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125 results for “Species disjunctions”
UCE phylogenomics of New World Cryptopone (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) elucidates genus boundaries, species boundaries, and the vicariant history of a temperate-tropical disjunction
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The genus <i>Cryptopone</i> Emery contains 25 species of litter and soil ants, 5 of which occur in the Americas. <i>Cryptopone</i><i>gilva </i>occurs in the southeastern U.S.A. and cloud forests of Mesoamerica, exhibiting an uncommon biogeographic disjunction observed most often in plants. We used phylogenomic data from ultraconserved elements (UCEs), as well as mitogenomes and legacy markers, to investigate phylogenetic relationships, species boundaries, and divergence dates among New World <i>Cryptopone</i>. Species delimitation was conducted using a standard approach and then tested using model-based molecular methods (SNAPP, BPP, SODA, and bPTP). We found that <i>Cryptopone</i> as currently constituted is polyphyletic, and that all the South American species belong to <i>Wadeura</i> Weber, a separate genus unrelated to <i>Cryptopone</i>. A single clade of true <i>Cryptopone</i> occurs in the Americas, restricted to North and Central America. This clade is composed of four species that originated ~4.2 million years ago. One species from the mountains of Guatemala is sister to the other three, favoring a vicariance hypothesis of diversification. The taxonomy of the New World <i>Cryptopone</i>and <i>Wadeura</i> are revised. Taxonomic changes are: <i>Wadeura</i> Weber is <b>resurrected</b>, with <b>new combinations</b> <i>W. guianensis</i>Weber, <i>W. holmgreni</i> (Wheeler), and <i>W. pauli</i> (Fernandes & Delabie); <i>C. guatemalensis</i> (Forel) (<b>rev. stat.</b>) is raised to species, and includes <i>C. obsoleta</i> (Menozzi) (<b>syn. nov.</b>). The following <b>new species</b> are described: <i>Cryptopone gilvagrande</i>, <i>C. gilvatumida</i>, and <i>Wadeura holmgrenita</i>. <i>Cryptopone hartwigi</i> is transferred to <i>Fisheropone</i> (<b>n. comb.</b>). <i>Cryptopone mirabilis</i> (Mackay & Mackay 2010) is a junior synonym of <i>Centromyrmex brachycola</i> (Roger) (<b>syn. nov.</b>).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Species tree estimation using ddRADseq data from historical specimens confirms the monophyly of highly disjunct species of Chloropyron (Orobanchaceae)
Sequence data exist for only about 1/5 of plant species; therefore we are at risk of losing many branches of the tree of life even before they are placed into a molecular evolutionary context. This necessitates methods for phylogeny estimation of understudied, rare, and threatened taxa, which often forces researchers to utilize historical collections. The restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) family of reduced representation sequence generation has provided a flexible and efficient method for the rapid generation of hundreds to tens of thousands of loci, and has recently seen adoption for phylogeny estimation. However, these methods have been primarily utilized with freshly collected or well preserved tissue. Here we sample all taxa of a genus of rare flowering plants, Chloropyron (Orobanchaceae), from herbarium sheets dating up to 25 yr and use double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) to resolve intraspecific relationships. We find all species in Chloropyron to be monophyletic, with the inland taxon C. maritimum ssp. canescens sister to the rest of the coastal C. maritimum (ssp. maritimum + ssp. palustre), and the two distinct subspecies of C. molle to be each other's closest relative with strong support. In addition, we demonstrate the utility of reduced representation libraries to address phylogenomic problems in a group of rare species and address pitfalls of accurately inferring relationships when the amount of missing data is large, as is often the case when using historical specimens and rare taxa.
