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Fig. 9 in A mountain of millipedes II: The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 - five new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and one from Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 9. Aquattuor stereosathe Enghoff sp. nov., paratype. A. Gonopods, anterior view. B. Gonopods, oblique lateral view. C. Tip of telomere. D. Gonopods, posterior view. li = lateral incision; pa = palette. Scale bars: A–C = 0.2 mm; D = 0.01 mm.

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Fig. 6 in A mountain of millipedes II: The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 - five new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and one from Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 6. Aquattuor major Enghoff sp. nov., paratype. A. Left gonopod, anterior view. B. Left gonopod, posterior view. C–D. Telomere tip, two different views. li = lateral incision; pa = palette; mpl = mesal posterior lamella of telomere; pn = posttorsal narrowing; tt = triangular tooth of telomere. Scale bars: A–B = 0.1 mm; C–D = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 6 in Highly disjunct and highly infected millipedes - a new cave-dwelling species of Chiraziulus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalidae) from Iran and notes on Laboulbeniales ectoparasites

Fig. 6. Chiraziulus kaiseri (Mauriès, 1983), female vulva. Scanning electron micrographs. A. Vulva in situ behind second pair of legs, posterior view. B. Details of right vulva behind second pair of legs. C. Detail of microtubular structure under the vulva. D. Vulva in ventral view. E. Vulva in anterior view. Abbreviations: o = operculum; b = bursa. Scale bars: A = 100 μm; B–E = 10 μm.

Fig. 3 in Highly disjunct and highly infected millipedes - a new cave-dwelling species of Chiraziulus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalidae) from Iran and notes on Laboulbeniales ectoparasites

Fig. 3. Chiraziulus kaiseri (Mauriès, 1983), paratypes. Scanning electron micrographs. A. Head and first body rings in lateral view. B. Last body rings ("tail") in lateral view. C. Tip of antenna. D. Detail of the limbus; notice lines of beadlike structures between cuticular scutes. E. Detail of labrum in frontal view. F. Gnathochilarium in ventral view; the arrow shows the distomesal setae on stipes. Scale bars: A–B, E–F = 100 μm; C = 10 μm; D = 1 μm.

Fig. 2 in Highly disjunct and highly infected millipedes - a new cave-dwelling species of Chiraziulus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalidae) from Iran and notes on Laboulbeniales ectoparasites

Fig. 2. Distribution of species of Chiraziulus Mauriès, 1983 in Iran (Mauriès 1987). C. troglopersicus sp. nov.: red dot (1); C. kaiseri: yellow dots (2–6). 1. Neyneh Cave. 2. "Chiraz" "montagne greseuse au nord de la ville". 3. 19 km W of Shiraz. 4. 5 km N of Persepolis. 5. Oasis 95 km N of Bandarabass. 6. Sarab Cave.

Fig. 9 in Highly disjunct and highly infected millipedes - a new cave-dwelling species of Chiraziulus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalidae) from Iran and notes on Laboulbeniales ectoparasites

Fig. 9. Chiraziulus troglopersicus sp. nov., ♂, paratype, gonopods. Scanning electron micrographs. A. Anterior gonopods in posterior view. B. Detail of the process on the tip of an anterior gonopod in posterior view. C. Anterior gonopods in anterior view. D. As C, in apical view. E. Tip of the flagellum. F. Posterior gonopods in lateral view. G. Tip of the long spine-like process of the posterior gonopod. H. Posterior gonopods in posterior view. I. As H, in anterior view. J. Detail of the mesal sternal part of the gonopods. Abbreviations: C = coxal process; T = telepodite; f = flagellum; s = setae; dp = distal process. Scale bars: A–D, F, H–I = 10 μm; E, G, J = 1 μm.

Fig. 8 in Highly disjunct and highly infected millipedes - a new cave-dwelling species of Chiraziulus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalidae) from Iran and notes on Laboulbeniales ectoparasites

Fig. 8. Number of podous rings and midbody vertical diameter of the studied specimens. Chiraziulus kaiseri (Mauriès, 1983) in blue; Chiraziulus troglopersicus sp. nov. in red. ▲ = adult ♂♂; ● = juveniles and ♀♀.

Fig. 7 in Highly disjunct and highly infected millipedes - a new cave-dwelling species of Chiraziulus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalidae) from Iran and notes on Laboulbeniales ectoparasites

Fig. 7. Chiraziulus kaiseri (Mauriès, 1983). Comparison of the paratype (A, C, E, G, I and K) and specimen from Ghar Sarab Cave (B, D, F, H, J and L). A–B. Left anterior gonopods, mesal view. C–D. Anterior gonopod, posterior view. E–F. Anterior gonopod, anterior view. G–H. Anterior gonopod, lateral view. I–J. Anterior gonopod, apical view. K–L. Posterior gonopods.

