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Global Pasture Watch - Annual grassland class and extent maps at 30-m spatial resolution (2000—2024)

<h2>Sub-dataset: Dominant grassland class, 2009-2011</h2> <h2>Description</h2> Global annual grassland class and extent for 2000—2024 produced by <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-04139-6">Parente et al. (2024)</a> within the scope of the <a href="https://landcarbonlab.org/data/global-grassland-and-livestock-monitoring/">Global Pasture Watch initiative</a>. The mapped grassland extent includes any land cover type, which contains at least 30% of dry or wet low vegetation, dominated by grasses and forbs (less than 3 meters) and a: <ul> <li>maximum of 50% tree canopy cover (greater than 5 meters),</li> <li>maximum of 70% of other woody vegetation (scrubs and open shrubland), and</li> <li>maximum of 50% active cropland cover in mosaic landscapes of cropland & other vegetation.</li> </ul> The grassland extent is classified into two classes: <ul> <li>Cultivated grassland: Areas where grasses and other forage plants have been intentionally planted and managed, as well as areas of native grassland-type vegetation where they clearly exhibit active and 'heavy' management for specific human-directed uses, such as directed grazing of livestock.</li> <li>Natural/semi-natural grassland: Relatively undisturbed native grasslands/short-height vegetation, such as steppes and tundra, as well as areas that have experienced varying degrees of human activity in the past, which may contain a mix of native and introduced species due to historical land use and natural processes. In general, they exhibit natural-looking patterns of varied vegetation and clearly ordered hydrological relationships throughout the landscape.</li> <li>Open shrubland (v2-beta): Land on which the vegetation is dominated by low-growing woody plants, characterized by a sparse distribution of shrubs and dominated by woody perennials. Typically covers 50—75% of the area, with significant open ground (with or without herbaceous understory) between them, where shrub canopies are less than 10 meters in diameter, and tree cover is below 10%, meaning they do not form a continuous or semi-continuous canopy.</li> </ul> The dataset is organized in 69 global mosaics (25 years for each time series) in COG (Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF) format, WGS84 Coordinate Systems (EPSG:4326) and pixel size equal to 0.00025 degrees, including: <ul> <li>Probabilities of cultivated grassland (values range from 0–100),</li> <li>Probabilities of natural/semi-natural grassland (values range from 0–100), and</li> <li>Probabilities of open shrubland (values range from 0–100), and</li> <li>Dominant class (0-other land cover, 1-cultivated grassland and 2-natural/semi-natural grassland, 3-open shrubland).</li> </ul> All raster files are in unsigned <code>8-bit integer format</code> and use <code>255</code> as no-data value (pixels ignored by prediction), following an specific naming convention: <ol> <li>Project name: Global Pasture Watch (<code>gpw</code>)</li> <li>Class name: cultivated grassland (<code>cultiv.grassland</code>), natural/semi-natural grassland (<code>nat.semi.grassland</code>), open shrubland (<code>open.shrubland</code>)  and dominant grassland (<code>grassland</code>)</li> <li>Procedure combination: Random Forest (<code>rf</code>), median filter (med.filt) and balanced threshold (<code>bthr</code>).</li> <li>Variable type: probability (<code>p</code>) and factor class (<code>c</code>)</li> <li>Spatial resolution: 30m</li> <li>Begin of time reference: date of first Landsat composite used by the modeling (<code>20240101</code>)</li> <li>End of time reference: date of last Landsat composite used by the modeling (<code>20241231</code>)</li> <li>Spatial extent: global (<code>go</code>)</li> <li>Coordinate system: World Geodetic System 1984, used in GPS (<code>epsg.4326</code>)</li> <li>Version: v2</li> </ol> <h3>Related resources</h3> <ul> <li>Maps of dominant grassland: <a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15646181">2000-2002</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15644486"> 2003-2005</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15644623"> 2006-2008</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15647042"> 2009-2011</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15647681"> 2012-2014</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15648306"> 2015-2017</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15648551"> 2018-2020</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15648751"> 2021-2023</a> <a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15649332">2024</a></li> <li>Probability maps of cultivated grassland: <a href="https://zenodo.org/records/13890401/files/ggc-30m.csv?download=1">2000-2024 (All URLs)</a></li> <li>Probability maps of natural/semi-natural grassland: <a href="https://zenodo.org/records/13890401/files/ggc-30m.csv?download=1">2000-2024 (All URLs)</a></li> <li> <div>Grassland reference samples based on VHR imagery (2000–2024): <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15631655">GeoPackage files</a></div> </li> <li>Global machine learning models (Random Forest): <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13952806">Parquet and joblib python files</a></li> <li>Reference sampling design derived by FSCV: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11391517">GeoPackage and raster files</a></li> <li>Harmonized reference samples based on existing LULC dataset: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13951976">GeoPackage and raster files</a></li> <li>Source code for reproducibility: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13952867">GitHub release</a> </li> <li>Mapping feedback tool: <a href="https://geo-wiki.org">GeoWiki</a></li> <li>Data catalogues: <a href="https://stac.openlandmap.org/gpw_ggc-30m/collection.json?.language=en">OpenLandMap STAC</a> <a href="https://global-pasture-watch.projects.earthengine.app/view/ggc-30m">Google Earth Engine</a></li> </ul> Support For questions of bugs/inconsistencies related to the dataset raise a GitHub issue in <a href="https://github.com/wri/global-pasture-watch">https://github.com/wri/global-pasture-watch</a>

Global Pasture Watch - Annual grassland class and extent maps at 30-m spatial resolution (2000—2024)

