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Text-fig. 5. Occurrence of p1 in mandibles from brown bears, data after Table 3 (presence = p1 or alveoli observed, absence = no p1 developed, broken = diastema fragmented). in Anterior Premolar Variability In Pleistocene Cave And Brown Bears And Its Significance In Species Determination

Text-fig. 5. Occurrence of p1 in mandibles from brown bears, data after Table 3 (presence = p1 or alveoli observed, absence = no p1 developed, broken = diastema fragmented).

Text-fig. 1. Occurrence of P1 in maxillae from brown bears, data after Table 1 (presence = P1 or alveoli observed, absence = no P1 developed, broken = rostral part of maxilla broken). in Anterior Premolar Variability In Pleistocene Cave And Brown Bears And Its Significance In Species Determination

Text-fig. 1. Occurrence of P1 in maxillae from brown bears, data after Table 1 (presence = P1 or alveoli observed, absence = no P1 developed, broken = rostral part of maxilla broken).

Text-fig. 3. Occurrence of P1 in maxillae from Deninger bears and cave bears, data after Table 1 (presence = P1 or alveoli observed, absence = no P1 developed, broken = rostral part of maxilla broken). in Anterior Premolar Variability In Pleistocene Cave And Brown Bears And Its Significance In Species Determination

Text-fig. 3. Occurrence of P1 in maxillae from Deninger bears and cave bears, data after Table 1 (presence = P1 or alveoli observed, absence = no P1 developed, broken = rostral part of maxilla broken).

Text-fig. 7. Occurrence of p1 in mandibles from Deninger bears and cave bears, data after Table 3 (presence = p1 or alveoli observed, absence = no p1 developed, broken = diastema fragmented). in Anterior Premolar Variability In Pleistocene Cave And Brown Bears And Its Significance In Species Determination

Text-fig. 7. Occurrence of p1 in mandibles from Deninger bears and cave bears, data after Table 3 (presence = p1 or alveoli observed, absence = no p1 developed, broken = diastema fragmented).

publicJul 2022View details →

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Broad-scale patterns of geographic avoidance between species emerge in the absence of fine-scale mechanisms of coexistence

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opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Data from: Low species turnover of upland Amazonian birds in the absence of physical barriers

Aim: One of the oldest and most powerful ways for ecologists to explain distinct biological communities is to invoke underlying environmental differences. But in hyper-diverse systems, which often display high species richness and low species abundance, these sorts of community comparisons are especially challenging. The classic view for Amazonian birds posits that riverine barriers and habitat specialization determine local and regional community composition. We test the tacit, complementary assumption that similar bird communities should therefore permeate uniform habitat between major rivers, regardless of distance. Location: Upland (terra firme) rainforests of central Amazonia. Results: In all, we detected 244 forest-dependent birds, with an average of 190 species (78%) per plot. Species turnover was negligible, no unique indicator species were found among plot pairs, and all documented species were already known from a complete inventory at one of the three sites. Main conclusions: Our study corroborates the classic biogeographical pattern and suggests that turnover contributes little to regional avian diversity within upland forests. Using a grain size of 100 ha, this implies that upland birds perceive the environment as uniform, at least over distances of ~60 km. Therefore, to maximize both local species richness and population persistence, our findings support the conservation of very large tracts of upland rainforest. Our analyses also revealed that the avifauna at Reserva Ducke, encroached by urban sprawl from the city of Manaus, shows the hallmarks of a disturbed community, with fewer vulnerable insectivores. This defaunation signals that even an enormous preserve (10 × 10 km) in lowland Amazonia is not insulated from anthropogenic degradation within the surrounding landscape.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Bayesian species distribution models integrate presence-only and presence-absence data to predict deer distribution and relative abundance

