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258 results for “Site Effects”
Fig. 1 in Lady beetle oviposition site choices: maternal effects on offspring performance
Fig. 1. Survival curves as a function of time for Harmonia axyridis (A) and Cycloneda sanguinea (B) immatures fed with aphids Brevicoryne (white) or Uroleucon (grey). Straight lines demarcate the average periods for instars (first to fourth in Roman numerals) and pupae.
Fig. 3 in Lady beetle oviposition site choices: maternal effects on offspring performance
Fig. 3. Reflectance spectrum for the elytra of Cycloneda sanguinea (n = 33) (A) and Hippodamia convergens (n = 18) (B) adults when fed with Uroleucon or Brevicoryne aphids during the immature stages. Each curve represents the average of 6 spectral measures (3 in each elytra) performed for each individual.
Fig. 5 in Lady beetle oviposition site choices: maternal effects on offspring performance
Fig. 5. PCA graph performed for the following variables: development time (time), brightness, weight, and chroma derived from carotenoids, with the position of Hippodamia convergens (A) and Cycloneda sanguinea (B) adults which have emerged from the Uroleucon (grey) and Brevicoryne (black) diet during the immature stages, when sorted in function of the 2 main axes of data variation.
Local vs. site-level effects of algae on coral microbial communities
<p>Microbes influence ecological processes, including the dynamics and health of macro-organisms and their interactions with other species. In coral reefs, microbes mediate negative effects of algae on corals when corals are in contact with algae. However, it is unknown whether these effects extend to larger spatial scales, such as at sites with high algal densities. We investigated how local algal contact and site-level macroalgal cover influenced coral microbial communities in a field study at two islands in French Polynesia, Mo'orea and Mangareva. At 5 sites at each island, we sampled prokaryotic microbial communities (microbiomes) associated with corals, macroalgae, turf algae, and water, with coral samples taken from individuals that were isolated from or in contact with turf or macroalgae. Algal contact and macroalgal cover had antagonistic effects on coral microbiome alpha and beta diversity. Additionally, coral microbiomes shifted and became more similar to macroalgal microbiomes at sites with high macroalgal cover and with algal contact, although the microbial taxa that changed varied by island<i>.</i> Our results indicate that coral microbiomes can be affected by algae outside of the coral's immediate vicinity, and local- and site-level effects of algae can obscure each other's effects when both scales are not considered. </p>
Hydrazones in anion transporters: The detrimental effect of a second binding site
<p>Synthetic anion transporters can be developed using anion receptors that are able to bind the anion and stabilize it in the lipophilic interior of a bilayer membrane, and they usually contain functional groups with acidic NHs, such as ureas, thioureas and squaramides. To assess the suitability of acylhydrazones as a new functional group for the preparation of anion transporters, we have studied a family of thioureas functionalized with these and related functional groups. 1H NMR titrations and DFT calculations indicate that the thioureas bearing acylhydrazone groups behave as chloride receptors with two separate binding sites, of which the acylhydrazone binds weaker than the thiourea. Chloride transport studies show that the additional binding site has a detrimental effect on thiourea-based transporters, and this phenomenon is also observed for bis(thio)ureas with two separate binding sites. We propose that the presence of a second anion binding unit hinders the transport activity of the thiourea due to additional interactions with the phospholipids of the membrane. In agreement with this hypothesis, extensive molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the molecules will tend to be positioned in the water/lipid interface, driven by the interaction of the NHs of the thiourea and of the acylhydrazone groups with the POPC polar head groups and water molecules. Moreover, the interaction energies show that the poorest transporters have indeed the strongest interactions with the membrane phospholipids, inhibiting chloride transport. This detrimental effect of additional functional groups on transport activity should be considered when designing new ion transporters, unless these groups cooperatively promote anion recognition and transmembrane transport.</p>
Fig. 1 in Sleeping site selection in two Asian viverrids: effects of predation risk, resource access and habitat characteristics
Fig. 1. Home ranges, core areas and sleeping sites of binturongs (Arctictis binturong) and masked palm civets (Paguma larvata). Home ranges (minimum convex polygon [MCP] 95%) and core areas (MCP 50%) with sleeping sites overlaid of (a) three masked palm civets and a female binturong at Tikong, (b) a male binturong at Sesawo, and (c) location of study sites (Sesawo and Tikong) within the study area (Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary – West). Different gray shades within home ranges represent core areas of each animal.