<h2>Sub-dataset: Dominant grassland class, 2012-2014</h2> <h2>Description</h2> Global annual grassland class and extent for 2000—2024 produced by <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-04139-6">Parente et al. (2024)</a> within the scope of the <a href="https://landcarbonlab.org/data/global-grassland-and-livestock-monitoring/">Global Pasture Watch initiative</a>. The mapped grassland extent includes any land cover type, which contains at least 30% of dry or wet low vegetation, dominated by grasses and forbs (less than 3 meters) and a: <ul> <li>maximum of 50% tree canopy cover (greater than 5 meters),</li> <li>maximum of 70% of other woody vegetation (scrubs and open shrubland), and</li> <li>maximum of 50% active cropland cover in mosaic landscapes of cropland & other vegetation.</li> </ul> The grassland extent is classified into two classes: <ul> <li>Cultivated grassland: Areas where grasses and other forage plants have been intentionally planted and managed, as well as areas of native grassland-type vegetation where they clearly exhibit active and 'heavy' management for specific human-directed uses, such as directed grazing of livestock.</li> <li>Natural/semi-natural grassland: Relatively undisturbed native grasslands/short-height vegetation, such as steppes and tundra, as well as areas that have experienced varying degrees of human activity in the past, which may contain a mix of native and introduced species due to historical land use and natural processes. In general, they exhibit natural-looking patterns of varied vegetation and clearly ordered hydrological relationships throughout the landscape.</li> <li>Open shrubland (v2-beta): Land on which the vegetation is dominated by low-growing woody plants, characterized by a sparse distribution of shrubs and dominated by woody perennials. Typically covers 50—75% of the area, with significant open ground (with or without herbaceous understory) between them, where shrub canopies are less than 10 meters in diameter, and tree cover is below 10%, meaning they do not form a continuous or semi-continuous canopy.</li> </ul> The dataset is organized in 69 global mosaics (25 years for each time series) in COG (Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF) format, WGS84 Coordinate Systems (EPSG:4326) and pixel size equal to 0.00025 degrees, including: <ul> <li>Probabilities of cultivated grassland (values range from 0–100),</li> <li>Probabilities of natural/semi-natural grassland (values range from 0–100), and</li> <li>Probabilities of open shrubland (values range from 0–100), and</li> <li>Dominant class (0-other land cover, 1-cultivated grassland and 2-natural/semi-natural grassland, 3-open shrubland).</li> </ul> All raster files are in unsigned <code>8-bit integer format</code> and use <code>255</code> as no-data value (pixels ignored by prediction), following an specific naming convention: <ol> <li>Project name: Global Pasture Watch (<code>gpw</code>)</li> <li>Class name: cultivated grassland (<code>cultiv.grassland</code>), natural/semi-natural grassland (<code>nat.semi.grassland</code>), open shrubland (<code>open.shrubland</code>)  and dominant grassland (<code>grassland</code>)</li> <li>Procedure combination: Random Forest (<code>rf</code>), median filter (med.filt) and balanced threshold (<code>bthr</code>).</li> <li>Variable type: probability (<code>p</code>) and factor class (<code>c</code>)</li> <li>Spatial resolution: 30m</li> <li>Begin of time reference: date of first Landsat composite used by the modeling (<code>20240101</code>)</li> <li>End of time reference: date of last Landsat composite used by the modeling (<code>20241231</code>)</li> <li>Spatial extent: global (<code>go</code>)</li> <li>Coordinate system: World Geodetic System 1984, used in GPS (<code>epsg.4326</code>)</li> <li>Version: v2</li> </ol> <h3>Related resources</h3> <ul> <li>Maps of dominant grassland: <a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15646181">2000-2002</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15644486"> 2003-2005</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15644623"> 2006-2008</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15647042"> 2009-2011</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15647681"> 2012-2014</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15648306"> 2015-2017</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15648551"> 2018-2020</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15648751"> 2021-2023</a> <a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15649332">2024</a></li> <li>Probability maps of cultivated grassland: <a href="https://zenodo.org/records/13890401/files/ggc-30m.csv?download=1">2000-2024 (All URLs)</a></li> <li>Probability maps of natural/semi-natural grassland: <a href="https://zenodo.org/records/13890401/files/ggc-30m.csv?download=1">2000-2024 (All URLs)</a></li> <li> <div>Grassland reference samples based on VHR imagery (2000–2024): <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15631655">GeoPackage files</a></div> </li> <li>Global machine learning models (Random Forest): <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13952806">Parquet and joblib python files</a></li> <li>Reference sampling design derived by FSCV: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11391517">GeoPackage and raster files</a></li> <li>Harmonized reference samples based on existing LULC dataset: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13951976">GeoPackage and raster files</a></li> <li>Source code for reproducibility: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13952867">GitHub release</a> </li> <li>Mapping feedback tool: <a href="https://geo-wiki.org">GeoWiki</a></li> <li>Data catalogues: <a href="https://stac.openlandmap.org/gpw_ggc-30m/collection.json?.language=en">OpenLandMap STAC</a> <a href="https://global-pasture-watch.projects.earthengine.app/view/ggc-30m">Google Earth Engine</a></li> </ul> Support For questions of bugs/inconsistencies related to the dataset raise a GitHub issue in <a href="https://github.com/wri/global-pasture-watch">https://github.com/wri/global-pasture-watch</a>

Global Pasture Watch - Annual grassland class and extent maps at 30-m spatial resolution (2000—2024)

<h2>Sub-dataset: Dominant grassland class, 2006-2008</h2> <h2>Description</h2> Global annual grassland class and extent for 2000—2024 produced by <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-04139-6">Parente et al. (2024)</a> within the scope of the <a href="https://landcarbonlab.org/data/global-grassland-and-livestock-monitoring/">Global Pasture Watch initiative</a>. The mapped grassland extent includes any land cover type, which contains at least 30% of dry or wet low vegetation, dominated by grasses and forbs (less than 3 meters) and a: <ul> <li>maximum of 50% tree canopy cover (greater than 5 meters),</li> <li>maximum of 70% of other woody vegetation (scrubs and open shrubland), and</li> <li>maximum of 50% active cropland cover in mosaic landscapes of cropland & other vegetation.</li> </ul> The grassland extent is classified into two classes: <ul> <li>Cultivated grassland: Areas where grasses and other forage plants have been intentionally planted and managed, as well as areas of native grassland-type vegetation where they clearly exhibit active and 'heavy' management for specific human-directed uses, such as directed grazing of livestock.</li> <li>Natural/semi-natural grassland: Relatively undisturbed native grasslands/short-height vegetation, such as steppes and tundra, as well as areas that have experienced varying degrees of human activity in the past, which may contain a mix of native and introduced species due to historical land use and natural processes. In general, they exhibit natural-looking patterns of varied vegetation and clearly ordered hydrological relationships throughout the landscape.</li> <li>Open shrubland (v2-beta): Land on which the vegetation is dominated by low-growing woody plants, characterized by a sparse distribution of shrubs and dominated by woody perennials. Typically covers 50—75% of the area, with significant open ground (with or without herbaceous understory) between them, where shrub canopies are less than 10 meters in diameter, and tree cover is below 10%, meaning they do not form a continuous or semi-continuous canopy.</li> </ul> The dataset is organized in 69 global mosaics (25 years for each time series) in COG (Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF) format, WGS84 Coordinate Systems (EPSG:4326) and pixel size equal to 0.00025 degrees, including: <ul> <li>Probabilities of cultivated grassland (values range from 0–100),</li> <li>Probabilities of natural/semi-natural grassland (values range from 0–100), and</li> <li>Probabilities of open shrubland (values range from 0–100), and</li> <li>Dominant class (0-other land cover, 1-cultivated grassland and 2-natural/semi-natural grassland, 3-open shrubland).</li> </ul> All raster files are in unsigned <code>8-bit integer format</code> and use <code>255</code> as no-data value (pixels ignored by prediction), following an specific naming convention: <ol> <li>Project name: Global Pasture Watch (<code>gpw</code>)</li> <li>Class name: cultivated grassland (<code>cultiv.grassland</code>), natural/semi-natural grassland (<code>nat.semi.grassland</code>), open shrubland (<code>open.shrubland</code>)  and dominant grassland (<code>grassland</code>)</li> <li>Procedure combination: Random Forest (<code>rf</code>), median filter (med.filt) and balanced threshold (<code>bthr</code>).</li> <li>Variable type: probability (<code>p</code>) and factor class (<code>c</code>)</li> <li>Spatial resolution: 30m</li> <li>Begin of time reference: date of first Landsat composite used by the modeling (<code>20240101</code>)</li> <li>End of time reference: date of last Landsat composite used by the modeling (<code>20241231</code>)</li> <li>Spatial extent: global (<code>go</code>)</li> <li>Coordinate system: World Geodetic System 1984, used in GPS (<code>epsg.4326</code>)</li> <li>Version: v2</li> </ol> <h3>Related resources</h3> <ul> <li>Maps of dominant grassland: <a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15646181">2000-2002</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15644486"> 2003-2005</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15644623"> 2006-2008</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15647042"> 2009-2011</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15647681"> 2012-2014</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15648306"> 2015-2017</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15648551"> 2018-2020</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15648751"> 2021-2023</a> <a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15649332">2024</a></li> <li>Probability maps of cultivated grassland: <a href="https://zenodo.org/records/13890401/files/ggc-30m.csv?download=1">2000-2024 (All URLs)</a></li> <li>Probability maps of natural/semi-natural grassland: <a href="https://zenodo.org/records/13890401/files/ggc-30m.csv?download=1">2000-2024 (All URLs)</a></li> <li> <div>Grassland reference samples based on VHR imagery (2000–2024): <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15631655">GeoPackage files</a></div> </li> <li>Global machine learning models (Random Forest): <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13952806">Parquet and joblib python files</a></li> <li>Reference sampling design derived by FSCV: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11391517">GeoPackage and raster files</a></li> <li>Harmonized reference samples based on existing LULC dataset: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13951976">GeoPackage and raster files</a></li> <li>Source code for reproducibility: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13952867">GitHub release</a> </li> <li>Mapping feedback tool: <a href="https://geo-wiki.org">GeoWiki</a></li> <li>Data catalogues: <a href="https://stac.openlandmap.org/gpw_ggc-30m/collection.json?.language=en">OpenLandMap STAC</a> <a href="https://global-pasture-watch.projects.earthengine.app/view/ggc-30m">Google Earth Engine</a></li> </ul> Support For questions of bugs/inconsistencies related to the dataset raise a GitHub issue in <a href="https://github.com/wri/global-pasture-watch">https://github.com/wri/global-pasture-watch</a>

