wall, only locally preserved. F. Circular cross section of tube, with relatively thick wall locally showing its likely original layering. All SEM images.

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Fig. 2 in New serpulid polychaetes from the Permian of western Sicily

Fig. 2. New serpulid polychaetes from the Wordian to upper Permian, "Pietra di Salomone" Limestone, Sicily, Italy. A. "Serpula" calannai sp. nov. (holotype MSNC 4549-33); general views (A1–A3), cross section of tube, white limestone partly filling lumen (A4). B. "Serpula" prisca sp. nov. (holotype PMC.S5.15.09.2017); general view of anterior end, partially embedded in rock. Arrow indicates growth directions for all tubes.

Fig. 6 in A serpulid-Anodontia-dominated methane-seep deposit from the upper Miocene of northern Italy

Fig. 6. Gastropods from the late Miocene Ca' Fornace seep deposit, Italy. A. MSF 2136, Anatoma sp.; lateral view with selenizone visible at the whorl angulation. B. MSF 2137, Hyalogyrina? sp.; view of top of whole shell (B1), close-up of early whorls (B2), arrow indicates transition from protoconch to teleoconch. C. MSF 2138, skeneiform gastropod, lateral view. D, E. Laeviphitus sp. D. MSF 2139, adapertural side of adult shell. E. MSF 2140, close-up of protoconch.

Fig. 7 in A serpulid-Anodontia-dominated methane-seep deposit from the upper Miocene of northern Italy

Fig. 7. The lucinid bivalve "Anodontia" mioinflata sp. nov. from the late Miocene Ca' Fornace seep deposit, Italy. A. MGGC.22003, holotype, an articulated specimen, view on the dorsal side (A1) and on the right valve (A2), arrow indicating lower end of anterior adductor muscle scar. B. MSF 2141, paratype, right valve embedded in rock matrix, arrows indicate anterior adductor muscle scar. C. MSF 2142, paratype, view on posterodorsal side, arrows indicate the double line delimiting the posterodorsal area. D. MGGC.22004, paratype, the outer side embedded in rock matrix and carbonate mineral deposits on the inside, but showing the general shell outline; left valve (D1) and right valve (D2).

Fig. 5 in A serpulid-Anodontia-dominated methane-seep deposit from the upper Miocene of northern Italy

Fig. 5. Bivalves from the late Miocene Ca' Fornace seep deposit, Italy (A–F). A. MSF 2132, large Lucinoma sp., view of right valve. B. MSF 2133, vesicomyid?, view of right valve. C. MSF 2134, arcid bivalve?Asperarca sp., view of left valve. D–F. Idas aff. tauroparva (Sacco, 1898), medium-sized specimens consisting of left valves. D. MGGC.22005. E. MGGC.22006. F. MSF 2135. G. BS.117.03.016-1, type specimen of Modiola exbrocchii var. tauroparva Sacco, 1898, from the early Miocene of Sciolze, Italy.

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Fig. 4 in New serpulid polychaetes from the Permian of western Sicily

Fig. 4. Serpulid polychaete "Serpula" prisca sp. nov. (holotype PMC. S 5.15.09.2017) from the Wordian to upper Permian, "Pietra di Salomone" Limestone, Sicily, Italy. A. Central portion of the tube glued together, with only feeble growth lines on its outer surface. B. Tube wall with large secondary calcite crystals pointing to complete recrystallization. C. Close-up of outer surface showing very thin and smooth growth lines. D. Magnification of C, with closely spaced, relatively prominent growth lines, crossed by nearly imperceptible longitudinal striations. All SEM images.

Fig. 4 in A serpulid-Anodontia-dominated methane-seep deposit from the upper Miocene of northern Italy

Fig. 4. Fauna of the late Miocene, Ca' Fornace seep deposit, Italy. A. The Anodontia-serpulid-association. B. Specimens of the large serpulid (ls) among numerous specimens of the small serpulid Protis sp. C. Scleractinian corals; car, caryophillid; den, dendrophyllid; all specimens housed at MSF.

Fig. 2 in A serpulid-Anodontia-dominated methane-seep deposit from the upper Miocene of northern Italy

Fig. 2. Petrographic character of the late Miocene Ca' Fornace seep deposit, Italy, illustrated by scanned thin sections (A, B) and thin section micrographs (C–F). A. Cavity in micrite (m), lined with banded and botryoidal cement (bbc), and filled with fecal pellets (fp) in the upper part and micrite in the lower part. B. Serpulid tubes cemented by micrite. C. Close-up of section in A, showing banded botryoidal cement (bbc), micrite (m), fecal pellets (fp), and clumps of pyrite (p). D. Close-up of section in B, showing details of the serpulid tubes. E. Sponge fabric (sf) around bivalve shell. F. Close-up of sponge fabric, also showing scattered pyrite framboids (p).