A new, disjunct species of Bahiana (Euphorbiaceae-Acalyphoideae): Phytogeographic connections between the seasonally dry tropical forests of Peru and Brazil, and a review of spinescence in the family
<p><em>Bahiana</em> is expanded from 1 to 2 species with the description of <em>B. occidentalis</em> K. Wurdack, <strong>sp. nov.</strong> as a new endemic of the seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTFs) of Peru. The disjunct distribution of Bahiana with populations of <em>B. occidentalis</em> on opposite sides of the Andes in northwestern Peru (Tumbes, San Martín) and B. pyriformis in eastern Brazil (Bahia) adds to the phytogeographic links among the widely scattered New World SDTFs. Although <em>B. occidentalis</em> remains imperfectly known due to lack of flowering collections, molecular phylogenetic results from four loci (plastid <em>matK</em>, <em>rbcL</em>, and <em>trnL-F</em>; and nuclear ITS) unite the two species as does gross vegetative morphology, notably their spinose stipules, and androecial structure. Spinescence in Euphorbiaceae was surveyed and found on vegetative organs in 25 genera, which mostly have modified sharp branch tips. Among New World taxa, spines that originate from stipule modifications only occur in <em>Bahiana</em> and <em>Acidocroton</em>, while the intrastipular spines of <em>Philyra</em> are of uncertain homologies.</p>
UCE phylogenomics of New World Cryptopone (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) elucidates genus boundaries, species boundaries, and the vicariant history of a temperate-tropical disjunction
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Data from: Species tree estimation using ddRADseq data from historical specimens confirms the monophyly of highly disjunct species of Chloropyron (Orobanchaceae)
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Foliar endophyte diversity in eastern Asia-eastern North America disjunct tree species – Influences of host identity, environment, phylogeny, and geographic isolation
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A new, disjunct species of Bahiana (Euphorbiaceae-Acalyphoideae): Phytogeographic connections between the seasonally dry tropical forests of Peru and Brazil, and a review of spinescence in the family
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FIGURES 1–2. Chaleponcus parensis n in East African odontopygid millipedes 2: A new, geographically disjunct species of Chaleponcus (Attems 1914) from the Pare Mts., Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)
FIGURES 1–2. Chaleponcus parensis n. sp. 1: left gonopod, posterior view. 2: left gonopod, anterior view. Scale 1mm. ls: lateral spine, mml1: first median metaplical lobe, mml2: second median metaplical lobe, mpl: median proplical lobe, ms: metaplical spine, pl: proplical lamella.
Figs 2-13 in A case of disjunct montane linyphiid species (Araneae) in the Palaeotropics, with notes on synonymy and the description of a new species
Figs 2-13. Oedothorax paralegrandi sp. nov., male holotype (2-11) and female paratype (12-13). (2-3) Carapace, lateral and dorsal views, respectively. (4-5) Right palp, retro- and prolateral views, respectively. (6) Palpal tibia and paracymbium, proximalretrolateral view. (7-8) Palpal tibia, dorsal and prolateral views, respectively. (9) Distal suprategular apophysis. (10-11) Distal suprategular apophysis and embolic division, retro- and prolateral views, respectively. (12) Epigyne, ventral view. (13) Cleared epigyne, dorsal view.
FIGURE 4 in A new distinct, disjunct giant millipede of the genus Spirostreptus Brandt, 1833, from Tanzania, and a solution for orphaned Spirostreptus species (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae)
FIGURE 4. Analocostreptus ibanda (Silvestri, 1907), male from Kenya (ZMUC 200671). A, B. Left gonopod coxa. A. Posterior view. B. Latero-anterior view. C. Right gonopod telopodite, anterior view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 1 in A new distinct, disjunct giant millipede of the genus Spirostreptus Brandt, 1833, from Tanzania, and a solution for orphaned Spirostreptus species (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae)
FIGURE 1. Spirostreptus digitus sp. nov., Holotype male (NHMD 1184565). A. Head, collum and rings 2–6, lateral view. B. Head, ventral view. C. Head, ventrolateral view. D. Close-up of gnathochilarium. Abbreviations: gu = gula, ll = lamella lingualis, me = mentum, pr = prementum (arrows point at the three lobes), st = stipes of gnathochilarium, stl = mandibular stipital lobe. Scale bars = 1 mm (A—C); 0.5 mm (D). The specimen was superficially dried and returned to alcohol after photography.