Global Pasture Watch - Annual grassland class and extent maps at 30-m spatial resolution (2000—2024)

<h2>Sub-dataset: Dominant grassland class, 2003-2005</h2> <h2>Description</h2> Global annual grassland class and extent for 2000—2024 produced by <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-04139-6">Parente et al. (2024)</a> within the scope of the <a href="https://landcarbonlab.org/data/global-grassland-and-livestock-monitoring/">Global Pasture Watch initiative</a>. The mapped grassland extent includes any land cover type, which contains at least 30% of dry or wet low vegetation, dominated by grasses and forbs (less than 3 meters) and a: <ul> <li>maximum of 50% tree canopy cover (greater than 5 meters),</li> <li>maximum of 70% of other woody vegetation (scrubs and open shrubland), and</li> <li>maximum of 50% active cropland cover in mosaic landscapes of cropland & other vegetation.</li> </ul> The grassland extent is classified into two classes: <ul> <li>Cultivated grassland: Areas where grasses and other forage plants have been intentionally planted and managed, as well as areas of native grassland-type vegetation where they clearly exhibit active and 'heavy' management for specific human-directed uses, such as directed grazing of livestock.</li> <li>Natural/semi-natural grassland: Relatively undisturbed native grasslands/short-height vegetation, such as steppes and tundra, as well as areas that have experienced varying degrees of human activity in the past, which may contain a mix of native and introduced species due to historical land use and natural processes. In general, they exhibit natural-looking patterns of varied vegetation and clearly ordered hydrological relationships throughout the landscape.</li> <li>Open shrubland (v2-beta): Land on which the vegetation is dominated by low-growing woody plants, characterized by a sparse distribution of shrubs and dominated by woody perennials. Typically covers 50—75% of the area, with significant open ground (with or without herbaceous understory) between them, where shrub canopies are less than 10 meters in diameter, and tree cover is below 10%, meaning they do not form a continuous or semi-continuous canopy.</li> </ul> The dataset is organized in 69 global mosaics (25 years for each time series) in COG (Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF) format, WGS84 Coordinate Systems (EPSG:4326) and pixel size equal to 0.00025 degrees, including: <ul> <li>Probabilities of cultivated grassland (values range from 0–100),</li> <li>Probabilities of natural/semi-natural grassland (values range from 0–100), and</li> <li>Probabilities of open shrubland (values range from 0–100), and</li> <li>Dominant class (0-other land cover, 1-cultivated grassland and 2-natural/semi-natural grassland, 3-open shrubland).</li> </ul> All raster files are in unsigned <code>8-bit integer format</code> and use <code>255</code> as no-data value (pixels ignored by prediction), following an specific naming convention: <ol> <li>Project name: Global Pasture Watch (<code>gpw</code>)</li> <li>Class name: cultivated grassland (<code>cultiv.grassland</code>), natural/semi-natural grassland (<code>nat.semi.grassland</code>), open shrubland (<code>open.shrubland</code>)  and dominant grassland (<code>grassland</code>)</li> <li>Procedure combination: Random Forest (<code>rf</code>), median filter (med.filt) and balanced threshold (<code>bthr</code>).</li> <li>Variable type: probability (<code>p</code>) and factor class (<code>c</code>)</li> <li>Spatial resolution: 30m</li> <li>Begin of time reference: date of first Landsat composite used by the modeling (<code>20240101</code>)</li> <li>End of time reference: date of last Landsat composite used by the modeling (<code>20241231</code>)</li> <li>Spatial extent: global (<code>go</code>)</li> <li>Coordinate system: World Geodetic System 1984, used in GPS (<code>epsg.4326</code>)</li> <li>Version: v2</li> </ol> <h3>Related resources</h3> <ul> <li>Maps of dominant grassland: <a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15646181">2000-2002</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15644486"> 2003-2005</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15644623"> 2006-2008</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15647042"> 2009-2011</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15647681"> 2012-2014</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15648306"> 2015-2017</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15648551"> 2018-2020</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15648751"> 2021-2023</a> <a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15649332">2024</a></li> <li>Probability maps of cultivated grassland: <a href="https://zenodo.org/records/13890401/files/ggc-30m.csv?download=1">2000-2024 (All URLs)</a></li> <li>Probability maps of natural/semi-natural grassland: <a href="https://zenodo.org/records/13890401/files/ggc-30m.csv?download=1">2000-2024 (All URLs)</a></li> <li> <div>Grassland reference samples based on VHR imagery (2000–2024): <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15631655">GeoPackage files</a></div> </li> <li>Global machine learning models (Random Forest): <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13952806">Parquet and joblib python files</a></li> <li>Reference sampling design derived by FSCV: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11391517">GeoPackage and raster files</a></li> <li>Harmonized reference samples based on existing LULC dataset: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13951976">GeoPackage and raster files</a></li> <li>Source code for reproducibility: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13952867">GitHub release</a> </li> <li>Mapping feedback tool: <a href="https://geo-wiki.org">GeoWiki</a></li> <li>Data catalogues: <a href="https://stac.openlandmap.org/gpw_ggc-30m/collection.json?.language=en">OpenLandMap STAC</a> <a href="https://global-pasture-watch.projects.earthengine.app/view/ggc-30m">Google Earth Engine</a></li> </ul> Support For questions of bugs/inconsistencies related to the dataset raise a GitHub issue in <a href="https://github.com/wri/global-pasture-watch">https://github.com/wri/global-pasture-watch</a>

Global Pasture Watch - Annual grassland class and extent maps at 30-m spatial resolution (2000—2024)

