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68 results for “Soil ecology”
Data for article Pesticide seed dressings can affect the activity of various soil organisms and reduce decomposition rate of plant material, BMC Ecology
<p>Raw data for article "Pesticide seed dressings can affect the activity of various soil organisms and reduce decomposition rate of plant material" published in BMC Ecology</p>
Data from: New perspectives on soil animal trophic ecology through the lens of C and N stable isotope ratios of oribatid mites
<p>Knowledge of the trophic ecology of soil animals is important for understanding their high alpha diversity as well as their functional role in soil food webs and systems. In the last 20 years, the analysis of natural variations in stable isotope ratios (<sup>15</sup>N/<sup>14</sup>N, <sup>13</sup>C/<sup>12</sup>C) has revolutionized our view on soil animal trophic ecology. Here, we review the state of the art of the trophic ecology of a highly abundant and diverse soil animal taxon, oribatid mites (Oribatida), investigated by stable isotope analyses. The review is based on 25 papers reporting stable isotope data of 292 oribatid mite taxa from 30 different sites. Four main findings emerged. (1) Oribatid mites cluster into six trophic groups, i.e. moss feeders, lichen feeders, primary decomposers, fungal feeders/secondary decomposers, predators/scavengers and marine algal feeders, plus one additional group, which incorporates CaCO<sub>3</sub> in their cuticle for defence but still belongs to the fungal feeders/secondary decomposers group. (2) Of the 292 species studied 43.7% were classified as fungal feeders/secondary decomposers, 27.0% as primary decomposers and 15.7% as predators/scavengers, only few species include CaCO<sub>3</sub> into their skeleton (6.1%), feed on lichens (4.9%), mosses (2.1%) or marine algae (0.7%). (3) In about one-third of the species studied the trophic niche was constant or varied little between sites or habitats, but in two-thirds of the species, their trophic niche varied between habitats, with some species even shifting trophic levels, indicating trophic plasticity. (4) When aggregated at higher taxonomic level oribatid mite species clustered in only three instead of six trophic groups. This indicates that species within the same high-level taxon often belong to different trophic groups, for example, because feeding habits evolved convergently. Therefore, to accurately reflect the trophic ecology of oribatid mites their stable isotope signatures need to be analysed at the species level. However, stable isotope analyses also have limitations, e.g. feeding on bacteria and fungi cannot be separated, and the same is true for feeding on ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Other methods such as fatty acid, amino acid and molecular gut content analyses as well as microbiome analyses may complement stable isotope studies and resolve oribatid mite trophic niche differentiation at a higher resolution. This will contribute to a better understanding of the local coexistence of large numbers of species in soil. Finally, we provide perspectives on how to integrate microarthropods into soil food webs using stable isotope and other methods allowing deeper insight into their<br>trophic structure.</p>
Data from: Severity of topsoil compaction controls the impact of skid trails on soil ecological processes
<p>Skid trails are a major management-induced disturbance in temperate forest ecosystems with considerable impact on soil ecological processes that are so far poorly understood. In German forests, skid trails comprise 10 – 20 % of the forest area that is potentially affected by soil compaction through heavy machinery. We systematically investigated the influence of skid trails on physical, chemical, and microbiological soil parameters at 84 paired plots across four Central European forest types. In low mountain forests with steeper topography, skid trails had more drastic effects than in lowland forests. Skid trails in low mountain areas showed a decrease in the C to N ratio of microbial biomass (MBC/MBN), as well as increased microbial (MBC/SOC) and enzyme activities leading to faster carbon turnover (lower C/N, EOC/EN) and increased CO<sub>2</sub> losses (CO<sub>2</sub>/SOC) from the soil. The overall effects of the skid trails in lowland forests were small. On base-poor soils, we found an increase in the MBC/MBN ratio, while skid trails in base-rich lowland soils showed a reduction in CO<sub>2</sub>/SOC, suggesting a proportional increase in soil carbon storage. Regardless of region-specific effects, the relative increase in the bulk density of the fine soil was identified as a 'golden trait' that determined the effects of skid trails on many soil parameters, as shown by negative correlations with SOC, N, MBC, MBN, MBP, MBC/SOC and CO<sub>2</sub>/SOC and positive ones with the activities of certain hydrolytic enzymes.</p> <p>Synthesis and Applications: Our data clearly showed that carbon conversion processes and soil respiration leading to significant carbon and nutrient losses increased significantly on skid trails in low mountain regions with relatively steep slopes, which was in sharp contrast to lowland sites. The strong context dependence of our findings suggests that the mapping of soil conditions in terms of slope, substrate and moisture with high spatial resolution is mandatory to assess the vulnerability of sites to soil compaction by heavy machinery. Based on such vulnerability analysis, negative impacts can be minimized through the designation of permanently fixed skid trails, the technical adaptation of vehicles (e.g., wide base tyres) as well as careful planning and timing of management operations that should be restricted to dry weather and soil moisture conditions or periods of frost.</p>
Fig. 3 in Ecology of Soil Eumycetozoans Review paper
Fig. 3. Plasmodium of a myxomycete (photo by Randy Darrah). Scale bar: 25 mm.
