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Raw data: High-throughput screening of soybean di-nitrogen fixation and seed nitrogen content using spectral sensing

<p>Symbiotic di-nitrogen fixation of grain legumes has a substantial impact on crop performance, harvest product quality, and nitrogen (N) balance of crop rotations, particularly under organic management regimes. In soybean breeding, selection for increased nitrogen fixation is desirable for improving seed protein content and N balance of cropping systems. However, the lack of high-throughput screening methods for direct measurement of N 2 fixation rates prohibits practical breeding efforts. Therefore, hyperspectral canopy reflectance measurement as a field-based phenotyping method was evaluated in three environments for indirect estimation of N fixation and uptake of soil nitrogen in a set of early maturity soybean genotypes exhibiting a wide range in seed protein content. Reflectance spectra were collected in repeated measurements during flowering and early seed filling stages. Subsequently, various spectral reflectance indices (SRIs) were calculated for characterizing nitrogen accumulation of individual genotypes. Moreover, prediction models for seed protein content as an end-of-season target trait were developed utilizing full spectral information in partial-least-square regression (PLSR) models. A number of N-related SRIs calculated from spectral reflectance data recorded at the beginning of the seed filling stage were significantly correlated to seed protein content. The best prediction of seed protein content, however, was achieved in PLSR models (validation R 2 =0.805 across all three environments). Environments lower in initial soil mineral N content appeared as more favorable selection sites in terms of prediction accuracy, because N fixation is not masked by soil N uptake in such environments. Hyperspectral reflectance data proved to be a valuable method for determining genetic variation in crop N accumulation, which might be implemented in high-throughput screening protocols for N fixation in plant breeding programs.</p>

Рис. 9. Связь межΔу чисΛенностью и проΔуктивностью самок Heterodera glycines Fig. 9. Relationship between the number and productivity of Heterodera glycines females in Reproductive potential of Soybean Cyst Nematode Heterodera glycines - quarantine pest of soybean - in Primorsky Region conditions

Рис. 9. Связь межΔу чисΛенностью и проΔуктивностью самок Heterodera glycines Fig. 9. Relationship between the number and productivity of Heterodera glycines females

Рис. 7. Сезонная Δинамика соΔержимого цист H. glycines Fig. 7. Seasonal dynamics of H. glycines cysts content in Reproductive potential of Soybean Cyst Nematode Heterodera glycines - quarantine pest of soybean - in Primorsky Region conditions

Рис. 7. Сезонная Δинамика соΔержимого цист H. glycines Fig. 7. Seasonal dynamics of H. glycines cysts content

Рис. 6. Изменение ΔоΛи цист Heterodera glycines разных цветовых групп на протяжении сезона размножения. ГраΔации цвета цист: 1 — моΛочный, 2 — жеΛто- и светΛо-коричневый, 3 — коричневый, 4 — каштановый и темно-коричневый in Reproductive potential of Soybean Cyst Nematode Heterodera glycines - quarantine pest of soybean - in Primorsky Region conditions

Рис. 6. Изменение ΔоΛи цист Heterodera glycines разных цветовых групп на протяжении сезона размножения. ГраΔации цвета цист: 1 — моΛочный, 2 — жеΛто- и светΛо-коричневый, 3 — коричневый, 4 — каштановый и темно-коричневый

Рис. 10. РаспреΔеΛение обсΛеΔованных поΛей в иссΛеΔуемом регионе по степени засоренности Fig. 10. Distribution of the surveyed fields in the studied region by the degree of field weediness in Reproductive potential of Soybean Cyst Nematode Heterodera glycines - quarantine pest of soybean - in Primorsky Region conditions

Рис. 10. РаспреΔеΛение обсΛеΔованных поΛей в иссΛеΔуемом регионе по степени засоренности Fig. 10. Distribution of the surveyed fields in the studied region by the degree of field weediness

Рис. 1. Àинамика посевных пΛощаΔей сои в Приморском крае в 1996–2018 гг. (по Δанным Àепартамента сеΛьского хозяйства и проΔовоΛьствия Приморского края) Fig. 1. The dynamic of soybean crop area at Primorsky Region in 1996–2018 (based on data from the Department of Agriculture and provision of the Primorsky Region) in Reproductive potential of Soybean Cyst Nematode Heterodera glycines - quarantine pest of soybean - in Primorsky Region conditions