<h2>Sub-dataset: Dominant grassland class, 2000-2002</h2> <h2>Description</h2> Global annual grassland class and extent for 2000—2024 produced by <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-04139-6">Parente et al. (2024)</a> within the scope of the <a href="https://landcarbonlab.org/data/global-grassland-and-livestock-monitoring/">Global Pasture Watch initiative</a>. The mapped grassland extent includes any land cover type, which contains at least 30% of dry or wet low vegetation, dominated by grasses and forbs (less than 3 meters) and a: <ul> <li>maximum of 50% tree canopy cover (greater than 5 meters),</li> <li>maximum of 70% of other woody vegetation (scrubs and open shrubland), and</li> <li>maximum of 50% active cropland cover in mosaic landscapes of cropland & other vegetation.</li> </ul> The grassland extent is classified into two classes: <ul> <li>Cultivated grassland: Areas where grasses and other forage plants have been intentionally planted and managed, as well as areas of native grassland-type vegetation where they clearly exhibit active and 'heavy' management for specific human-directed uses, such as directed grazing of livestock.</li> <li>Natural/semi-natural grassland: Relatively undisturbed native grasslands/short-height vegetation, such as steppes and tundra, as well as areas that have experienced varying degrees of human activity in the past, which may contain a mix of native and introduced species due to historical land use and natural processes. In general, they exhibit natural-looking patterns of varied vegetation and clearly ordered hydrological relationships throughout the landscape.</li> <li>Open shrubland (v2-beta): Land on which the vegetation is dominated by low-growing woody plants, characterized by a sparse distribution of shrubs and dominated by woody perennials. Typically covers 50—75% of the area, with significant open ground (with or without herbaceous understory) between them, where shrub canopies are less than 10 meters in diameter, and tree cover is below 10%, meaning they do not form a continuous or semi-continuous canopy.</li> </ul> The dataset is organized in 69 global mosaics (25 years for each time series) in COG (Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF) format, WGS84 Coordinate Systems (EPSG:4326) and pixel size equal to 0.00025 degrees, including: <ul> <li>Probabilities of cultivated grassland (values range from 0–100),</li> <li>Probabilities of natural/semi-natural grassland (values range from 0–100), and</li> <li>Probabilities of open shrubland (values range from 0–100), and</li> <li>Dominant class (0-other land cover, 1-cultivated grassland and 2-natural/semi-natural grassland, 3-open shrubland).</li> </ul> All raster files are in unsigned <code>8-bit integer format</code> and use <code>255</code> as no-data value (pixels ignored by prediction), following an specific naming convention: <ol> <li>Project name: Global Pasture Watch (<code>gpw</code>)</li> <li>Class name: cultivated grassland (<code>cultiv.grassland</code>), natural/semi-natural grassland (<code>nat.semi.grassland</code>), open shrubland (<code>open.shrubland</code>)  and dominant grassland (<code>grassland</code>)</li> <li>Procedure combination: Random Forest (<code>rf</code>), median filter (med.filt) and balanced threshold (<code>bthr</code>).</li> <li>Variable type: probability (<code>p</code>) and factor class (<code>c</code>)</li> <li>Spatial resolution: 30m</li> <li>Begin of time reference: date of first Landsat composite used by the modeling (<code>20240101</code>)</li> <li>End of time reference: date of last Landsat composite used by the modeling (<code>20241231</code>)</li> <li>Spatial extent: global (<code>go</code>)</li> <li>Coordinate system: World Geodetic System 1984, used in GPS (<code>epsg.4326</code>)</li> <li>Version: v2</li> </ol> <h3>Related resources</h3> <ul> <li>Maps of dominant grassland: <a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15646181">2000-2002</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15644486"> 2003-2005</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15644623"> 2006-2008</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15647042"> 2009-2011</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15647681"> 2012-2014</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15648306"> 2015-2017</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15648551"> 2018-2020</a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15648751"> 2021-2023</a> <a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15649332">2024</a></li> <li>Probability maps of cultivated grassland: <a href="https://zenodo.org/records/13890401/files/ggc-30m.csv?download=1">2000-2024 (All URLs)</a></li> <li>Probability maps of natural/semi-natural grassland: <a href="https://zenodo.org/records/13890401/files/ggc-30m.csv?download=1">2000-2024 (All URLs)</a></li> <li> <div>Grassland reference samples based on VHR imagery (2000–2024): <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15631655">GeoPackage files</a></div> </li> <li>Global machine learning models (Random Forest): <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13952806">Parquet and joblib python files</a></li> <li>Reference sampling design derived by FSCV: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11391517">GeoPackage and raster files</a></li> <li>Harmonized reference samples based on existing LULC dataset: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13951976">GeoPackage and raster files</a></li> <li>Source code for reproducibility: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13952867">GitHub release</a> </li> <li>Mapping feedback tool: <a href="https://geo-wiki.org">GeoWiki</a></li> <li>Data catalogues: <a href="https://stac.openlandmap.org/gpw_ggc-30m/collection.json?.language=en">OpenLandMap STAC</a> <a href="https://global-pasture-watch.projects.earthengine.app/view/ggc-30m">Google Earth Engine</a></li> </ul> Support For questions of bugs/inconsistencies related to the dataset raise a GitHub issue in <a href="https://github.com/wri/global-pasture-watch">https://github.com/wri/global-pasture-watch</a>

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2023View details →

30-m Spatial Resolution Bioclimatic Dataset of 1991-2020 Climate Normals for Hubei Province, the Yangtze River Middle Reaches

Brief Introduction of the Dataset This bioclimatic dataset is the product of research article "Mapping 30-m Resolution Bioclimatic Variables During 1991-2020 Climate Normals for Hubei Province, the Yangtze River Middle Reaches." published in IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. The dataset contains 19 30-m resolution average bioclimatic variables during 1991-2020 Climate Normals for Hubei Province (108°21′42″—116°07′50″ E, 29°01′53″—33°6′47″ N), the core region of the Yangtze River middle reaches. The dataset was constructed by statistically downscaling the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) 1-km monthly climate variables (1440 in total), cablirating with ground observation data with 82 weather stations and aggregating based on the defination of 19 bioclimatic variables. The downscaling of four 1-km Climatic Research Unit monthly climate variables including monthly maximum, mean, minimum temperature and precipitation was firstly achieved by random forest model with 30-m resolution terrain and spatial data. Then the interpolation-based geographical differential analysis (GDA) was applied to improve the accuracy of downscaled products based on ground observation data. Finally, the bioclimatic variables were aggregated based on their definitions and averaged for the 30 years. The Yangtze River middle reaches is abundant of forestry, agriculture, biodiversity resources that requires finer bioclimatic data for better understands of these aspects. This dataset will provide higher spatial accuracy, more information and applicability in finer regional studies in the Yangtze River middle reaches.   Description of the 19 Bioclimatic Variables The dataset contains 19 geotiff files in total. File names and the corresponding full name of bioclimatic variables are described as follows: Bio01 Mean annual air temperature (℃) Bio02 Mean diurnal air temperature range (℃) Bio03 Isothermality (%) Bio04 Temperature seasonality (℃) Bio05 Mean daily maximum air temperature of the warmest month (℃) Bio06 Mean daily minimum air temperature of the coldest month (℃) Bio07 Annual range of air temperature (℃) Bio08 Mean daily mean air temperatures of the wettest quarter (℃) Bio09 Mean daily mean air temperatures of the driest quarter (℃) Bio10 Mean daily mean air temperatures of the warmest quarter (℃) Bio11 Mean daily mean air temperatures of the coldest quarter (℃) Bio12 Annual precipitation amount (mm) Bio13 Precipitation amount of the wettest month (mm) Bio14 Precipitation amount of the driest month (mm) Bio15 Precipitation seasonality (%) Bio16 Precipitation amount of the wettest quarter (mm) Bio17 Precipitation amount of the driest quarter (mm) Bio18 Precipitation amount of the warmest quarter (mm) Bio19 Precipitation amount of the coldest quarter (mm)   Others More information related to bioclimatic variables can be found on https://chelsa-climate.org/bioclim/

openapache2.0Jan 2024View details →

Using RS-DAT to study continental-scale phenology at high-spatial resolution

This repository includes the notebooks employed to calculate and analyze a gridded phenological model, as computed from a set of daily meteorological variables.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2023View details →

Development of Multiomics in situ Pairwise Sequencing (MiP-Seq) for Single-cell Resolution Multidimensional Spatial Omics

The original data used in the article: Development of Multiomics in situ Pairwise Sequencing (MiP-Seq) for Single-cell Resolution Multidimensional Spatial Omics Delineating the spatial multiomics landscape will pave the way to understanding the molecular basis of physiology and pathology. However, current spatial omics technology development is still in its infancy. Here, we developed a high-throughput targeted in situ sequencing strategy, multiomics in situ pairwise sequencing (MiP-Seq), to efficiently decipher multiplexed DNAs, RNAs, proteins, and small biomolecules at subcellular resolution. MiP-Seq simultaneously sequenced the dual barcode base of padlock probes, dramatically increasing the detection capacity to 10N by N rounds of sequencing. We delineated spatial gene profiles in the hypothalamus using MiP-Seq. Moreover, MiP-Seq was unitized to detect tumor gene mutations and allele-specific expression of parental genes and to differentiate sites with and without the m6A RNA modification at specific sites. MiP-Seq was combined with in vivo Ca2+ imaging and Raman imaging to obtain a spatial multiomics atlas correlated to neuronal activity and cellular biochemical fingerprints. Importantly, we proposed a “signal dilution strategy” to resolve the crowded signals that challenge the applicability of in situ sequencing. Together, our method improves spatial multiomics and precision diagnostics, and facilitates analyzing cell function in connection with gene profiles.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2024View details →

Global monthly sectoral water withdrawal and allocation datasets (QUAlloc, water use and allocation model) at 10 km spatial resolution

