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Figure 5 in Revision of northeast Pacific Paleogene cypraeoidean gastropods, including recognition of three new species: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal turnover
Figure 5 (previous page) A–C. Bernaya grovesi Squires and Demetrion, 1992, Bateque Formation (Eocene, "Capay Stage"), Mesa La Salina, Baja California Sur, México. Basal (A), dorsal (B), and right (labral) (C) views, all 2.6x, length 17 mm, width 12 mm, height 7.7 mm, of holotype IGM 5172, LACMIP Locality 401220a (ex CSUN Locality 1220b). D–F. Bernaya kaylinae n. sp., Llajas Formation, (Eocene, "Domengine Stage"), Las Llajas Canyon, north side Simi Valley, Ventura County, southern California. Basal (D), dorsal (E), and right (labral) side (F) views, 3.8x, length 25.6 mm, width 17.3 mm, height 12.9 mm, of holotype, LACMIP 40374.80, LACMIP Type 14938 (LACMIP Locality 40374). G–I. Bernaya squiresi Groves, 2011, unnamed Eocene strata ("Capay Stage"), southwest end of Discovery Bay, Jefferson County, Washington. Basal (G), dorsal (H), and right (labral) side (I) views, 0.97x, length 52.7 mm, width 40 mm, height 26.3 mm, of holotype LACMIP 22341.1, LACMIP Type 13644, LACMIP Locality 22341. J–L. Bernaya sp., unnamed Paleocene strata (Thanetian Stage), near Lower Lake, Lake County, northern California. Basal (J), dorsal (K), and right (labral) side (L) views, 1.7x, length 33.8 mm, width 23 mm, height 18.3 mm, hypotype LACMIP 7047.72, LACMIP Type 14923 (LACMIP Locality 7047). M–O. Protocypraea? simiensis (Nelson, 1925), Santa Susana Formation (Thanetian Stage), Simi Hills, Ventura County, Paleocene, southern California. Basal (M), dorsal (N), and right (labral) side (O) views, 1.6x, length 32.3 mm, width 24.6 mm, height 17.3 mm, of holotype UCMP 30498, UCMP Locality 3818. P.Protocypraea? sp. 1, Oyster Bay Formation, Paleocene, Appian Way, Central Island District, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Basal view, 1.8x, length 48.1 mm, width 31.4 mm, height 25.3 mm, of CDM 997.91.3, informal locality AP3.
Figure 4 in Revision of northeast Pacific Paleogene cypraeoidean gastropods, including recognition of three new species: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal turnover
Figure 4 (previous page). A–C. Nucleolaria cowlitzensis Groves, 1994, Cowlitz Formation (middle Eocene, upper "Tejon Stage"), Vader area, south-central Lewis County, Washington. Basal (A), dorsal (B), and left (columellar) side (C) views, 1.9x, length 27.2 mm, width 17.3 mm, height 11.3 mm, of holotype UCMP 39837, UCMP Locality D-8040. D–H. Propustularia kemperae (Nelson, 1925), Santa Susana Formation, (Paleocene, Selandian Stage), north side Simi Hills, Ventura County, southern California. Basal (D), dorsal (E), and right (labral) side (F), and views, 2.2x, length 21 mm, width 17.3, height 12 mm, of holotype CASG 391.01 [ex CASG 987], Locality CASG 391. Dorsal (G) view, 2.6x, length 18.2 mm, width 14.9, height 11.2 mm, of hypotype LACMIP 22307.6, LACMIP Type 14918 (LACMIP Locality 22307). Basal (H) view, 2.2x, length 21 mm, width 17.3, height 12 mm, of paratype UCMP 30541, UCMP Locality 3764. I–N. Subepona goedertorum (Groves and Squires, 1995), Crescent Formation (Eocene, "Capay Stage"), Black Hills, Thurston County, Washington. Basal (I), dorsal (J), left (columellar) lateral (K), and right (labral) (L) views, 2.8x, length 19.4 mm, width 12.3, height 10.8 mm, of holotype LACMIP 16655.23, LACMIP Type 12375, LACMIP Locality 16655 [=LACMIP Locality 41563; ex CSUN Locality 1563]. M–N, Juncal Formation, Canton Canyon, Whitaker Peak area, Ventura County, southern California. Basal (M) and dorsal (N) views, both 2.4x, length 19.4 mm, width 13.9, height 9.4 mm, of hypotype LACMIP 40807.1, LACMIP Type 14935 (LACMIP Locality 40807 [= LACMIP Locality 16191, ex CSUN Locality 807]). O–Q, Subepona leahae n. sp., Llajas Formation (Eocene, "Domengine Stage"), north side Simi Valley, Ventura County, southern California. Basal (O), dorsal (P), and left (labral) side (Q) views, 1.6x, length 29.5 mm, width 13.9, height 15.1 mm, of holotype LACMIP 40374.79, LACMIP Type 14936, (LACMIP Locality 40374).