Рис. 1. Àинамика посевных пΛощаΔей сои в Приморском крае в 1996–2018 гг. (по Δанным Àепартамента сеΛьского хозяйства и проΔовоΛьствия Приморского края) Fig. 1. The dynamic of soybean crop area at Primorsky Region in 1996–2018 (based on data from the Department of Agriculture and provision of the Primorsky Region)

Рис. 5. Зависимость межΔу цветом и размером цист Heterodera glycines. ГраΔации цвета цист: 1 — моΛочный, 2 — жеΛтый и светΛо-коричневый, 3 — коричневый, 4 — каштановый, 5 — темно-коричневый. Размер цист — в баΛΛах Fig. 5. Relationship between the color and size of Heterodera glycines cysts. Color gradations of cysts: 1 — milky, 2 — yellow and light brown, 3 — brown, 4 — chestnut, 5 — dark brown. The size of cysts — in classes in Reproductive potential of Soybean Cyst Nematode Heterodera glycines - quarantine pest of soybean - in Primorsky Region conditions

Рис. 5. Зависимость межΔу цветом и размером цист Heterodera glycines. ГраΔации цвета цист: 1 — моΛочный, 2 — жеΛтый и светΛо-коричневый, 3 — коричневый, 4 — каштановый, 5 — темно-коричневый. Размер цист — в баΛΛах Fig. 5. Relationship between the color and size of Heterodera glycines cysts. Color gradations of cysts: 1 — milky, 2 — yellow and light brown, 3 — brown, 4 — chestnut, 5 — dark brown. The size of cysts — in classes

Рис. 8. Изменение жизнеспособности цист Heterodera glycines на протяжении сезона размножения Fig. 8. Changes in the viability of Heterodera glycines cysts during the breeding season in Reproductive potential of Soybean Cyst Nematode Heterodera glycines - quarantine pest of soybean - in Primorsky Region conditions

Рис. 8. Изменение жизнеспособности цист Heterodera glycines на протяжении сезона размножения Fig. 8. Changes in the viability of Heterodera glycines cysts during the breeding season

Рис. 4. Сезонная Δинамика размеров цист Heterodera glycines и чисΛа яиц в них. Размер цист в баΛΛах: 1 — меΛкие, 2 — среΔние, 3 — крупные Fig. 4. Seasonal dynamics of the size of Heterodera glycines cysts and the number of eggs in them. The size of cysts in classes: 1 — small, 2 — medium, 3 — large in Reproductive potential of Soybean Cyst Nematode Heterodera glycines - quarantine pest of soybean - in Primorsky Region conditions

Рис. 4. Сезонная Δинамика размеров цист Heterodera glycines и чисΛа яиц в них. Размер цист в баΛΛах: 1 — меΛкие, 2 — среΔние, 3 — крупные Fig. 4. Seasonal dynamics of the size of Heterodera glycines cysts and the number of eggs in them. The size of cysts in classes: 1 — small, 2 — medium, 3 — large

Рис. 11. Зависимость чисΛенности Heterodera glycines от засоренности поΛей Fig. 11. Dependence of the number of Heterodera glycines on the field weediness in Reproductive potential of Soybean Cyst Nematode Heterodera glycines - quarantine pest of soybean - in Primorsky Region conditions

Рис. 11. Зависимость чисΛенности Heterodera glycines от засоренности поΛей Fig. 11. Dependence of the number of Heterodera glycines on the field weediness

Fig. 6 in Reproductive potential of Soybean Cyst Nematode Heterodera glycines - quarantine pest of soybean - in Primorsky Region conditions

Fig. 6. Changes in the proportion of Heterodera glycines cysts of different color groups during the breeding season. Color gradations of cysts: 1 — milk, 2 — yellow and light brown, 3 — brown, 4 — chestnut and dark brown

