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FIGURE 1 in Cells and soft tissues in fossil bone: A review of preservation mechanisms, with corrections of misconceptions

FIGURE 1. Cells and soft tissues from bones of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Edmontosaurus annectens, from the Standing Rock Hadrosaur Site (SHRS) in South Dakota (Upper Cretaceous: Maastrichtian). The images are reprinted from figure 2 of Cretaceous Research vol. 99, Ullmann et al., "Patterns of soft tissue and cellular preservation in relation to fossil bone tissue structure and overburden depth at the Standing Rock Hadrosaur Site, Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation, South Dakota, USA" (2019), with permission from Elsevier. A. Osteocyte from fragment of ossified tendon. B. Osteocyte from caudal vertebra SRHS-DU-220. C. Blood vessels with spherical structures in the lumen, from metatarsal SHRS-DU-274. D. Blood vessel (right) and sheets of CBM (lower left) from fragment of ossified tendon. E. Sheet of CBM with embedded osteocytes, from metatarsal SHRS-DU-274.

FIGURE 3 in Cells and soft tissues in fossil bone: A review of preservation mechanisms, with corrections of misconceptions

FIGURE 3. Histology of bone. A. Macroscopic view of compact and spongy bone in a cross-section of the humerus of a domestic cow (Bos taurus). B. Arrangement of microstructures in compact and spongy bone. C. Human compact bone viewed through a compound microscope, with cells boiled away and voids filled with black ink, to make lacunae and canaliculi stand out.

FIGURE 6 in Cells and soft tissues in fossil bone: A review of preservation mechanisms, with corrections of misconceptions

FIGURE 6. Recrystallization of bone mineral. Note that through geologic time, the crystallite has become enlarged, and many of its original ions have been replaced by other ions from groundwater. Here, ions are not shown to scale with respect to each other or to the size of the crystallite. For details on relative abundances of the various ions in fossil bone, see Hubert et al. (1996); Kiseleva et al. (2019); Ullman et al. (2021); Schroeter et al. (2022); and Ullmann et al. (2022). REE = rare earth elements.

FIGURE 7 in Cells and soft tissues in fossil bone: A review of preservation mechanisms, with corrections of misconceptions

FIGURE 7. Spherical objects in a blood vessel from fossil bone, and items with which such structures have been hypothetically identified. The scale bar applies to A, C, and the smaller version of the image in B. The correct identity of the spherical objects in blood vessels of fossil bone remains unknown. A. Spherical objects in a blood vessel from fossil bone of the theropod dinosaur Beipiaosaurus inexpectus, from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning, China (Lower Cretaceous: Barremian–Aptian). This image is used with the permission of the journal PeerJ. It is from figure 2C of "Putative fossil blood cells reinterpreted as diagenetic structures," PeerJ, vol. 9: e12651, Korneisel et al. (2019). B. Pyrite framboids, shown to scale with A and C (left) and enlarged (right). This image is used with the permission of the journal PALAIOS. It is from figure 1 of "Rapid formation of framboidal sulfides on bone surfaces from a simulated marine carcass fall," PALAIOS, vol. 30: 327-334, Vietti et al. (2015). C. Red blood cells of the crocodilian species Caiman yacare (spectacled caiman). This image is reprinted by permission from Springer, from figure 1A of "Hepatozoon caimani Carini, 1909 (Adeleina: Hepatozoidae) in wild population of Caiman yacare Daudin, 1801 (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae), Pantanal, Brazil," Parasitology Research, vol. 116: 1907-1916 (2017).

FIGURE 4 in Internal anatomy of a brachyuran crab from a Late Cretaceous methane seep and an overview of internal soft tissues in fossil decapod crustaceans

FIGURE 4. MicroCT (µCT) scan results of the crab Secretanella sp. (ALMNH:Paleo:6522) from an upper Campanian methane seep limestone in Pennington County, South Dakota. The external surface of the crab is translucent to show the position of the preserved internal structures that the scan detected. Blue: cardiac stomach; yellow: esophagus; red: apodemes and mandibles. A, dorsal view. B, frontal view. C, right lateral view. D, closeup of dorsal view. E, closeup of frontal view. F, closeup of right lateral view. G, closeup of left lateral view.