Output data of water withdrawals and water allocation per water source from the sectoral water use and allocation model (QUAlloc). Dataset properties: <ul> <li>spatial resolution: 10 km (global-scale)</li> <li>temporal resolution: monthly time-step</li> <li>period: 1980 - 2019</li> <li>units: m3/month</li> </ul> Output datasets:      <data_type>_<sector_name>_allocated_to_<source_type>_monthlyTot_1980_2019.nc <ul> <li><data_type> <ul> <li>"withdrawal": refers to the water that is withdrawn at a water source level to satisfy the demands within an allocation zone</li> <li>"demand": refers to the withdrawn water that is supplied to each location (cell) where there are demands to satisfy</li> </ul> </li> <li><sector_name> <ul> <li>"domestic"</li> <li>"irrigation"</li> <li>"livestock"</li> <li>"manufacture"</li> <li>"thermoelectric"</li> </ul> </li> <li><source_type> <ul> <li>"renewable_surfacewater": refers to water obtained from the surface water system components (e.g., direct runoff, base flow, interflow, etc.)</li> <li>"renewable_groundwater": refers to water obtained from aquifers that are recharged by percolation from the upper soil layers</li> <li>"nonrenewable_groundwater": refers to water obtained from aquifers not replenished on a human time scale</li> </ul> </li> </ul> The sectoral water use and allocation model used, QUAlloc, can be found at: https://github.com/SustainableWaterSystems/QUAlloc.

opencc-by-sa-4.0Feb 2022View details →

Decadal time series of spatially enhanced relative humidity for Europe at 30 arc seconds resolution (2000 - 2021) derived from ERA5-Land data

Overview: ERA5-Land is a reanalysis dataset providing a consistent view of the evolution of land variables over several decades at an enhanced resolution compared to ERA5. ERA5-Land has been produced by replaying the land component of the ECMWF ERA5 climate reanalysis. Reanalysis combines model data with observations from across the world into a globally complete and consistent dataset using the laws of physics. Reanalysis produces data that goes several decades back in time, providing an accurate description of the climate of the past. Processing steps: The original hourly ERA5-Land air temperature 2 m above ground and dewpoint temperature 2 m data has been spatially enhanced from 0.1 degree to 30 arc seconds (approx. 1000 m) spatial resolution by image fusion with CHELSA data (V1.2) (<a href="https://chelsa-climate.org/">https://chelsa-climate.org/</a>). For each day we used the corresponding monthly long-term average of CHELSA. The aim was to use the fine spatial detail of CHELSA and at the same time preserve the general regional pattern and fine temporal detail of ERA5-Land. The steps included aggregation and enhancement, specifically: 1. spatially aggregate CHELSA to the resolution of ERA5-Land 2. calculate difference of ERA5-Land - aggregated CHELSA 3. interpolate differences with a Gaussian filter to 30 arc seconds. 4. add the interpolated differences to CHELSA Subsequently, the temperature time series have been aggregated on a daily basis. From these, daily relative humidity has been calculated for the time period 01/2000 - 07/2021. Relative humidity (rh2m) has been calculated from air temperature 2 m above ground (Ta) and dewpoint temperature 2 m above ground (Td) using the formula for saturated water pressure from Wright (1997): <code>maximum water pressure = 611.21 * exp(17.502 * Ta / (240.97 + Ta))</code> <code>actual water pressure = 611.21 * exp(17.502 * Td / (240.97 + Td))</code> <code>relative humidity = actual water pressure / maximum water pressure</code> The resulting relative humidity has been aggregated to decadal averages. Each month is divided into three decades: the first decade of a month covers days 1-10, the second decade covers days 11-20, and the third decade covers days 21-last day of the month. Resultant values have been converted to represent percent * 10, thus covering a theoretical range of [0, 1000]. File naming scheme (YYYY = year; MM = month; dD = number of decade): <code>ERA5_land_rh2m_avg_decadal_YYYY_MM_dD.tif</code> Projection + EPSG code: Latitude-Longitude/WGS84 (EPSG: 4326) Spatial extent: north: 82:00:30N south: 18N west: 32:00:30W east: 70E Spatial resolution: 30 arc seconds (approx. 1000 m) Temporal resolution: Decadal Pixel values: Percent * 10 (scaled to Integer; example: value 738 = 73.8 %) Software used: GDAL 3.2.2 and GRASS GIS 8.0.0 Original ERA5-Land dataset license: <a href="https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/licences/copernicus/">https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/licences/copernicus/</a> CHELSA climatologies (V1.2): Data used: Karger D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E, Linder, H.P., Kessler, M. (2018): Data from: Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Dryad digital repository. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.5061/dryad.kd1d4">http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.5061/dryad.kd1d4</a> Original peer-reviewed publication: Karger, D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E., Linder, P., Kessler, M. (2017): Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth land surface areas. Scientific Data. 4 170122. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122">https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122</a> Processed by: mundialis GmbH & Co. KG, Germany (<a href="https://www.mundialis.de/">https://www.mundialis.de/</a>) Reference: Wright, J.M. (1997): Federal meteorological handbook no. 3 (FCM-H3-1997). Office of Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. Washington, DC Data is also available in EU LAEA (EPSG: 3035) projection: <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/7427010">https://zenodo.org/record/7427010</a>

Daily time series of spatially enhanced relative humidity for Europe at 30 arc seconds resolution (Set 5: 2020 - 2021) derived from ERA5-Land data

Overview: ERA5-Land is a reanalysis dataset providing a consistent view of the evolution of land variables over several decades at an enhanced resolution compared to ERA5. ERA5-Land has been produced by replaying the land component of the ECMWF ERA5 climate reanalysis. Reanalysis combines model data with observations from across the world into a globally complete and consistent dataset using the laws of physics. Reanalysis produces data that goes several decades back in time, providing an accurate description of the climate of the past. Processing steps: The original hourly ERA5-Land air temperature 2 m above ground and dewpoint temperature 2 m data has been spatially enhanced from 0.1 degree to 30 arc seconds (approx. 1000 m) spatial resolution by image fusion with CHELSA data (V1.2) (<a href="https://chelsa-climate.org/">https://chelsa-climate.org/</a>). For each day we used the corresponding monthly long-term average of CHELSA. The aim was to use the fine spatial detail of CHELSA and at the same time preserve the general regional pattern and fine temporal detail of ERA5-Land. The steps included aggregation and enhancement, specifically: 1. spatially aggregate CHELSA to the resolution of ERA5-Land 2. calculate difference of ERA5-Land - aggregated CHELSA 3. interpolate differences with a Gaussian filter to 30 arc seconds 4. add the interpolated differences to CHELSA Subsequently, the temperature time series have been aggregated on a daily basis. From these, daily relative humidity has been calculated for the time period 01/2000 - 07/2021. Relative humidity (rh2m) has been calculated from air temperature 2 m above ground (Ta) and dewpoint temperature 2 m above ground (Td) using the formula for saturated water pressure from Wright (1997): <code>maximum water pressure = 611.21 * exp(17.502 * Ta / (240.97 + Ta))</code> <code>actual water pressure = 611.21 * exp(17.502 * Td / (240.97 + Td))</code> <code>relative humidity = actual water pressure / maximum water pressure</code> Data provided is the daily averages of relative humidity. This set provides data for the years 2000 - 2004. For other time periods, please see further linked data sets. Resultant values have been converted to represent percent * 10, thus covering a theoretical range of [0, 1000]. File naming scheme (YYYY = year; MM = month; DD = day): <code>ERA5_land_rh2m_avg_daily_YYYYMMDD.tif</code> Projection + EPSG code: Latitude-Longitude/WGS84 (EPSG: 4326) Spatial extent: north: 82:00:30N south: 18N west: 32:00:30W east: 70E Spatial resolution: 30 arc seconds (approx. 1000 m) Temporal resolution: Daily Pixel values: Percent * 10 (scaled to Integer; example: value 738 = 73.8 %) Software used: GDAL 3.2.2 and GRASS GIS 8.0.0 Original ERA5-Land dataset license: <a href="https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/licences/copernicus/">https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/licences/copernicus/</a> CHELSA climatologies (V1.2): Data used: Karger D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E, Linder, H.P., Kessler, M. (2018): Data from: Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Dryad digital repository. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.5061/dryad.kd1d4">http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.5061/dryad.kd1d4</a> Original peer-reviewed publication: Karger, D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E., Linder, P., Kessler, M. (2017): Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth land surface areas. Scientific Data. 4 170122. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122">https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122</a> Processed by: mundialis GmbH & Co. KG, Germany (<a href="https://www.mundialis.de/">https://www.mundialis.de/</a>) Reference: Wright, J.M. (1997): Federal meteorological handbook no. 3 (FCM-H3-1997). Office of Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. Washington, DC Data is also available in EU LAEA (EPSG: 3035) projection: <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/7434396">https://zenodo.org/record/7434396</a>