Figure 2 in Revision of northeast Pacific Paleogene cypraeoidean gastropods, including recognition of three new species: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal turnover
Figure 2. Illustrations of key morphologic terms used in describing cypraeoidean shells. A=Bernaya sp., hypotype LACMIP 22341.1, type 13644; B = Protocypraea? simiensis (Nelson, 1925), holotype UCMP 30498; C = Subepona goedertorum (Groves and Squires, 1995), holotype LACMIP 16655.23, type 12375; D = Propustularia kemperae (Nelson, 1925), holotype CASG 391.01.
Table 1 in Revision of northeast Pacific Paleogene cypraeoidean gastropods, including recognition of three new species: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal turnover
<p><b>Table 1.</b> Paleogene cypraeoideans from NEP, with author(s), families, subfamilies, geographic distribution, and stage range. Taxa arranged following Lorenz (2017) and Fehse (2021) and listed alphabetically under each genus. Van Is=Vancouver Island, British Columbia, WA=Washington, OR=Oregon, CA=California, BCS Méx= Baja California Sur, México. No=North, So=South, mid=middle, n. comb.=new combination, n. sp.=new species, sp.=species.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>TAXON</th><th><b>LOCATION</b></th><th>NEP "STAGE"</th><th><b>STANDARD STAGE</b></th></tr><tr><th><b>CYPRAEIDAE</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><i>Nucleolaria cowlitziana</i> Groves, 1994</th><td>WA</td><td>upper "Tejon"</td><td>upper Bartonian</td></tr><tr><th><i>Propustularia kemperae</i> (Nelson, 1925)</th><td>So CA</td><td>"Martinez"</td><td>Selandian</td></tr><tr><th><i>Subepona goedertorum</i> (Groves and Squires, 1995)</th><td>WA, So CA</td><td>"Capay" to "Domengine"</td><td>mid to up Ypresian</td></tr><tr><th><i>Subepona leahae</i> Squires and Groves, n. sp.</th><td>So CA</td><td>"Domengine"</td><td>up. Ypres.-low. Lut.</td></tr><tr><th><i>Bernaya grovesi</i> Squires and Demetrion, 1992</th><td>WA?, BC Méx</td><td>"Capay"</td><td>middle Ypresian</td></tr><tr><th><i>Bernaya kaylinae</i> Squires and Groves, n. sp.</th><td>So CA</td><td>"Domengine"</td><td>up. Ypres.-low. Lut.</td></tr><tr><th><i>Bernaya squiresi</i> Groves, 2011</th><td>WA</td><td>"Capay"</td><td>middle Ypresian</td></tr><tr><th><i>Bernaya</i> sp.</th><td>No CA</td><td>"Martinez"</td><td>Thanetian</td></tr><tr><th><i>Protocypraea</i>? <i>simiensis</i> (Nelson, 1925) n. comb.</th><td>So CA</td><td>"Martinez"</td><td>Thanetian</td></tr><tr><th><i>Protocypraea</i>? sp. 1</th><td>Van Is</td><td>"Martinez"?</td><td>Thanetian?</td></tr><tr><th><i>Protocypraea</i>? sp. 2</th><td>No CA</td><td>"Martinez"</td><td>Thanetian</td></tr><tr><th><i>Gisortia clarki</i> Ingram, 1940</th><td>CA, BCS Méx?</td><td>"Capay"</td><td>middle Ypresian</td></tr><tr><th><i>Gisortia</i> sp.