Data for: Vegetation and soil ecology of threatened Himalayan Trillium habitats in Kashmir, Himalaya
<p>Understanding the vegetation and soil ecology of natural habitats harbouring threatened species is critical in conservation planning and restoration. The present study investigated the vegetation composition and soil physico-chemical attributes of natural habitats of <em>Trillium govanianum</em> – a threatened Himalayan endemic species. We laid 120 quadrats across eight randomly selected sites where the species was growing in the Kashmir Himalaya. We collected the soil samples from these sites and determined soil physico-chemical attributes using standard methods. Across all the sites, we found a total of 57 plant species with dominance of Rosaceae and Ranunculaceae. The IVI results revealed that <em>Fragaria nubicola</em>, <em>Corydalis diphylla</em>, <em>Galium aparine</em>, and <em>Leucanthemum vulgare</em>, were the dominant species in <em>T. govanianum</em> communities. The density, abundance and IVI of 3-leaf vegetative plants was higher than 1-leaf vegetative and 3-leaf reproductive plants across all the study sites. We found that T. govanianum alone forms 23.5 % positive, 0 negative, 76.4% random co-occurrences with other associated species in its community. Our results reveal that the variations in vegetation composition among the sites was influenced by differences in soil properties. Principal component analysis revealed that several soil parameters such as organic carbon, nitrogen, potassium, and sulphur were concentrated in five sites, namely Dara, Drung, Bangus, Gulmarg, and Doodhpathri, which also showed the highest density, frequency, and abundance of <em>T. govanianum</em>. Overall, our study contributes quantitative information on the vegetation and soil ecology of <em>T. govanianum</em>-assemblages, which in turn can help in developing conservation strategies for this threatened species, and its sustainable management and habitat restoration.</p>
Data for: Vegetation and soil ecology of threatened Himalayan Trillium habitats in Kashmir, Himalaya
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Data from: Severity of topsoil compaction controls the impact of skid trails on soil ecological processes
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Spatial patterns and ecological drivers of soil nematode β-diversity in natural grasslands vary among vegetation types and trophic position
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Data from: New perspectives on soil animal trophic ecology through the lens of C and N stable isotope ratios of oribatid mites
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Data from: The impact of elevated temperature and drought on the ecology and evolution of plant-soil microbe interactions
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Reconciling plant and microbial ecological strategies to elucidate cover crop effects on soil carbon and nitrogen cycling
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Ecological Effects of Prescribed Fire on Soils in a Chihuahuan Desert Grassland at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico (2003)
Fire resulting from natural ignition has become a more common event on the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) since the exclusion of domesticated livestock. Efforts to return fire to the native landscape has resulted in the use of prescribed fire during periods that meet burn prescriptions. A prescribed fire was performed on the Sevilleta NWR in June 2003. Among the measured site and burn characteristics that were measure, this project sampled soils before and after the fire from 5 previously-sampled locations that were burned in June 2003 and from 5 newly established locations that served as controls. The controls were within an area that was sampled between 1989 and 1996 for similar properties measured in this study and had previously been tested to be similar to the locations burned in 2003. The soil properties that are repeatedly measured at the burn and control locations include: field water content; water-holding capacity; organic matter; field extractable nitrate and ammonium; and potentially mineralizable nitrogen.
Data from: Changes in soil microbial communities in post mine ecological restoration: implications for monitoring using high throughput DNA sequencing
<p>The ecological restoration of ecosystem services and biodiversity is a key intervention used to reverse the impacts of anthropogenic activities such as mining. Assessment of the performance of restoration against completion criteria relies on biodiversity monitoring. However, monitoring usually overlooks soil microbial communities (SMC), despite increased awareness of their pivotal role in many ecological functions. Recent advances in cost, scalability and technology has led to DNA sequencing being considered as a cost-effective biological monitoring tool, particularly for otherwise difficult to survey groups such as microbes. However, such approaches for monitoring complex restoration sites such as post-mined landscapes have not yet been tested. Here we examine bacterial and fungal communities across chronosequences of mine site restoration at three locations in Western Australia to determine if there are consistent changes in SMC diversity, community composition and functional capacity. Although we detected directional changes in community composition indicative of microbial recovery, these were inconsistent between locations and microbial taxa (bacteria or fungi). Assessing functional diversity provided greater understanding of changes in site conditions and microbial recovery than could be determined through assessment of community composition alone. These results demonstrate that <span>high-throughput amplicon sequencing of environmental DNA (eDNA)</span> is an effective approach for monitoring the complex changes in SMC following restoration. Future monitoring of mine site restoration using eDNA should consider archiving samples to provide improved understanding of changes in communities over time. Expansion to include other biological groups (e.g. soil fauna) and substrates would also provide a more holistic understanding of biodiversity recovery. </p>
Data from "Removal of grazers alters the response of tundra soil carbon to warming and enhanced nitrogen availability", Ecological Monograps in October 2019