Daily time series of spatially enhanced relative humidity for Europe at 30 arc seconds resolution (Set 3: 2010 - 2014) derived from ERA5-Land data

Overview: ERA5-Land is a reanalysis dataset providing a consistent view of the evolution of land variables over several decades at an enhanced resolution compared to ERA5. ERA5-Land has been produced by replaying the land component of the ECMWF ERA5 climate reanalysis. Reanalysis combines model data with observations from across the world into a globally complete and consistent dataset using the laws of physics. Reanalysis produces data that goes several decades back in time, providing an accurate description of the climate of the past. Processing steps: The original hourly ERA5-Land air temperature 2 m above ground and dewpoint temperature 2 m data has been spatially enhanced from 0.1 degree to 30 arc seconds (approx. 1000 m) spatial resolution by image fusion with CHELSA data (V1.2) (<a href="https://chelsa-climate.org/">https://chelsa-climate.org/</a>). For each day we used the corresponding monthly long-term average of CHELSA. The aim was to use the fine spatial detail of CHELSA and at the same time preserve the general regional pattern and fine temporal detail of ERA5-Land. The steps included aggregation and enhancement, specifically: 1. spatially aggregate CHELSA to the resolution of ERA5-Land 2. calculate difference of ERA5-Land - aggregated CHELSA 3. interpolate differences with a Gaussian filter to 30 arc seconds 4. add the interpolated differences to CHELSA Subsequently, the temperature time series have been aggregated on a daily basis. From these, daily relative humidity has been calculated for the time period 01/2000 - 07/2021. Relative humidity (rh2m) has been calculated from air temperature 2 m above ground (Ta) and dewpoint temperature 2 m above ground (Td) using the formula for saturated water pressure from Wright (1997): <code>maximum water pressure = 611.21 * exp(17.502 * Ta / (240.97 + Ta))</code> <code>actual water pressure = 611.21 * exp(17.502 * Td / (240.97 + Td))</code> <code>relative humidity = actual water pressure / maximum water pressure</code> Data provided is the daily averages of relative humidity. This set provides data for the years 2000 - 2004. For other time periods, please see further linked data sets. Resultant values have been converted to represent percent * 10, thus covering a theoretical range of [0, 1000]. File naming scheme (YYYY = year; MM = month; DD = day): <code>ERA5_land_rh2m_avg_daily_YYYYMMDD.tif</code> Projection + EPSG code: Latitude-Longitude/WGS84 (EPSG: 4326) Spatial extent: north: 82:00:30N south: 18N west: 32:00:30W east: 70E Spatial resolution: 30 arc seconds (approx. 1000 m) Temporal resolution: Daily Pixel values: Percent * 10 (scaled to Integer; example: value 738 = 73.8 %) Software used: GDAL 3.2.2 and GRASS GIS 8.0.0 Original ERA5-Land dataset license: <a href="https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/licences/copernicus/">https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/licences/copernicus/</a> CHELSA climatologies (V1.2): Data used: Karger D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E, Linder, H.P., Kessler, M. (2018): Data from: Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Dryad digital repository. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.5061/dryad.kd1d4">http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.5061/dryad.kd1d4</a> Original peer-reviewed publication: Karger, D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E., Linder, P., Kessler, M. (2017): Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth land surface areas. Scientific Data. 4 170122. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122">https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122</a> Processed by: mundialis GmbH & Co. KG, Germany (<a href="https://www.mundialis.de/">https://www.mundialis.de/</a>) Reference: Wright, J.M. (1997): Federal meteorological handbook no. 3 (FCM-H3-1997). Office of Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. Washington, DC Data is also available in EU LAEA (EPSG: 3035) projection: <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/7432432">https://zenodo.org/record/7432432</a>

Daily time series of spatially enhanced relative humidity for Europe at 30 arc seconds resolution (Set 4: 2015 - 2019) derived from ERA5-Land data

Overview: ERA5-Land is a reanalysis dataset providing a consistent view of the evolution of land variables over several decades at an enhanced resolution compared to ERA5. ERA5-Land has been produced by replaying the land component of the ECMWF ERA5 climate reanalysis. Reanalysis combines model data with observations from across the world into a globally complete and consistent dataset using the laws of physics. Reanalysis produces data that goes several decades back in time, providing an accurate description of the climate of the past. Processing steps: The original hourly ERA5-Land air temperature 2 m above ground and dewpoint temperature 2 m data has been spatially enhanced from 0.1 degree to 30 arc seconds (approx. 1000 m) spatial resolution by image fusion with CHELSA data (V1.2) (<a href="https://chelsa-climate.org/">https://chelsa-climate.org/</a>). For each day we used the corresponding monthly long-term average of CHELSA. The aim was to use the fine spatial detail of CHELSA and at the same time preserve the general regional pattern and fine temporal detail of ERA5-Land. The steps included aggregation and enhancement, specifically: 1. spatially aggregate CHELSA to the resolution of ERA5-Land 2. calculate difference of ERA5-Land - aggregated CHELSA 3. interpolate differences with a Gaussian filter to 30 arc seconds 4. add the interpolated differences to CHELSA Subsequently, the temperature time series have been aggregated on a daily basis. From these, daily relative humidity has been calculated for the time period 01/2000 - 07/2021. Relative humidity (rh2m) has been calculated from air temperature 2 m above ground (Ta) and dewpoint temperature 2 m above ground (Td) using the formula for saturated water pressure from Wright (1997): <code>maximum water pressure = 611.21 * exp(17.502 * Ta / (240.97 + Ta))</code> <code>actual water pressure = 611.21 * exp(17.502 * Td / (240.97 + Td))</code> <code>relative humidity = actual water pressure / maximum water pressure</code> Data provided is the daily averages of relative humidity. This set provides data for the years 2000 - 2004. For other time periods, please see further linked data sets. Resultant values have been converted to represent percent * 10, thus covering a theoretical range of [0, 1000]. File naming scheme (YYYY = year; MM = month; DD = day): <code>ERA5_land_rh2m_avg_daily_YYYYMMDD.tif</code> Projection + EPSG code: Latitude-Longitude/WGS84 (EPSG: 4326) Spatial extent: north: 82:00:30N south: 18N west: 32:00:30W east: 70E Spatial resolution: 30 arc seconds (approx. 1000 m) Temporal resolution: Daily Pixel values: Percent * 10 (scaled to Integer; example: value 738 = 73.8 %) Software used: GDAL 3.2.2 and GRASS GIS 8.0.0 Original ERA5-Land dataset license: <a href="https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/licences/copernicus/">https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/licences/copernicus/</a> CHELSA climatologies (V1.2): Data used: Karger D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E, Linder, H.P., Kessler, M. (2018): Data from: Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Dryad digital repository. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.5061/dryad.kd1d4">http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.5061/dryad.kd1d4</a> Original peer-reviewed publication: Karger, D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E., Linder, P., Kessler, M. (2017): Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth land surface areas. Scientific Data. 4 170122. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122">https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122</a> Processed by: mundialis GmbH & Co. KG, Germany (<a href="https://www.mundialis.de/">https://www.mundialis.de/</a>) Reference: Wright, J.M. (1997): Federal meteorological handbook no. 3 (FCM-H3-1997). Office of Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. Washington, DC Data is also available in EU LAEA (EPSG: 3035) projection: <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/7434447">https://zenodo.org/record/7434447</a>