Fig. 4 in Sleeping site selection in two Asian viverrids: effects of predation risk, resource access and habitat characteristics
Fig. 4. Use and reuse of sleeping sites. Cumulative number of unique sleeping sites in relation to the total number of sites observed for two binturongs (Arctictis binturong) and three masked palm civets (Paguma larvata). Numbers of unique sleeping sites (sites that are not re-used) versus total sleeping sites observed and study areas are indicated in parenthesis.
Fig. 3 in Sleeping site selection in two Asian viverrids: effects of predation risk, resource access and habitat characteristics
Fig. 3. Use of sleeping sites within different forest types. Percentage of different forest types used (denoted as U) for sleeping sites versus forest types available (A) for two binturongs (Arctictis binturong) and three masked palm civets (Paguma larvata). Forest types are: semi-evergreen forest (SEF), mixed deciduous forest (MDF), and dry dipterocarp forest (DDF). Numbers in parenthesis after individual animals represent the number of sleeping sites used in the analysis, excluding reused sites.
Fig. 2 in Sleeping site selection in two Asian viverrids: effects of predation risk, resource access and habitat characteristics
Fig. 2. Use of vertical strata for sleeping sites. Percentage use of different vertical strata of sleeping sites by five radio-collared viverrids (two binturongs Arctictis binturong and three masked palm civets Paguma larvata). Strata are: Above canopy, Canopy, and Sub-canopy. Numbers in parenthesis represent number of sleeping sites where animals were directly observed, excluding reused sites.
Farm and regional levels' database used to test the effectiveness of slope and distance from buildings in approximating the pastoral site-use intensity of alpine pastures
<p>The excel file contains the two databases used in the paper “Slope and distance from buildings are easy-to-retrieve proxies for estimating livestock site-use intensity in alpine summer pastures” to test the effectiveness of slope and distance from buildings in approximating the pastoral site-use intensity of alpine pastures.</p> <p>The database in the ‘farm level’ sheet has been used to assess if slope and distance from buildings were good predictors of site-use intensity at farm level, i.e. the number of GPS locations counted within sample units was modelled as a function of the two proxies. Moreover, this database has been used to evaluate if the expected transition of Vegetation Ecological Groups (VEGs) from the shrub-encroached to the nitrophilous ones corresponded to a real site-use intensity gradient as represented by the stocking rates measured through GPS locations, i.e. by modelling the total number of GPS locations within sample units in function VEGs.</p> <p>The database in the ‘Regional level’ sheet has been used to evaluate if the five VEGs were effectively discriminated by distance from buildings and slope. Two models were performed by specifying either slope and distance from buildings as response variables and VEG as fixed factor.</p>
Local vs. site-level effects of algae on coral microbial communities
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Data from: Flying without fear: shooting disturbance has little effect on site preferences in a conflict goose species
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Warming effects of spring rainfall increase methane emissions from thawing permafrost: Site-level data from bog complex I - Water Table Depth 2014-2016
Methane emissions regulate the near-term global warming potential of permafrost thaw, particularly where loss of ice-rich permafrost converts forest and tundra into wetlands. Northern latitudes are expected to get warmer and wetter, and while there is consensus that warming will increase thaw and methane emissions, effects of increased precipitation are uncertain. At a thawing wetland complex in Interior Alaska, we found that interactions between rain and deep soil temperatures controlled methane emissions. In rainy years, recharge from the watershed rapidly altered wetland soil temperatures, warming the top ~80 cm of soil in spring and summer, and cooling it in autumn. When soils were warmed by spring rainfall, methane emissions increased by ~30%. The warm, deep soils early in the growing season likely supported both microbial and plant processes that enhanced emissions. Our study identifies an important and unconsidered role of rain in governing the radiative forcing of thawing permafrost landscapes. All site-level data from the studied bog, eddy covariance and micrometeorological data referenced in the published manuscript are available in the LTER data repository. These data are related to the following data package: Surface carbon, water and energy fluxes measured by eddy covariance at 3 sites within the Alaska Peatlands Experiment and Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest 2013-2016 (http://dx.doi.org/10.6073/pasta/4fabab3846113a1866b06f1b3d6d52a3).