FIGURE 2 in A new distinct, disjunct giant millipede of the genus Spirostreptus Brandt, 1833, from Tanzania, and a solution for orphaned Spirostreptus species (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae)
FIGURE 2. Spirostreptus digitus sp. nov. A–E, F: Holotype male (NHMD 1184565). B–D: Paratype male (NHMD 1184568). A. First pair of legs, anterior view. B–D. Right gonopod telopodite. B. Posterior view. C. Anterior view. D. Close-up of telopodite tip. E. gonopods, anterior view. F. Gonopods, posterior view. Abbreviations: aps = apical prefemoral setae, atp = antetorsal process, cxs = coxosternal setae, ec = efferent canal (shaded), ff = posterior (latero)apicad process, lap = lateroapical process, lmp = lateroapical structure, lps = lateral prefemoral setae, map = mesapical process, mp = metaplica, pfl = prefemoral lobe, pp = proplica, ptp = posttorsal process, st = sternum. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (A–C, E, F); 0.05 mm (D). For Fig. 2A, the specimen was superficially dried and returned to alcohol after photography.
FIGURE 3. Spirostreptus spp., gonopods. A–C. S. heros Porat, 1872 in A new distinct, disjunct giant millipede of the genus Spirostreptus Brandt, 1833, from Tanzania, and a solution for orphaned Spirostreptus species (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae)
FIGURE 3. Spirostreptus spp., gonopods. A–C. S. heros Porat, 1872 (NHMD 1184569). D–F. S. triparituts Cook & Collins, 1893 (NHMD 1184570). A, D. Anterior view. B, E. Posterior view. C, Right telopodite, posterior view. F. Left telopodite, latero-anterior view. Abbreviations: atp = antetorsal process, mp = metaplica, mpp = metaplical prong, pp = proplica. Scale bars = 1 mm.
TABLE 1 in A new distinct, disjunct giant millipede of the genus Spirostreptus Brandt, 1833, from Tanzania, and a solution for orphaned Spirostreptus species (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae)
<p><b>TABLE 1.</b> Species referred to <i>Spirostreptus</i> by Krabbe (1982: 197–214, 420–437), plus one species described with doubt in this genus by Demange (1981) and their current/new allocations.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Name as in Krabbe (1982)</b></th><th><b>Current/new status</b></th><th><b>Reference</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus amandus</i> Attems, 1914</th><td><i>Analocostreptus amandus</i> (Attems, 1914), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus armatus</i> (Verhoeff, 1914)</th><td>syn. of <i>Macrolenostreptus brachycerus</i> (Gerstäcker, 1873)</td><td>Hoffman & Howell (1996)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus (?)</i> <i>biconus</i> Attems, 1934</th><td><i>Analocostreptus biconus</i> (Attems, 1934), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus bonifatius</i> Attems, 1914</th><td><i>Analocostreptus bonifatius</i> (Attems, 1914), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus brachycerus</i> Gerstäcker, 1873</th><td><i>Macrolenostreptus brachycerus</i> (Gerstäcker, 1873)</td><td>Hoffman & Howell (1996)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus castaneus</i> Attems, 1934</th><td><i>Analocostreptus castaneus</i> (Attems, 1934), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus confragosus</i> Karsch, 1881</th><td><i>Mayastreptus confragosus</i> (Karsch, 1881)</td><td>Hoffman (1998)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus (?)</i> <i>cornutus</i> Attems, 1934</th><td><i>Analocostreptus cornutus</i> (Attems, 1934), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus damasus</i> Attems, 1953</th><td><i>Analocostreptus damasus</i> (Attems, 1953), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus dartevellei</i> (Attems, 1953)</th><td><i>Analocostreptus dartevellei</i> (Attems, 1953), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus dentiger</i> Attems, 1953</th><td><i>Analocostreptus dentiger</i> (Attems, 1953), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus garambanus</i> Chamberlin, 1927</th><td><i>Analocostreptus garambanus</i> (Chamberlin, 1927), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus gregorius</i> Attems, 1914</th><td><i>Analocostreptus gregorius</i> (Attems, 1914), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus hamatus</i> Demange, 1977</th><td><i>Tropostreptus hamatus</i> (Demange, 1977)</td><td>Enghoff (2017)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus ibanda</i> (Silvestri, 1907)</th><td><i>Analocostreptus ibanda</i> (Silvestri, 1907)</td><td>Silvestri (1910)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus ineptus</i> Kraus, 1958</th><td><i>Analocostreptus ineptus</i> (Kraus, 19958), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus inflatannulatus</i> (Verhoeff, 1941)</th><td><i>Haplogonopus inflatannulatus</i> Verhoeff, 1941</td><td>Hoffman (2011)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus informis</i> Attems, 1938</th><td><i>Analocostreptus informis</i> (Attems, 1938), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus macracanthus</i> Attems, 1914</th><td><i>Dendrostreptus macracanthus</i> (Attems, 1914)</td><td>Hoffman & Howell (1983)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus makarius</i> Attems, 1914</th><td><i>Analocostreptus makarius</i> (Attems, 1914), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus manyemanus</i> Attems, 1927</th><td><i>Analocostreptus manyemanus</i> (Attems, 1927), comb. nov.