Daily time series of spatially enhanced relative humidity for Europe at 30 arc seconds resolution (Set 1: 2000 - 2004) derived from ERA5-Land data

Overview: ERA5-Land is a reanalysis dataset providing a consistent view of the evolution of land variables over several decades at an enhanced resolution compared to ERA5. ERA5-Land has been produced by replaying the land component of the ECMWF ERA5 climate reanalysis. Reanalysis combines model data with observations from across the world into a globally complete and consistent dataset using the laws of physics. Reanalysis produces data that goes several decades back in time, providing an accurate description of the climate of the past. Processing steps: The original hourly ERA5-Land air temperature 2 m above ground and dewpoint temperature 2 m data has been spatially enhanced from 0.1 degree to 30 arc seconds (approx. 1000 m) spatial resolution by image fusion with CHELSA data (V1.2) (<a href="https://chelsa-climate.org/">https://chelsa-climate.org/</a>). For each day we used the corresponding monthly long-term average of CHELSA. The aim was to use the fine spatial detail of CHELSA and at the same time preserve the general regional pattern and fine temporal detail of ERA5-Land. The steps included aggregation and enhancement, specifically: 1. spatially aggregate CHELSA to the resolution of ERA5-Land 2. calculate difference of ERA5-Land - aggregated CHELSA 3. interpolate differences with a Gaussian filter to 30 arc seconds 4. add the interpolated differences to CHELSA Subsequently, the temperature time series have been aggregated on a daily basis. From these, daily relative humidity has been calculated for the time period 01/2000 - 07/2021. Relative humidity (rh2m) has been calculated from air temperature 2 m above ground (Ta) and dewpoint temperature 2 m above ground (Td) using the formula for saturated water pressure from Wright (1997): <code>maximum water pressure = 611.21 * exp(17.502 * Ta / (240.97 + Ta))</code> <code>actual water pressure = 611.21 * exp(17.502 * Td / (240.97 + Td))</code> <code>relative humidity = actual water pressure / maximum water pressure</code> Data provided is the daily averages of relative humidity. This set provides data for the years 2000 - 2004. For other time periods, please see further linked data sets. Resultant values have been converted to represent percent * 10, thus covering a theoretical range of [0, 1000]. File naming scheme (YYYY = year; MM = month; DD = day): <code>ERA5_land_rh2m_avg_daily_YYYYMMDD.tif</code> Projection + EPSG code: Latitude-Longitude/WGS84 (EPSG: 4326) Spatial extent: north: 82:00:30N south: 18N west: 32:00:30W east: 70E Spatial resolution: 30 arc seconds (approx. 1000 m) Temporal resolution: Daily Pixel values: Percent * 10 (scaled to Integer; example: value 738 = 73.8 %) Software used: GDAL 3.2.2 and GRASS GIS 8.0.0 Original ERA5-Land dataset license: <a href="https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/licences/copernicus/">https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/licences/copernicus/</a> CHELSA climatologies (V1.2): Data used: Karger D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E, Linder, H.P., Kessler, M. (2018): Data from: Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Dryad digital repository. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.5061/dryad.kd1d4">http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.5061/dryad.kd1d4</a> Original peer-reviewed publication: Karger, D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E., Linder, P., Kessler, M. (2017): Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth land surface areas. Scientific Data. 4 170122. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122">https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122</a> Processed by: mundialis GmbH & Co. KG, Germany (<a href="https://www.mundialis.de/">https://www.mundialis.de/</a>) Reference: Wright, J.M. (1997): Federal meteorological handbook no. 3 (FCM-H3-1997). Office of Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. Washington, DC Data is also available in EU LAEA (EPSG: 3035) projection: <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/6147830">https://zenodo.org/record/6147830</a>

Daily time series of spatially enhanced relative humidity for Europe at 30 arc seconds resolution (Set 2: 2005 - 2009) derived from ERA5-Land data

Overview: ERA5-Land is a reanalysis dataset providing a consistent view of the evolution of land variables over several decades at an enhanced resolution compared to ERA5. ERA5-Land has been produced by replaying the land component of the ECMWF ERA5 climate reanalysis. Reanalysis combines model data with observations from across the world into a globally complete and consistent dataset using the laws of physics. Reanalysis produces data that goes several decades back in time, providing an accurate description of the climate of the past. Processing steps: The original hourly ERA5-Land air temperature 2 m above ground and dewpoint temperature 2 m data has been spatially enhanced from 0.1 degree to 30 arc seconds (approx. 1000 m) spatial resolution by image fusion with CHELSA data (V1.2) (<a href="https://chelsa-climate.org/">https://chelsa-climate.org/</a>). For each day we used the corresponding monthly long-term average of CHELSA. The aim was to use the fine spatial detail of CHELSA and at the same time preserve the general regional pattern and fine temporal detail of ERA5-Land. The steps included aggregation and enhancement, specifically: 1. spatially aggregate CHELSA to the resolution of ERA5-Land 2. calculate difference of ERA5-Land - aggregated CHELSA 3. interpolate differences with a Gaussian filter to 30 arc seconds 4. add the interpolated differences to CHELSA Subsequently, the temperature time series have been aggregated on a daily basis. From these, daily relative humidity has been calculated for the time period 01/2000 - 07/2021. Relative humidity (rh2m) has been calculated from air temperature 2 m above ground (Ta) and dewpoint temperature 2 m above ground (Td) using the formula for saturated water pressure from Wright (1997): <code>maximum water pressure = 611.21 * exp(17.502 * Ta / (240.97 + Ta))</code> <code>actual water pressure = 611.21 * exp(17.502 * Td / (240.97 + Td))</code> <code>relative humidity = actual water pressure / maximum water pressure</code> Data provided is the daily averages of relative humidity. This set provides data for the years 2000 - 2004. For other time periods, please see further linked data sets. Resultant values have been converted to represent percent * 10, thus covering a theoretical range of [0, 1000]. File naming scheme (YYYY = year; MM = month; DD = day): <code>ERA5_land_rh2m_avg_daily_YYYYMMDD.tif</code> Projection + EPSG code: Latitude-Longitude/WGS84 (EPSG: 4326) Spatial extent: north: 82:00:30N south: 18N west: 32:00:30W east: 70E Spatial resolution: 30 arc seconds (approx. 1000 m) Temporal resolution: Daily Pixel values: Percent * 10 (scaled to Integer; example: value 738 = 73.8 %) Software used: GDAL 3.2.2 and GRASS GIS 8.0.0 Original ERA5-Land dataset license: <a href="https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/licences/copernicus/">https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/licences/copernicus/</a> CHELSA climatologies (V1.2): Data used: Karger D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E, Linder, H.P., Kessler, M. (2018): Data from: Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Dryad digital repository. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.5061/dryad.kd1d4">http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.5061/dryad.kd1d4</a> Original peer-reviewed publication: Karger, D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E., Linder, P., Kessler, M. (2017): Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth land surface areas. Scientific Data. 4 170122. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122">https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122</a> Processed by: mundialis GmbH & Co. KG, Germany (<a href="https://www.mundialis.de/">https://www.mundialis.de/</a>) Reference: Wright, J.M. (1997): Federal meteorological handbook no. 3 (FCM-H3-1997). Office of Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. Washington, DC Data is also available in EU LAEA (EPSG: 3035) projection: <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/7434376">https://zenodo.org/record/7434376</a>

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

Auxiliary Euro-Calliope datasets: QTDIAN storyline-specific spatial data to represent a European energy system model at several spatial resolutions