Warming effects of spring rainfall increase methane emissions from thawing permafrost: Site-level data from bog complex II - Carex Metrics 2014-2016
Methane emissions regulate the near-term global warming potential of permafrost thaw, particularly where loss of ice-rich permafrost converts forest and tundra into wetlands. Northern latitudes are expected to get warmer and wetter, and while there is consensus that warming will increase thaw and methane emissions, effects of increased precipitation are uncertain. At a thawing wetland complex in Interior Alaska, we found that interactions between rain and deep soil temperatures controlled methane emissions. In rainy years, recharge from the watershed rapidly altered wetland soil temperatures, warming the top ~80 cm of soil in spring and summer, and cooling it in autumn. When soils were warmed by spring rainfall, methane emissions increased by ~30%. The warm, deep soils early in the growing season likely supported both microbial and plant processes that enhanced emissions. Our study identifies an important and unconsidered role of rain in governing the radiative forcing of thawing permafrost landscapes. All site-level data from the studied bog, eddy covariance and micrometeorological data referenced in the published manuscript are available in the LTER data repository. These data are related to the following data package: Surface carbon, water and energy fluxes measured by eddy covariance at 3 sites within the Alaska Peatlands Experiment and Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest 2013-2016 (http://dx.doi.org/10.6073/pasta/4fabab3846113a1866b06f1b3d6d52a3).
Warming effects of spring rainfall increase methane emissions from thawing permafrost: Site-level data from bog complex III - Methene Flux 2014-2016
Methane emissions regulate the near-term global warming potential of permafrost thaw, particularly where loss of ice-rich permafrost converts forest and tundra into wetlands. Northern latitudes are expected to get warmer and wetter, and while there is consensus that warming will increase thaw and methane emissions, effects of increased precipitation are uncertain. At a thawing wetland complex in Interior Alaska, we found that interactions between rain and deep soil temperatures controlled methane emissions. In rainy years, recharge from the watershed rapidly altered wetland soil temperatures, warming the top ~80 cm of soil in spring and summer, and cooling it in autumn. When soils were warmed by spring rainfall, methane emissions increased by ~30%. The warm, deep soils early in the growing season likely supported both microbial and plant processes that enhanced emissions. Our study identifies an important and unconsidered role of rain in governing the radiative forcing of thawing permafrost landscapes. All site-level data from the studied bog, eddy covariance and micrometeorological data referenced in the published manuscript are available in the LTER data repository. These data are related to the following data package: Surface carbon, water and energy fluxes measured by eddy covariance at 3 sites within the Alaska Peatlands Experiment and Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest 2013-2016 (http://dx.doi.org/10.6073/pasta/4fabab3846113a1866b06f1b3d6d52a3).
Warming effects of spring rainfall increase methane emissions from thawing permafrost: Site-level data from bog complex IV - Soil Temperatures 2014-2016
Methane emissions regulate the near-term global warming potential of permafrost thaw, particularly where loss of ice-rich permafrost converts forest and tundra into wetlands. Northern latitudes are expected to get warmer and wetter, and while there is consensus that warming will increase thaw and methane emissions, effects of increased precipitation are uncertain. At a thawing wetland complex in Interior Alaska, we found that interactions between rain and deep soil temperatures controlled methane emissions. In rainy years, recharge from the watershed rapidly altered wetland soil temperatures, warming the top ~80 cm of soil in spring and summer, and cooling it in autumn. When soils were warmed by spring rainfall, methane emissions increased by ~30%. The warm, deep soils early in the growing season likely supported both microbial and plant processes that enhanced emissions. Our study identifies an important and unconsidered role of rain in governing the radiative forcing of thawing permafrost landscapes. All site-level data from the studied bog, eddy covariance and micrometeorological data referenced in the published manuscript are available in the LTER data repository. These data are related to the following data package: Surface carbon, water and energy fluxes measured by eddy covariance at 3 sites within the Alaska Peatlands Experiment and Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest 2013-2016 (http://dx.doi.org/10.6073/pasta/4fabab3846113a1866b06f1b3d6d52a3).