</th><td>So CA</td><td>"Capay"</td><td>middle Ypresian</td></tr><tr><th>Cypraeidae, gen. and sp. indeterminate</th><td>Mid CA</td><td>"Martinez"</td><td>Thanetian</td></tr><tr><th><b>EOCYPRAEIDAE</b></th></tr><tr><th><i>Eocypraea batequensis</i> Groves, 2011</th><td>BCS Méx</td><td>"Capay"</td><td>middle Ypresian</td></tr><tr><th><i>Eocypraea crescentensis</i> Groves, 2011</th><td>WA</td><td>"Capay"</td><td>middle Ypresian</td></tr><tr><th><i>Eocypraea jimgoerderti</i> Groves, 2011</th><td>WA</td><td>"Trans." to "Tejon"</td><td>middle Lutetian</td></tr><tr><th><i>Eocypraea judithsmithae</i> Squires and Groves, n. sp.</th><td>So to mid CA</td><td>"Domengine."</td><td>up. Ypres.-low. Lut.</td></tr><tr><th><i>Eocypraea novasumma</i> (Nelson, 1925)</th><td>So CA, BC Méx</td><td>"Martinez"</td><td>Selandian</td></tr><tr><th><i>Eocypraea takeosusukii</i> Groves, 2011</th><td>No CA</td><td>"Martinez"</td><td>Thanetian</td></tr><tr><th><i>Eocypraea</i> sp. cf. <i>E. inflata</i> (Lamarck, 1802)</th><td>So CA</td><td>"Domengine"</td><td>upper Ypresian</td></tr><tr><th><i>Eocypraea</i> sp.</th><td>Mid CA</td><td>"Martinez"</td><td>Thanetian</td></tr><tr><th><i>Grovesia castacensis</i> (Stewart, 1926 [1927]) n. comb.</th><td>WA, So CA</td><td>mid "Tejon" to Galvinian</td><td>Barton.-Priabonian</td></tr><tr><th><i>Grovesia mathewsonii</i> (Gabb, 1869)</th><td>WA, OR, So CA</td><td>"Domeng." to Galvinian</td><td>up. Ypres.-Priabonian</td></tr><tr><th><i>Luponovula maniobraensis</i> (Squires & Advocate, 1986) n. comb.</th><td>So CA</td><td>"Capay"</td><td>middle Ypresian</td></tr><tr><th><b>PEDICULARIINAE</b></th></tr><tr><th><i>Cypraedia</i> sp.</th><td>BCS Méx</td><td>"Capay"</td><td>middle Ypresian</td></tr><tr><th><i>Cypraeogemmula warnerae</i> Effinger, 1938</th><td>WA</td><td>"Capay" to Galvinian</td><td>up. Ypres.-Priabon.</td></tr><tr><th><b>ERATOIDAE</b></th></tr><tr><th><i>Eratotrivia crescentensis</i> (Weaver and Palmer, 1922)</th><td>WA</td><td>"Capay"</td><td>middle Ypresian</td></tr><tr><th><i>NOMINA DUBIA</i></th></tr><tr><th><i>"</i> <i>Bernaya" fresnoensis</i> (Anderson, 1905)</th><td>mid CA</td><td>"Domengine"</td><td>up. Ypres.-low. Lut.</td></tr><tr><th><i>"</i> <i>Eocypraea" bayerquei</i> (Gabb, 1864)</th><td>No CA</td><td>Martinez?</td><td>Paleocene</td></tr><tr><th>" <i>Sphaerocypraea" martini</i> (Dickerson, 1914)</th><td>No CA</td><td>"Martinez"</td><td>Thanetian</td></tr><tr><th>" <i>Sulcocypraea" oakvillensis</i> (Van Winkle, 1918)</th><td>WA</td><td>lower Galvinian</td><td>lower Priabonian</td></tr></tbody></table>
Figure 1 in Revision of northeast Pacific Paleogene cypraeoidean gastropods, including recognition of three new species: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal turnover
Figure 1. Index map of the northeast Pacific (NEP) region with latitudinal ranges of cypraeoidean species discussed in this present study, excluding nomina dubia.