</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus manyemanus biserialis</i> Attems, 1938</th><td><i>Analocostreptus manyemanus biserialis</i> (Attems, 1938), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus medjensis</i> Chamberlin, 1927</th><td><i>Analocostreptus medjensis</i> (Chamberlin, 1927), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus micromelas</i> Saussure & Zehntner, 1902</th><td><i>Analocostreptus micromelas</i> (Saussure & Zehntner, 1902), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus montivagus</i> Karsch, 1881</th><td><i>Analocostreptus montivagus</i> (Karsch, 1881), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus multisulcatus</i> Demange, 1957</th><td><i>Analocostreptus multisulcatus</i> (Demange, 1957), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus nebularius</i> Kraus, 1958</th><td>syn of. <i>Haplogonopus inflatannulatus</i> Verhoeff, 1941</td><td>Hoffman (2011)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus pancratius</i> Attems, 1914</th><td><i>Analocostreptus pancratius</i> (Attems, 1914), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus</i> (?) <i>pavani</i> Demange, 1981</th><td><i>Analocostreptus pavani</i> (Demange, 1981), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus phthisicus</i> Saussure & Zehntner, 1902</th><td><i>Analocostreptus phthisicus</i> (Saussure & Zehntner, 1902), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus pictus</i> Saussure & Zehntner, 1902</th><td><i>Analocostreptus pictus</i> (Saussure & Zehntner, 1902), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus procerus</i> Attems, 1934</th><td><i>Analocostreptus missionarius</i> (Attems, 1953), <b>comb. nov.</b> (see notes in text)</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus rolini</i> (Silvestri, 1897)</th><td><i>Analocostreptus rolini</i> (Silvestri, 1897), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus sculptus</i> Saussure & Zehntner, 1902</th><td><i>Analocostreptus sculptus</i> (Saussure & Zehntner, 1902), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus semilunaris</i> Peters, 1855</th><td><i>Analocostreptus semilunaris</i> (Peters, 1855), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus servatius</i> Attems, 1914</th><td><i>Analocostreptus servatius</i> (Attems, 1914), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus sinuaticollis</i> Porat, 1894</th><td><i>Treptogonostreptus sinuaticollis</i> (Porat, 1894)</td><td>Hoffman (1984)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus solitarius</i> Carl, 1909</th><td><i>Limnostreptus solitarius</i> (Carl, 1909)</td><td>Hoffman (2008)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus strongylopygus</i> Attems, 1950</th><td><i>Sagmatostreptus strongylopygus</i> (Attems, 1950)</td><td>Hoffman & Enghoff (2011)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus tetricus</i> Attems, 1934</th><td><i>Analocostreptus tetricus</i> (Attems, 1934), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus tiburtius</i> Attems, 1953</th><td><i>Analocostreptus tiburtius</i> (Attems, 1953), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus triangulicollis</i> Attems, 1934</th><td><i>Analocostreptus triangulicollis</i> (Attems, 1934), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus versicolor</i> Saussure & Zehntner, 1902</th><td><i>Analocostreptus versicolor</i> (Saussure & Zehntner, 1902), <b>comb. nov.</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Spirostreptus yambatanus</i> Attems, 1934</th><td><i>Analocostreptus yambatanus</i> (Attems, 1934), comb. nov.</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><p>......Continued on the next page</p>
Distribution. Two geographically disjunct ranges, including arid parts of extreme SW Angola, W Namibia, and W South Africa S to Western Cape Province, and N Mozambique, E & S Zimbabwe, extreme E Botswana, and N South Africa; an 800km-gap separates the two parts of the species' range between Augrabies Falls on the Orange River in W South Africa and the Magaliesberg of North West and Gauteng provinces in N South Africa. in Molossidae
Distribution. Two geographically disjunct ranges, including arid parts of extreme SW Angola, W Namibia, and W South Africa S to Western Cape Province, and N Mozambique, E & S Zimbabwe, extreme E Botswana, and N South Africa; an 800km-gap separates the two parts of the species' range between Augrabies Falls on the Orange River in W South Africa and the Magaliesberg of North West and Gauteng provinces in N South Africa.