<p>Here we present the data used in the manuscript "<em>Removal of grazers alters the response of tundra soil carbon to warming and enhanced nitrogen availability</em>", Ecological Monograps, Early view in October 2019 by H. Ylänne, E. Kaarlejärvi, M. Väisänen, M. K. Männistö, S. H. K. Ahonen, J. Olofsson & S. Stark. In this paper we studied, how five years of experimental warming and increased soil nitrogen availability interact with both long- and short-term differences in grazing intensity in shaping ecosystem carbon stocks and the processes underlying the changes. We used an over 50-year-old reindeer fence that separates a lightly grazed shrub-dominated tundra from a heavily grazed graminoid-dominated tundra, where the different grazing histories on the two sides of the fences have created different ecosystem states. In addition to the long-term grazing difference, we also established short-term grazer exclosures on the heavily grazed side of the fence to account for the effect of a sudden grazing cessation.</p> <p>This file includes data of ecosystem carbon stocks, soil properties, and fungal and bacterial copy numbers. It also provides data on development of the vegetation through the course of the experiment (2010-2014) and presents the activities of six extracellular enzymes measured on three occasions in 2013.</p>
Data from: Evidence for ecological divergence across a mosaic of soil types in an Amazonian tropical tree: Protium subserratum (Burseraceae)
Soil gradients are known to be an important driver of divergent natural selection in plant populations. Neotropical trees have the highest diversity on earth and it is not uncommon to find soil specialist congeners distributed parapatrically. Nevertheless very little is known about the role that edaphic heterogeneity plays in the origin and maintenance of tropical tree diversity. We predict that the mosaic of different soils in the lowland Amazon rainforest play a major role in generating and maintaining genetic variation in tropical tree populations through ecological divergence. This study examines genetic and morphological differentiation in the tropical tree Protium subserratum populations growing on the mosaic of white-sand, brown-sand and clay soil types distributed parapatrically throughout the western Amazon basin. We use nuclear microsatellites and vegetative characters to answer four major questions: (1) Are populations phenotypically and genetically differentiated across all three habitat types? (2) Can we detect a signature of natural selection over drift divergence among populations on different soil types? (3) What is the extent of hybridization and introgression across habitat types? (4) What is the relative importance of spatial distance and soil type in structuring P. subserratum tree populations and influencing migration rates among populations? We found significant morphological variation in populations across the three soil types. Higher levels of genetic differentiation and lower levels of gene flow were observed between adjacent populations found on different soil types than between geographically distant populations on the same soil type. Comparisons of phenotypic and neutral genetic variation among soil specialist populations suggest a role for natural selection in population divergence and a small number of hybrid individuals were detected between soil ecotypes showing that gene flow among populations may be occurring at a low frequency. Our results suggest that edaphic specialization in P. subserratum populations has occurred across multiple soil boundaries. While we cannot discern which factors caused initial divergence our results do suggest that natural selection is plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of populations across ecological boundaries and that edaphic specialization may be a general mechanism that promotes and maintains Amazonian tree diversity.
Data from: Phylogenetic community ecology of soil biodiversity using mitochondrial metagenomics
High-throughput DNA methods hold great promise for the study of taxonomically intractable mesofauna of the soil. Here, we assess species diversity and community structure in a phylogenetic framework, by sequencing total DNA from bulk specimen samples and assembly of mitochondrial genomes. The combination of mitochondrial metagenomics and DNA barcode sequencing of 1494 specimens in 69 soil samples from three geographic regions in southern Iberia revealed >300 species of soil Coleoptera (beetles) from a broad spectrum of phylogenetic lineages. A set of 214 mitochondrial sequences longer than 3000 bp was generated and used to estimate a well-supported phylogenetic tree of the order Coleoptera. Shorter sequences, including cox1 barcodes, were placed on this mitogenomic tree. Raw Illumina reads were mapped against all available sequences to test for species present in local samples. This approach simultaneously established the species richness, phylogenetic composition and community turnover at species and phylogenetic levels. We find a strong signature of vertical structuring in soil fauna that shows high local community differentiation between deep soil and superficial horizons at phylogenetic levels. Within the two vertical layers, turnover among regions was primarily at the tip (species) level and was stronger in the deep soil than leaf litter communities, pointing to layer-mediated drivers determining species diversification, spatial structure and evolutionary assembly of soil communities. This integrated phylogenetic framework opens the application of phylogenetic community ecology to the mesofauna of the soil, among the most diverse and least well-understood ecosystems, and will propel both theoretical and applied soil science.
Data from: Changes in soil microbial communities in post mine ecological restoration: implications for monitoring using high throughput DNA sequencing
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Data from: How do soil microorganisms respond to N, P and NP additions? Application of the ecological framework of (co‐)limitation by multiple resources
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Data from "Removal of grazers alters the response of tundra soil carbon to warming and enhanced nitrogen availability", Ecological Monograps in October 2019
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Data from: Phylogenetic community ecology of soil biodiversity using mitochondrial metagenomics
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