Grazing and climate change have site-dependent interactive effects on vegetation in Asian montane rangelands
<p>1. Climate over Asian montane rangelands is changing faster than the global average, posing serious threats to the future of the region's livestock-based economies and cultures. Effects of climate change on rangeland vegetation likely depend on grazing by herbivores but the potential responses of vegetation to such changes in climate and grazing regimes remains unclear.</p> <p>2. We examined vegetation responses to experimentally simulated climate change (warming, drought and increased rainfall) and grazing (clipping vegetation) between 2015-2018 at two mountain rangeland sites: Spiti valley, in the Indian Trans-Himalaya and Tost, in the Gobi-Altai Mountains in Mongolia.</p> <p>3. Clipping and climate change manipulations interactively reduced vegetation cover and biomass but did not affect species richness. Treatment effects and their interactions varied between sites. In ungrazed plots, vegetation cover and biomass declined sharply in response to warming (18-35%) and drought (20-50%) at the two sites, and, surprisingly also declined slightly in response to increased rainfall (20%) at Tost. While the effects of climate treatments were largely similar in the grazed and ungrazed plots in Tost, they were larger in the ungrazed plots in Spiti. The decline in vegetation cover was driven by a decline in the cover of both forbs and grasses.</p> <p>4. In combination, grazing and warming (Tost) or drought (Spiti) had sub-additive effects, i.e., the decrease in vegetation cover in response to grazing and warming/drought was less than the sum of their independent effects but greater than the effect of either manipulation alone. Of the two, warming had a greater effect than drought at the more arid site (Tost), while drought had a larger effect at the more mesic site (Spiti). <i>Synthesis and applications. </i>Our findings show that<i> </i>future changes in climate, including just over 1<sup>o</sup>C of warming, could undermine the sustainability of pastoral economies and the persistence of wildlife across Asian montane rangelands. Further, grazing by herbivores will play an important role in mediating rangeland responses to climate change; thus, pasture management in concert with local pastoralists will be crucial in mitigating the adverse effects of climate change on rangelands, pastoral livelihoods and wildlife populations.</p>
Data from: Intraspecific DNA contamination distorts subtle population structure in a marine fish: decontamination of herring samples before restriction-site associated (RAD) sequencing and its effects on population genetic statistics
Wild specimens are often collected in challenging field conditions, where samples may be contaminated with the DNA of conspecific individuals. This contamination can result in false genotype calls, which are difficult to detect, but may also cause inaccurate estimates of heterozygosity, allele frequencies, and genetic differentiation. Marine broadcast spawners are especially problematic, because population genetic differentiation is low and samples are often collected in bulk and sometimes from active spawning aggregations. Here, we used contaminated and clean Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) samples to test (i) the efficacy of bleach decontamination, (ii) the effect of decontamination on RAD genotypes, and (iii) the consequences of contaminated samples on population genetic analyses. We collected fin tissue samples from actively spawning (and thus contaminated) wild herring and non-spawning (uncontaminated) herring. Samples were soaked for 10 minutes in bleach or left untreated, and extracted DNA was used to prepare DNA libraries using a restriction-site associated DNA (RAD) approach. Our results demonstrate that intraspecific DNA contamination affects patterns of individual and population variability, causes an excess of heterozygotes, and biases estimates of population structure. Bleach decontamination was effective at removing intraspecific DNA contamination and compatible with RAD sequencing, producing high-quality sequences, reproducible genotypes, and low levels of missing data. Although sperm contamination may be specific to broadcast spawners, intraspecific contamination of samples may be common and difficult to detect from high-throughput sequencing data, and can impact downstream analyses.
Data from: Carry-over effects of seasonal migration on reproductive success through breeding site retention in a partially migratory bird
<p>Understanding the maintenance and dynamics of phenotypic polymorphisms requires unpicking key ecological mechanisms shaping the fitness costs and benefits of expressing alternative phenotypes, generating selection. Seasonal migration versus year-round residence expressed in partially migratory populations represents one common polymorphism that can experience strong selection through differential reproductive success. Yet, key hypothesised pathways that could generate such selection remain to be empirically tested.</p> <p>One hypothesis is that migratory tactics affect subsequent reproductive success through carry-over effects on breeding site retention and resulting breeding dispersal. By remaining in breeding areas all year round, residents could retain their preferred breeding site between years, and consequently have higher reproductive success. Conversely, migrants that escape harsh non-breeding season conditions could return in better condition, with high resource holding potential, and outcompete residents to retain their site. Such effects could further depend on migration timing and vary between years. Yet, such pathways have not been quantified, precluding empirical parameterisation of partial migration theory. </p> <p>We used four years of breeding and non-breeding season data from partially migratory European shags (<em>Gulosus aristotelis</em>) to test whether the three most frequent migratory tactics in this population (full resident, early migrant departing soon after breeding, and late migrant departing in late autumn) differed in their breeding site retention; whether site retention predicted reproductive success; and hence whether effects of migratory tactic on reproductive success were explicable through site retention.</p> <p>Overall, residents were much more likely to retain their breeding site between years than both early and late migrants, and site retention was associated with increased reproductive success. Yet, these effects varied somewhat among years: late migrants were always least likely to retain their site but had variable relative reproductive success. Path analyses revealed that effects of migratory tactic on reproductive success were only partly attributable to breeding site retention.</p> <p>These results indicate that multiple mechanisms underlie reproductive selection on migratory tactics, potentially contributing to maintaining behavioural polymorphisms. Yet, the clear associations between migratory tactics and local breeding dispersal reveal that these movements can be strongly interlinked across seasons, shaping overall spatio-seasonal dynamics in partially migratory systems.</p>
P-wave ocean site-effect maps
<p>P-wave ocean site-effect maps at 4-s and 5-s periods from Gualtieri et al. (2014).</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.