Distribution. Recorded from six disjunct locations in SW & NE India and NE Cambodia, including type locality in Karnataka, and Phrang Karuh Cave, Jaintia Hills, and Thangsah in Meghalaya; in Cambodia known only from a single specimen from Chhaeb district, Preah Vihear Province, while another record based on a photograph of a dead bat from Bahon Temple is also provisionally referred to this species. in Molossidae
Distribution. Recorded from six disjunct locations in SW & NE India and NE Cambodia, including type locality in Karnataka, and Phrang Karuh Cave, Jaintia Hills, and Thangsah in Meghalaya; in Cambodia known only from a single specimen from Chhaeb district, Preah Vihear Province, while another record based on a photograph of a dead bat from Bahon Temple is also provisionally referred to this species.
Subspecies and Distribution. G. c. commissarisi Gardner, 1962 — S Mexico (from Veracruz and Michoacan) through Central America to E Panama; possibly into W Colombia. G. c. bakeri Webster & J. K. Jones, 1987 — Colombia, WC Guyana, Amazonian Ecuador, Peru, and W Brazil. G. c. hespera Webster & J. K. Jones, 1982 — W Mexico from Sinaloa to at least Colima. The species shows disjunct distribution with distributions ofthe three subspecies apparently not overlapping. Nevertheless, accurate identification ofthis species is a difficult task, and actual distribution could be different from what is known. in Phyllostomidae
Subspecies and Distribution. G. c. commissarisi Gardner, 1962 — S Mexico (from Veracruz and Michoacan) through Central America to E Panama; possibly into W Colombia. G. c. bakeri Webster & J. K. Jones, 1987 — Colombia, WC Guyana, Amazonian Ecuador, Peru, and W Brazil. G. c. hespera Webster & J. K. Jones, 1982 — W Mexico from Sinaloa to at least Colima. The species shows disjunct distribution with distributions ofthe three subspecies apparently not overlapping. Nevertheless, accurate identification ofthis species is a difficult task, and actual distribution could be different from what is known.
FIGURE 3 in Garra rezai, a new species from two widely disjunct areas in the Tigris drainage (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)
FIGURE 3. Garra rezai, paratypes; from above: FSJF 4111, 59 mm SL; VMFC GRE-P5216, 34 mm SL; 28 mm SL; Iran: stream Bouein-Sofla.
FIGURE 4 in Garra rezai, a new species from two widely disjunct areas in the Tigris drainage (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)
FIGURE 4. Garra rezai, paratypes; from above: FSJF 4111, 59 mm SL; VMFC GRE-P5216, 34 mm SL; 28 mm SL; Iran: stream Bouein-Sofla.
FIGURE 8 in Garra rezai, a new species from two widely disjunct areas in the Tigris drainage (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)
FIGURE 8. Garra rezai, from above: IMNRF-UT 1245, paratype, 58 mm SL; Iran: stream Bouein-Sofla; FSJF 3824, 104 mm SL; Turkey: stream Çıratan.
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