Using geospatial data of wildlife presence to predict a species distribution across a geographic area is among the most common tools in management and conservation. The collection of high-quality presence-absence data through structured surveys is, however, expensive, and managers usually have access to larger amounts of low-quality presence-only data collected by citizen scientists, opportunistic observations, and culling returns for game species. Integrated Species Distribution Models (ISDMs) have been developed to make the most of the data available by combining the higher-quality, but usually scarcer and more spatially restricted presence-absence data, with the lower quality, unstructured, but usually more extensive presence-only datasets. Joint-likelihood ISDMs can be run in a Bayesian context using INLA (Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation) methods that allow the addition of a spatially structured random effect to account for data spatial autocorrelation. Here, we apply this innovative approach to fit ISDMs to empirical data, using presence-absence and presence-only data for the three prevalent deer species in Ireland: red, fallow and sika deer. We collated all deer data available for the past 15 years and fitted models predicting distribution and relative abundance at a 25 km2 resolution across the island. Models' predictions were associated to spatial estimates of uncertainty, allowing us to assess the quality of the model and the effect that data scarcity has on the certainty of predictions. Furthermore, we checked the performance of the three species-specific models using two datasets, independent deer hunting returns and deer densities based on faecal pellet counts. Our work clearly demonstrates the applicability of spatially-explicit ISDMs to empirical data in a Bayesian context, providing a blueprint for managers to exploit unexplored and seemingly unusable data that can, when modelled with the proper tools, serve to inform management and conservation policies.

publicNov 2022View details →

Bayesian species distribution models integrate presence-only and presence-absence data to predict deer distribution and relative abundance

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publicNov 2022View details →

Data from: Low species turnover of upland Amazonian birds in the absence of physical barriers

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opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: Host species composition influences infection severity among amphibians in the absence of spillover transmission

Wildlife epidemiological outcomes can depend strongly on the composition of an ecological community, particularly when multiple host species are affected by the same pathogen. However, the relationship between host species richness and disease risk can vary with community context and with the degree of spillover transmission that occurs among co-occurring host species. We examined the degree to which host species composition influences infection by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a widespread fungal pathogen associated with amphibian population declines around the world, and whether transmission occurs from one highly susceptible host species to other co-occurring host species. By manipulating larval assemblages of three sympatric amphibian species in the laboratory, we characterized the relationship between host species richness and infection severity, whether infection mediates growth and survivorship differently across various combinations of host species, and whether Bd is transmitted from experimentally inoculated tadpoles to uninfected tadpoles. We found evidence of a dilution effect where Bd infection severity was dramatically reduced in the most susceptible of the three host species (Anaxyrus boreas). Infection also mediated survival and growth of all three host species such that the presence of multiple host species had both positive (e.g., infection reduction) and negative (e.g., mortality) effects on focal species. However, we found no evidence that Bd infection is transmitted by this species. While these results demonstrate that host species richness as well as species identity underpin infection dynamics in this system, dilution is not the product of reduced transmission via fewer infectious individuals of a susceptible host species. We discuss various mechanisms, including encounter reduction and antagonistic interactions such as competition and opportunistic cannibalism that may act in concert to mediate patterns of infection severity, growth, and mortality observed in multihost communities.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: Fine-scale kin recognition in the absence of social familiarity in the Siberian jay, a monogamous bird species

Kin recognition is a critical element to kin cooperation, and in vertebrates, it is primarily based on associative learning. Recognition of socially unfamiliar kin occurs rarely, and it is reported only in vertebrate species where promiscuity prevents recognition of first-order relatives. However, it is unknown whether the recognition of socially unfamiliar kin can evolve in monogamous species. Here, we investigate whether genetic relatedness modulates aggression among group members in Siberian jays (Perisoreus infaustus). This bird species is genetically and socially monogamous and lives in groups that are formed through the retention of offspring beyond independence, and the immigration of socially unfamiliar nonbreeders. Observations on feeders showed that genetic relatedness modulated aggression of breeders towards immigrants in a graded manner, in that they chased most intensely the immigrant group members that were genetically the least related. However, cross-fostering experiments showed that breeders were equally tolerant towards their own and cross-fostered young swapped as nestlings. Thus, breeders seem to use different mechanisms to recognize socially unfamiliar individuals and own offspring. As Siberian jays show a high degree of nepotism during foraging and predator encounters, inclusive fitness benefits may play a role for the evolution of fine-scale kin recognition. More generally, our results suggest that fine-graded kin recognition can evolve independently of social familiarity, highlighting the evolutionary importance of kin recognition for social species.

FIGURE 6 in A new pelvic-less species of Melanorivulus Costa (Cyprinodontiformes: Cynolebiidae), with a discussion on the pelvic-fin absence in killifishes

FIGURE 6. Polynomial regression showing the relationship between standard length and pelvic-fin length in M. pictus.

FIGURE 1 in A new pelvic-less species of Melanorivulus Costa (Cyprinodontiformes: Cynolebiidae), with a discussion on the pelvic-fin absence in killifishes

FIGURE 1. Melanorivulus nelsoni, new species: (a) holotype, MCP 50981, 39.1 mm SL, male, Brazil, State of Mato Grosso, municipality of Juscimeira; (b) paratype, NUP 18969, 23.4 mm SL, female, collected with holotype.