Custom output generated with the <a href="https://github.com/brynpickering/possibility-for-electricity-autarky/tree/custom-regions">custom-region possibility-for-electricity-autarky</a> workflow. This output provides similar data to <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/6600619">https://zenodo.org/record/6600619</a> (technically eligible land area for renewables and other spatially disaggregated energy system data), but with three additional land area scenarios. These scenarios are in line with three storylines from the <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/5834010">QTDIAN toolbox</a> and are based on updating the `possibility-for-electricity-autarky` workflow configuration to include the following parameters (also included in `config.yaml`):   <pre><code> scenarios: people-powered: use-of-protected areas: false pv-on-farmland: true share-farmland-used: 0.2 # agro pv share-forest-areas-used: 0.1 share-other-land-used: 1.0 share-offshore-used: 0.1 share-rooftop-used: 1.0 government-directed: use-of-protected areas: false pv-on-farmland: true share-farmland-used: 1.0 share-forest-areas-used: 0.1 share-other-land-used: 1.0 share-offshore-used: 1.0 share-rooftop-used: 1.0 market-driven: use-of-protected areas: true pv-on-farmland: true share-farmland-used: 1.0 share-forest-areas-used: 1.0 share-other-land-used: 1.0 share-offshore-used: 1.0 share-rooftop-used: 1.0</code></pre>   This dataset includes different spatial resolutions of land availability. For more information on the `ehighways` resolution, see <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/6600619">https://zenodo.org/record/6600619</a>. This dataset is used as an input to the <a href="https://github.com/calliope-project/sector-coupled-euro-calliope">Sector-Coupled Euro-Calliope workflow</a>.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2014View details →

Development of a global inundation map at high spatial resolution from topographic downscaling of coarse-scale remote sensing data

Overview: The Global Inundation Extent from Multi-Satellites (GIEMS; Prigent et al. 2007, Papa et al. 2010) downscaled at 15 arc-second (GIEMS-D15; Fluet-Chouinard et al. 2015) was produced through the downscaling of the GIEMS database (natively at 0.25°).  The downscaling procedure predicts the location of surface water cover with an inundation ranking surface generated by bagged decision trees. The decision trees were trained on binary presence/absence of wetland in the GLC2000 global land cover map (Bartholomé & Belward 2005) and used 13 topographic and hydrographic predictors derived from the SRTM-derived HydroSHEDS database (Lehner, Verdin & Jarvis 2008). The downscaling technique to three temporal aggregation of the GIEMS dataset representing three states of land surface inundation extents: mean annual minimum (MAMin; total area, 6.5 × 106 km2), mean annual maximum (MAMax; 12.1 × 106 km2), and long-term maximum (LTMax; 17.3 × 106 km2). The area of MAMin and MAMax from GIEMS were supplemented with the minimum area value from lakes, river and reservoirs from GLWD (Lehner & Döll 2004; classes 1,2,3). LTMax was corrected as the mean area from 3-year rolling maximum from GIEMS and the total wetland area from GLWD (classes 1-12). The accuracy of GIEMS-D15 reflects distribution errors introduced by the downscaling process as well as errors from the original satellite estimates. Yet, a comparison against independent regional wetland maps showed adequate agreement over large floodplains and wetlands. GIEMS-D15 offers a higher resolution delineation of inundated areas than originally offered by GIEMS, allowing for the assessment of global freshwater resources and the study of large floodplain and wetland ecosystems. Projection: WGS84 (EPSG:4326) Geographic extent: <ul> <li>Longitude: -180° to 180°</li> <li>Latitude: -56° to 84°</li> </ul> Spatial resolution: 15 arc-second (500m at equator) Legend (for discrete pixel values): <ul> <li>0 = Upland</li> <li>1 = Mean Annual Minimum (MAMin)</li> <li>2 = Mean Annual Maximum (MAMax)</li> <li>3 = Long Term Maximum (LTMax)</li> </ul>

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

High temporal and spatial resolution emission inventory for maritime shipping emissions on the North Sea and Baltic Sea (2015)

A temporally and spatially highly resolved emission inventory for the North Sea and Baltic Sea for the year 2015, created with current emission factors and ship activity data. The emissions inventory is available as 396 csv files, one for each day in 2015 and December 2014, grouped as monthly archives.  Note that due to the underlying ship activity data and the geographic boundaries, the time index in the Datetime column in the ship_emissions_YYYYMMDD.csv files is not equidistant. For example, since vessels leave the geographic area and reenter later, no data is available for the time the vessel is not within the area. The underlying model source code is available on Github, with a release of the associated version on Zenodo: [![DOI](https://zenodo.org/badge/DOI/10.5281/zenodo.6951672.svg)](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6951672)

opencc-by-sa-4.0Nov 2023View details →

Monthly time series of spatially enhanced relative humidity for Europe at 30 arc seconds resolution (2000 - 2023) derived from ERA5-Land data

Overview: ERA5-Land is a reanalysis dataset providing a consistent view of the evolution of land variables over several decades at an enhanced resolution compared to ERA5. ERA5-Land has been produced by replaying the land component of the ECMWF ERA5 climate reanalysis. Reanalysis combines model data with observations from across the world into a globally complete and consistent dataset using the laws of physics. Reanalysis produces data that goes several decades back in time, providing an accurate description of the climate of the past. Processing steps: The original hourly ERA5-Land air temperature 2 m above ground and dewpoint temperature 2 m data has been spatially enhanced from 0.1 degree to 30 arc seconds (approx. 1000 m) spatial resolution by image fusion with CHELSA data (V1.2) (<a href="https://chelsa-climate.org/">https://chelsa-climate.org/</a>). For each day we used the corresponding monthly long-term average of CHELSA. The aim was to use the fine spatial detail of CHELSA and at the same time preserve the general regional pattern and fine temporal detail of ERA5-Land. The steps included aggregation and enhancement, specifically: 1. spatially aggregate CHELSA to the resolution of ERA5-Land 2. calculate difference of ERA5-Land - aggregated CHELSA 3. interpolate differences with a Gaussian filter to 30 arc seconds 4. add the interpolated differences to CHELSA Subsequently, the temperature time series have been aggregated on a daily basis. From these, daily relative humidity has been calculated for the time period 01/2000 - 12/2023. Relative humidity (rh2m) has been calculated from air temperature 2 m above ground (Ta) and dewpoint temperature 2 m above ground (Td) using the formula for saturated water pressure from Wright (1997): <code>maximum water pressure = 611.21 * exp(17.502 * Ta / (240.97 + Ta))</code> <code>actual water pressure = 611.21 * exp(17.502 * Td / (240.97 + Td))</code> <code>relative humidity = actual water pressure / maximum water pressure</code> The resulting relative humidity has been aggregated to monthly averages. Resultant values have been converted to represent percent * 10, thus covering a theoretical range of [0, 1000]. File naming scheme (YYYY = year; MM = month): <code>ERA5_land_rh2m_avg_monthly_YYYY_MM.tif</code> Projection + EPSG code: Latitude-Longitude/WGS84 (EPSG: 4326) Spatial extent: north: 82:00:30N south: 18N west: 32:00:30W east: 70E Spatial resolution: 30 arc seconds (approx. 1000 m) Temporal resolution: Monthly Pixel values: Percent * 10 (scaled to Integer; example: value 738 = 73.8 %) Software used: GDAL 3.2.2 and GRASS GIS 8.0.0/8.3.2 Original ERA5-Land dataset license: <a href="https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/licences/copernicus/">https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/licences/copernicus/</a> CHELSA climatologies (V1.2): Data used: Karger D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E, Linder, H.P., Kessler, M. (2018): Data from: Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Dryad digital repository. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.5061/dryad.kd1d4">http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.5061/dryad.kd1d4</a> Original peer-reviewed publication: Karger, D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E., Linder, P., Kessler, M. (2017): Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth land surface areas. Scientific Data. 4 170122. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122">https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122</a> Processed by: mundialis GmbH & Co. KG, Germany (<a href="https://www.mundialis.de/">https://www.mundialis.de/</a>) Reference: Wright, J.M. (1997): Federal meteorological handbook no. 3 (FCM-H3-1997). Office of Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. Washington, DC Data is also available in EU LAEA (EPSG: 3035) projection: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7427021">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7427021</a>