Figure 3 in Revision of northeast Pacific Paleogene cypraeoidean gastropods, including recognition of three new species: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal turnover
Figure 3. Chronostratigraphic diagram showing all the known NEP cypraeoidean genera, their key stratigraphic units, number of identifiable genera, and global-climate events. Geologic time scale, stage ages, chrons/polarity, nannofossil zones, and timing of global-climate events from Gradstein et al. (2012: fig. 28.11). Provincial- molluscan stages from Squires (2003: fig. 21.). Geologic age of "Stewart bed" from Squires (2022: fig. 3).
Figure 5 in Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns
Figure 5. Per-capita rates of origination and extinction for Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa. A, 300-kyr bins from 4.2 to 0.9 Mya. It should be remembered that the intervals 4.2–3.6 Mya and 1.5–0.9 Mya are less well sampled than the intermediate interval (cf. Fig. 3A). Note especially the zero origination rate in the interval 3.0–2.4 Mya. See text for complete discussion. B, the same for 400-kyr bins from 4.1 to 0.9 Mya. C, the same for 500-kyr bins from 4.0 to 1.0 Mya.
Figure 8 in Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns
Figure 8. Results of the regression analysis of number of localities vs. mean standing richness for 400-kyr bins. A, regression analysis. The correlation is significant (adjusted multiple R2 = 0.706**). There are no statistical outliers in this regression. B, regression residuals plotted against time slice. There are no outliers, but the effect of Laetoli is still seen in the relatively high residual for time slice C (3.7– 3.3 Mya).
Figure 1 in Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns
Figure 1. Map showing geographical location of localities studied. 1, Hadar; 2, Middle Awash; 3, Omo, Shungura and Usno Formations; 4, Konso-Gardula; 5, West Turkana, Nachukui Formation; 6, Koobi Fora; 7, Allia Bay; 8, Lothagam; 9, Kanapoi; 10, Nkondo/Nyaburu; 11, West Turkana, Eshoa Kakurongori, South Turkwel, Nakoret; 12, Kanam East; 13, Olorgesailie; 14, Olduvai; 15, Lainyamok; 16, Laetoli. Inset: map of Africa showing (shaded) countries with localities with carnivoran specimens used in this work.
Figure 7 in Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns
Figure 7. Results of the regression analysis of number of localities vs. mean standing richness for 300-kyr bins. A, regression analysis. The correlation is significant (adjusted multiple R2 = 0.603**). Note that time slice C (3.9–3.6 Mya) is an outlier. B, regression residuals plotted against time slice showing the high positive residual for the outlier, time slice C, indicating that this time slice has more taxa than expected given the number of localities present, which is probably an effect of the dominance of the species-rich Laetoli locality in this time slice. Laetoli also has an effect in time slice D (3.6–3.3 Mya), but this time slice includes many more localities and therefore the effect of Laetoli is not as evident.