Рис. 3. ЧисΛо яиц в цистах Heterodera glycines разных размерных групп в 2018 и 2019 гг. Fig. 3. Number of eggs in cysts of Heterodera glycines of different size groups in 2018 and 2019 in Reproductive potential of Soybean Cyst Nematode Heterodera glycines - quarantine pest of soybean - in Primorsky Region conditions

Рис. 3. ЧисΛо яиц в цистах Heterodera glycines разных размерных групп в 2018 и 2019 гг. Fig. 3. Number of eggs in cysts of Heterodera glycines of different size groups in 2018 and 2019

Рис. 2. РаспреΔеΛение среΔних почвенных образцов по коΛичеству жизнеспособных цист Heterodera glycines Fig. 2. Distribution of average soil samples by the number of viable cysts of Heterodera glycines in Reproductive potential of Soybean Cyst Nematode Heterodera glycines - quarantine pest of soybean - in Primorsky Region conditions

Рис. 2. РаспреΔеΛение среΔних почвенных образцов по коΛичеству жизнеспособных цист Heterodera glycines Fig. 2. Distribution of average soil samples by the number of viable cysts of Heterodera glycines

Figure 7 in High seeding rates, interrow mowing, and electrocution for weed management in organic no-till planted soybean

Figure 7. Annual, perennial, dicot, and monocot weed biomass in each weed management treatment pooled across fields. Similar letters above bars indicate no significant difference using separate Fisher's LSD tests (P> 0.05). Error bars are standard errors, and treatments are abbreviated: NC, nontreated control; SR, seeding rate; IM, interrow mower; WZ, Weed Zapper™.

Figure 6 in High seeding rates, interrow mowing, and electrocution for weed management in organic no-till planted soybean

Figure 6. Diversity indices of weed communities for all treatments. Weed by species biomass was pooled across fields.Similar letters above bars indicate no significant difference using separate Fisher's LSD tests (P> 0.05).Error bars are standard errors and treatments are abbreviated:NC,nontreated control; SR,seeding rate; IM, interrow mower;WZ,Weed Zapper™.

Figure 5 in High seeding rates, interrow mowing, and electrocution for weed management in organic no-till planted soybean

Figure 5. Weed biomass in each weed management treatment pooled across all site-years.Biomass was sampled in mid-August after all management tactics had been applied. Similar letters above bars indicate no significant difference using Fisher's LSD test (P> 0.05). Error bars are standard errors, and treatments are abbreviated: NC, nontreated control; SR, seeding rate; IM, interrow mower; WZ, Weed Zapper™.

Figure 4 in High seeding rates, interrow mowing, and electrocution for weed management in organic no-till planted soybean

Figure 4. Soybean density in August after all weed management treatments were applied. Data were pooled across all site-years. Similar letters above bars indicate no significant difference using Fisher's LSD test (P> 0.05). Error bars are standard errors, and treatments are abbreviated: NC, nontreated control; SR, seeding rate; IM, interrow mower; WZ, Weed Zapper™.

Figure 8 in High seeding rates, interrow mowing, and electrocution for weed management in organic no-till planted soybean

Figure 8. Soybean yield from each weed management treatment pooled across fields. Yield is dry weight corrected to 13% moisture. Similar letters above bars indicate no significant difference using Fisher's LSD test (P> 0.05). Error bars are standard errors, and treatments are abbreviated: NC, nontreated control; SR, seeding rate; IM, interrow mower; WZ, Weed Zapper™.

Figure 1 in High seeding rates, interrow mowing, and electrocution for weed management in organic no-till planted soybean

Figure 1. The interrow mower used in this experiment, attached to a John DeereṜ 5100R tractor with a three-point hitch. The mower is powered with a hydraulic system and was custom made by IRM X4, R-Tech Industries (Homewood, MB, Canada).

Figure 2. The model 6R30 in High seeding rates, interrow mowing, and electrocution for weed management in organic no-till planted soybean

Figure 2. The model 6R30 Weed Zapper™ used in this experiment. The generator is attached to the back of a John DeereṜ 5100R tractor with a three-point hitch. The 4.6-m electric copper boom is attached to the front of the tractor with a three-point hitch. The Weed Zapper™ was purchased from Old School Manufacturing (Sedalia, MO, USA).