FIGURE 3 in Internal anatomy of a brachyuran crab from a Late Cretaceous methane seep and an overview of internal soft tissues in fossil decapod crustaceans

FIGURE 3. Exposed gills of the crab Secretanella sp. (ALMNH:Paleo:6522) from an upper Campanian methane seep limestone in Pennington County, South Dakota and an interpretative drawing. 1-4: inferred number of gills;?af: possible afferent vessel.

FIGURE 1 in Internal anatomy of a brachyuran crab from a Late Cretaceous methane seep and an overview of internal soft tissues in fossil decapod crustaceans

FIGURE 1. Location of study area in South Dakota. A, paleobiogeographic map of most of North America during the Late Cretaceous (late Campanian) with the locality indicated by a red dot (modified from Sampson et al., 2010, figure 1). B, photo of the locality in Pennington County, South Dakota, USA, where the studied crab specimen was discovered. A massive limestone from the upper Campanian Didymoceras cheyennense ammonite Zone is located at the top of the hill on the right and many limestone pieces are found downslope.

FIGURE 2 in Internal anatomy of a brachyuran crab from a Late Cretaceous methane seep and an overview of internal soft tissues in fossil decapod crustaceans

FIGURE 2. The crab Secretanella sp. (ALMNH:Paleo:6522) from an upper Campanian methane seep limestone in Pennington County, South Dakota. A, carapace in dorsal view. B, closeups of the preserved gills in left branchial chamber. C, carapace in ventral view. D, carapace in frontal view.

FIGURE S3 in Internal anatomy of a brachyuran crab from a Late Cretaceous methane seep and an overview of internal soft tissues in fossil decapod crustaceans

FIGURE S3. Rotating illustration of the microCT (µCT) scan results of the crab Secretanella sp. (ALMNH:Paleo:6522) from an upper Campanian methane seep limestone in Pennington County, South Dakota. Blue: cardiac stomach; yellow: esophagus; red: apodemes and mandibles; purple-pink: possible anterior gastric muscles. See online version for rotation (https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2023/3973- soft-tissues-in-fossil-crab).

FIGURE 5 in Internal anatomy of a brachyuran crab from a Late Cretaceous methane seep and an overview of internal soft tissues in fossil decapod crustaceans

FIGURE 5. Rotating illustration (spin around the dorsal and ventral sides) of the microCT (µCT) scan results of the crab Secretanella sp. (ALMNH:Paleo:6522) from an upper Campanian methane seep limestone in Pennington County, South Dakota. Blue: cardiac stomach; yellow: esophagus; red: apodemes and mandibles. See online version for rotation (https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2023/3973-soft-tissues-in-fossil-crab).

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FIG. 1 Early pygostylian Sapeornis STM 15-15 shows faint soft-tissue details that A in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers

FIG. 1 Early pygostylian Sapeornis STM 15-15 shows faint soft-tissue details that A, under white light are vivid and B, under LSF, extensive.

Fig. 8 in An Early Triassic gladius associated with soft tissue remains from Idaho, USA-a squid-like coleoid cephalopod at the onset of Mesozoic Era

Fig. 8. Coleoid cephalopod Idahoteuthis parisiana Doguzhaeva and Brayard gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, UBGD 30545); middle Olenekian, Early Triassic; Idaho, USA. A. Canalicular cartilage of fin-supported structure. B–D. Cartilaginous mantle band-shape structure on dorsal side showing a canalicular type of cartilage.

Fig. 7 in An Early Triassic gladius associated with soft tissue remains from Idaho, USA-a squid-like coleoid cephalopod at the onset of Mesozoic Era

Fig. 7. Coleoid cephalopod Idahoteuthis parisiana Doguzhaeva and Brayard gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, UBGD 30545); middle Olenekian, Early Triassic; Idaho, USA; cartilaginous mantle band-shape structure on the dorsal side of soft body. Overview (A) and detail of analicular cartilage (B). Abbreviation: dcm, dorsal cartilaginous mantle.