Figure 4 in Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns
Figure 4. Richness data for Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa. A, total richness and mean standing richness [MSR = (NbL + 2Nbt + NFt)/2] in 300-kyr bins from 4.2 to 0.9 Mya. It should be remembered that the intervals 4.2– 3.6 Mya and 1.5–0.9 Mya are less well sampled than the intermediate interval (cf. Fig. 3A). Peaks before 3 Mya (higher) and after 2 Mya (lower) are evident. See text for complete discussion. B, the same for 400-kyr bins from 4.1 to 0.9 Mya. Note the reduction in height of the post-2 Mya peak. C, the same for 500-kyr bins from 4.0 to 1.0 Mya.
Figure 6 in Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns
Figure 6. Per-taxon rates of origination and extinction for Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa. A, 300-kyr bins. B, 400-kyr bins. C, 500-kyr bins. The diagrams match those for per-capita rates closely, demonstrating that the results are not dependent on the exact metric used.
Patterns of species richness and turnover in endemic amphibians of the Guineo-Congolian rainforest
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: The African Guineo-Congolian (GC) region is a global biodiversity hotspot with high species endemism, bioclimatic heterogeneity, complex landscape features, and multiple biogeographic barriers. Bioclimatic and geographic variables influence global patterns of species richness and endemism, but their relative importance varies across taxa and regions and is poorly understood for many faunas. We characterized patterns of richness and turnover in endemic amphibians of the GC biodiversity hotspot and evaluated the relative roles of geographic distance and bioclimatic variables in predicting turnover. </p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: West and Central Africa. </p> <p><strong>Major taxa studied</strong>: Amphibians</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We compiled species-occurrence records via field sampling, online databases, and taxonomic literature. Our study used 1205 unique georeferenced records of 222 amphibian species endemic to the GC region. Patterns of species richness were mapped onto a grid with a spatial resolution of 0.5° × 0.5°. We estimated weighted endemism and tested whether endemism was higher than the expected species richness (randomization test). We quantified species turnover using generalized dissimilarity modelling to evaluate the processes underlying observed patterns of species richness in GC endemic amphibians. We explored bioregionalization using agglomerative hierarchical clustering based on the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages. </p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: We identified six areas within the lower GC region – forests in Southern Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of Congo, and Democratic Republic of Congo – as having high species richness of endemic amphibians. The randomization test returned four major areas of significant weighted endemism: Nigeria-Cameroon mountains, forest regions of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, and Ghana. Our analysis revealed five bioregions for amphibian endemism, four of which were located within the lower Guineo-Congolian forest. Species turnover was strongly related to the geographic distance between grid cells; contributing bioclimatic variables included precipitation of the warmest quarter, mean temperature of the wettest quarter, and mean diurnal temperature range. </p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: Our results indicate that geographic distance between grid cells is the primary determinant of turnover in GC endemic amphibians, with secondary but significant effects of rainfall- and temperature-related variables. Our results identify key areas of endemic amphibian richness that could be prioritized for conservation actions.</p>
Rates of species turnover across elevation vary with vertical stratum in rainforest ant assemblages
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Data from: Species that dominate spatial turnover can be of (almost) any abundance
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Patterns of species richness and turnover in endemic amphibians of the Guineo-Congolian rainforest
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Data from: Drivers of global pre-industrial patterns of species turnover in planktonic foraminifera
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The biotic interactions hypothesis partially explains bird species turnover along a lowland Neotropical precipitation gradient
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Aim</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>We evaluated the influence of climate in determining bird communities along precipitation gradients. We argue that mechanisms responsible for community turnover along precipitation gradients are similar to mechanisms operating along temperature and latitudinal gradients. We test the hypothesis that environmental conditions affect community composition in dry forests, whereas biotic interactions affect community composition in wet forests.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Location</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Low-elevation forests along a precipitation gradient in Colombia where precipitation ranges from 700 – 4000 mm annually but neither temperature or elevation change.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Time period</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Present day</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Major Taxa Studied</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Tropical Forest Birds.