FIGURE 2 in A new pelvic-less species of Melanorivulus Costa (Cyprinodontiformes: Cynolebiidae), with a discussion on the pelvic-fin absence in killifishes

FIGURE 2. Live coloration of Melanorivulus nelsoni, new species: (a) paratype, NUP 18970, 29.0 mm SL, male; (b) paratype, NUP 18967, 27.5 mm SL, female; (c) paratype, NUP 18968, 35.3 mm SL, male.

FIGURE 4 in A new pelvic-less species of Melanorivulus Costa (Cyprinodontiformes: Cynolebiidae), with a discussion on the pelvic-fin absence in killifishes

FIGURE 4. Collection sites of Melanorivulus nelsoni, new species, in Brazil, Mato Grosso, rio São Lourenço basin: (a) pool at córrego Beleza; (b) tributary of the córrego Beleza (type locality).

FIGURE 5 in A new pelvic-less species of Melanorivulus Costa (Cyprinodontiformes: Cynolebiidae), with a discussion on the pelvic-fin absence in killifishes

FIGURE 5. Melanorivulus pictus: (a) paratype, MNRJ 11551, 24.0 mm SL, female; (b) holotype, MNRJ 11550, 24.0 mm SL, male; (c) MZUEL 12835, 23.0 mm SL, male; (d) MZUEL 12835, 21.6 mm SL, female; (e) MZUEL 12835, 14.3 mm SL, juvenile.

FIGURE 3 in A new pelvic-less species of Melanorivulus Costa (Cyprinodontiformes: Cynolebiidae), with a discussion on the pelvic-fin absence in killifishes

FIGURE 3. Map of South America showing the distribution of Melanorivulus nelsoni, new species (star).

opennotspecifiedMar 2016View details →

Few juveniles or males were collected. Only four males from groups 7, 8, 9, and 11, all in clade D, were included in the dataset. The male in Fig. 13E–H conforms to the general morphological description of males in Lobocriconema with an undifferentiated labial region, the absence of a stylet, a degenerate pharyngeal region, a FIGURE 7. SEM images of specimens representing clades D (A–H) and B (I). NID numbers are associated with unique specimens, all are females except image C. A) Lobocriconema sp., face view with conspicuous labial disc surrounded by irregular labial structure, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4533. B) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes and displaying subcuticular labial structure, Big Thicket National Preserve, Texas, NID 4560. C) Lobocriconema sp., juvenile, head with visible submedian lobes, body scales with fine terminal projections, Spring Creek Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4514. D) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes and displaying subcuticular labial structure, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4527 E) Lobocriconema sp., cephalic profile with protruding stylet, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4529. F) Lobocriconema sp., head profile lacking submedian lobes, Tunica Hills, Louisiana, NID 4574. G) Lobocriconema sp., tail with closed vulva, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4533. H) Lobocriconema sp., tail with closed vulva, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4526. I) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Purchase Knob, NID 4570. in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

Few juveniles or males were collected. Only four males from groups 7, 8, 9, and 11, all in clade D, were included in the dataset. The male in Fig. 13E–H conforms to the general morphological description of males in Lobocriconema with an undifferentiated labial region, the absence of a stylet, a degenerate pharyngeal region, a FIGURE 7. SEM images of specimens representing clades D (A–H) and B (I). NID numbers are associated with unique specimens, all are females except image C. A) Lobocriconema sp., face view with conspicuous labial disc surrounded by irregular labial structure, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4533. B) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes and displaying subcuticular labial structure, Big Thicket National Preserve, Texas, NID 4560. C) Lobocriconema sp., juvenile, head with visible submedian lobes, body scales with fine terminal projections, Spring Creek Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4514. D) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes and displaying subcuticular labial structure, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4527 E) Lobocriconema sp., cephalic profile with protruding stylet, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4529. F) Lobocriconema sp., head profile lacking submedian lobes, Tunica Hills, Louisiana, NID 4574. G) Lobocriconema sp., tail with closed vulva, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4533. H) Lobocriconema sp., tail with closed vulva, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4526. I) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Purchase Knob, NID 4570.

publicOct 2015View details →

Data from: Fine-scale kin recognition in the absence of social familiarity in the Siberian jay, a monogamous bird species

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