Fig. 9 in An Early Triassic gladius associated with soft tissue remains from Idaho, USA-a squid-like coleoid cephalopod at the onset of Mesozoic Era

Fig. 9. Coleoid cephalopod Idahoteuthis parisiana Doguzhaeva and Brayard gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, UBGD 30545); middle Olenekian, Early Triassic; Idaho, USA; globular ultrastructure of non-biomineralized structures. A. Sheet-like patch of flooded ink (top) and soft tissue debris (bottom); a site of the geochemical analysis is marked with a square. B. Undetermined long soft tissue piece showing a micro-granular ultrastructure on the dorsal side of the soft body. C. Micro-laminated ultrastructure of the gladius. D. Undetermined non-biomineralized micro-laminated fragment from the stomach. E. A linear fragment of soft tissue on dorsal side of the body. F. Micro-globular ultrastructure. Abbreviations: i, ink sheet-like patch; sbt, soft body tissues; std, soft tissue debris.

Fig. 6 in An Early Triassic gladius associated with soft tissue remains from Idaho, USA-a squid-like coleoid cephalopod at the onset of Mesozoic Era

Fig. 6. Coleoid cephalopod Idahoteuthis parisiana Doguzhaeva and Brayard gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, UBGD 30545); middle Olenekian, Early Triassic; Idaho, USA; views on the canalicular structure of fin-supported cartilages (A–D).

Fig. 1. A in An Early Triassic gladius associated with soft tissue remains from Idaho, USA-a squid-like coleoid cephalopod at the onset of Mesozoic Era

Fig. 1. A. Palaeogeographic map of the western USA basin during the Early Triassic. B. Present-day location of the studied exposure. C. Synthetic stratigraphical and lithological succession of the Bear Lake area (after Romano et al. 2013) with position of the studied specimen. Ammonoid zonation after Jenks et al. (2013) and Jattiot et al. (2016). Stratigraphy follows the main units defined by Kummel (1954). Radiometric ages after Galfetti et al. (2007) and Burgess et al. (2014). Abbreviations: LL, Lower Limestone; LS,Lower Shale; ML, Middle Limestone; MS, Middle Shale; UCS, Upper Calcareous Siltstone.

Fig. 4 in An Early Triassic gladius associated with soft tissue remains from Idaho, USA-a squid-like coleoid cephalopod at the onset of Mesozoic Era

Fig. 4. Coleoid cephalopod Idahoteuthis parisiana Doguzhaeva and Brayard gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, UBGD 30545); middle Olenekian, Early Triassic; Idaho, USA; arm-hooks in the stomach. A. A well exposed arm-hook with deformed shaft and a broken distal end of the basement, tip not exposed; another arm-hook less visible and fractured. B. Three deformed arm-hooks. C. A deformed arm-hook showing a depression along the compressed shaft. Abbreviations: h, arm-hook; i, ink sheet-like patch.

Fig. 5 in An Early Triassic gladius associated with soft tissue remains from Idaho, USA-a squid-like coleoid cephalopod at the onset of Mesozoic Era

Fig. 5. Coleoid cephalopod Idahoteuthis parisiana Doguzhaeva and Brayard gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, UBGD 30545); middle Olenekian, Early Triassic; Idaho, USA; fin-supported cartilages. The surfaces of fractured cartilages (A–C), outer surface (D). Abbreviation: f, fin.

Fig. 3 in An Early Triassic gladius associated with soft tissue remains from Idaho, USA-a squid-like coleoid cephalopod at the onset of Mesozoic Era

Fig. 3. Coleoid cephalopod Idahoteuthis parisiana Doguzhaeva and Brayard gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, UBGD 30545); middle Olenekian, Early Triassic; Idaho, USA; a folded tapered anterior part of the gladius with a rachis, and narrow median and acute left and right lateral fields. Abbreviations: lf, left lateral field; mf, median field; rf, right lateral field; sbr, soft body remains.