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Methods</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>We performed 291 bird counts in nine study areas across the ~3000 mm range of variation in precipitation. In each locality we obtained climatic characteristics, and a phylogenetic, morphological and physiological proxy data set to test predictions about the evolutionary relationships and distribution of traits in each community. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Results</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Bird communities changed abruptly along the precipitation gradient and could be divided into dry and wet forest communities. Analyses of phylogenetic relationships, trait space, and observations at nests suggested that environmental filtering is more important in dry forest, especially for breeding. In contrast, we found little evidence that competition was more important in wet forest. Nest predation or competition for nest space, however, may be more critical in wetter forests.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="author"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Conclusions</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The two distinct bird communities we documented suggest that lowland precipitation gradients, where temperature is constant can be as important as temperature gradients in generating high beta diversity. We conclude that the breeding process in bird communities might be crucial for determining community assembly along environmental gradients. Given that recent population declines in tropical birds have been attributed to changes in precipitation, by understanding the mechanisms underlying community assembly along precipitation gradients our study may improve our ability to understand those declines and predict the effects of climate change on neotropical avifauna.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Species redistribution combined with invasive dominance but not species turnover promotes biotic homogenization following invasion
<p>Disentangling the processes lead to biotic homogenization is important and will guide conservation efforts. Temporal turnover in species composition (i.e., β-diversity) and changes in local α-diversity are two distinct processes drive biotic homogenization, but these effects may be masked by invasive dominance. After removing invasive dominance, we compared the changes in species diversity and species distribution patterns before and after invasion aims to measure the relative contribution of species turnover and local diversity changes to biological homogenization. Invasive dominance indeed had an important contribution to biotic homogenization, and the effects increased with an increase in the invasive species number. Species composition of native plots was not significantly different from invaded plots when removing invasive species. Invasion changed native species distribution patterns and promoted the wide spread of most species, which causes an increase in local richness and community evenness. We highlight that species redistribution combined with invasive dominance but not species turnover promotes biotic homogenization, especially at early invasion stages. Avoiding the ecological impacts of biotic homogenization following invasion will require much stronger proactive management to prevent invasive dominance as well as increase monitoring at the early stages of invasion.</p>
Data from: The Chord-Normalized Expected Species Shared (CNESS)-distance represents a superior measure of species turnover patterns
<p>1. Measures of β-diversity characterizing the difference in species composition between samples are commonly used in ecological studies. Nonetheless, commonly used dissimilarity measures require high sample completeness, or at least similar sample sizes between samples. In contrast, the Chord-Normalized Expected Species Shared (CNESS) dissimilarity measure calculates the probability of collecting the same set of species in random samples of a standardized size, and hence is not sensitive to completeness or size of compared samples. To date, this index has enjoyed limited use due to difficulties in its calculation and scarcity of studies systematically comparing it with other measures.</p> <p>2. Here, we developed a novel R function that enables users to calculate ESS (Expected Species Shared)-associated measures. We evaluate the performance of the CNESS index based on simulated datasets of known species distribution structure, and compared CNESS with more widespread dissimilarity measures (Bray-Curtis index, Chao-Sørensen index, and proportionality based Euclidean distances) for varying sample completeness and sample sizes.</p> <p>3. Simulation results indicated that for small sample size (m) values, CNESS chiefly reflects similarities in dominant species, while selecting large m values emphasizes differences in the overall species assemblages. Permutation tests revealed that CNESS has a consistently low CV (coefficient of variation) even where sample completeness varies, while the Chao-Sørensen index has a high CV particularly for low sampling completeness. CNESS distances are also more robust than other indices with regards to undersampling, particularly when chiefly rare species are shared between two assemblages.</p> <p>4. Our results emphasize the superiority of CNESS for comparisons of samples diverging in sample completeness and size, which is particularly important in studies of highly mobile and species-rich taxa where sample completeness is often low. Via changes in the sample size parameter m, CNESS furthermore cannot only provide insights into the similarity of the overall distribution structure of shared species, but also into the differences in dominant and rare species, hence allowing additional, valuable insights beyond the capability of more widespread measures.<br> </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.