Fig. 12 in Highly disjunct and highly infected millipedes - a new cave-dwelling species of Chiraziulus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalidae) from Iran and notes on Laboulbeniales ectoparasites

Fig. 12. Chiraziulus kaiseri (Mauriès, 1983), paratypes infected with ectoparasitic fungi of the genus Rickia Cavara, order Laboulbeniales. A. Arrows indicate black dots on the body rings corresponding to the insertion of the fungi. B. Scanning electron micrograph of the collum with one fungus (arrow). Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 100 μm.

Fig. 5 in Highly disjunct and highly infected millipedes - a new cave-dwelling species of Chiraziulus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalidae) from Iran and notes on Laboulbeniales ectoparasites

Fig. 5. Chiraziulus kaiseri (Mauriès, 1983), ♂, paratypes, gonopods. Scanning electron micrographs. A. Anterior gonopods in anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods with one posterior gonopod in lateral view. C. As B, in apical view. D. As B, in posterior view. E–F. Anterior gonopod with detail of the processes on the tip of anterior gonopods. G–I. Posterior gonopod. J. Detail of the mesal sternal part. Abbreviations: C = coxal process; T = telepodite; Ta = anterior lobe of telopodite; Tb = posterior lobe of telepodite. Scale bars: A, D, I = 100 μm; B–C, E–H = 10 μm.

Fig. 11 in Highly disjunct and highly infected millipedes - a new cave-dwelling species of Chiraziulus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalidae) from Iran and notes on Laboulbeniales ectoparasites

Fig. 11. Cambala annulata (Say, 1821), anterior gonopod. A. Mesal view. B. Detail of the mesal sternal part. C. Apical part of coxal processes and telepodite. Scale bars: A = 100 μm; B–C = 10 μm.

Fig. 4 in Highly disjunct and highly infected millipedes - a new cave-dwelling species of Chiraziulus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalidae) from Iran and notes on Laboulbeniales ectoparasites

Fig. 4. Chiraziulus kaiseri (Mauriès, 1983), ♂, paratype, anterior gonopod. Scanning electron micrographs. A. Tip of flagellum. B. Flagellum insertion and loop across anterior gonopod coxite. C. Anterior gonopod showing the entire extension of the flagellum. Scale bars: A = 10 μm; B–C = 100 μm.

Fig 4 in A mountain of millipedes III: A new genus for three new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and surroundings, Tanzania, as well as several 'orphaned' species previously assigned to Odontopyge Brandt, 1841 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig 4. Geotypodon millemanus gen. et sp. nov., paratype from Kiranzi-Kitungulu FR. A–E: Right gonopod. A. Posterior view. B. Anterior view, telomere in red oval. C. (Posterior-)mesal view, solenomere (yellow) and proximal telomeral spine (green) coloured. D. (Anterior-)mesal view. E. Telomere (part of coxa at lower left), basal (dorsal) view. F. Limbus. Abbreviations: atl = anterior distal lobe of telomere; bl = basal lamella of telomere; itl = intermediate distal lamella of telomere; ll = longitudinal lamella; mf = anteriad metaplical flange; mla = metaplical lamella; mp = metaplica; msp = metaplical spine-like process; pn = posttorsal narrowing; pp = proplica; ptl = posterior distal lobe of telomere; pts = proximal telomeral spine; slm = solenomere; tt = torsotope. Scales: A–E = 0.1 mm, F = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 1 in A mountain of millipedes III: A new genus for three new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and surroundings, Tanzania, as well as several 'orphaned' species previously assigned to Odontopyge Brandt, 1841 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 1. Map of the Udzungwa Mountains, showing the collecting sites for the three new Geotypodon species, as well as names of the Forest Reserves in question and names of individual mountains in West Kilombero FR. Red diamonds = G. millemanus gen. et sp. nov., yellow dot: G. submontanus gen. et sp. nov., blue triangle: G. iringensis gen. et sp. nov. Based on fig. 1 in Marshall et al. (2010) and information in Doody et al. (2001).

Fig. 2 in A mountain of millipedes III: A new genus for three new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and surroundings, Tanzania, as well as several 'orphaned' species previously assigned to Odontopyge Brandt, 1841 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 2. Geotypodon millemanus gen. et sp. nov., paratype from West Kilombero Scarp FR after nine years in alcohol. Photograph by N. Ioannou.

Fig. 3 in A mountain of millipedes III: A new genus for three new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and surroundings, Tanzania, as well as several 'orphaned' species previously assigned to Odontopyge Brandt, 1841 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 3. Body size of males of Geotypodon spp. Bold symbols indicate numbers of podous rings and midbody vertical diameter of the new species described here. Small circles and shaded areas indicate published measurements for other Geotypodon species.

Fig. 5 in A mountain of millipedes III: A new genus for three new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and surroundings, Tanzania, as well as several 'orphaned' species previously assigned to Odontopyge Brandt, 1841 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 5. Geotypodon submontanus gen. et sp. nov., holotype. A–E. Left gonopod. A. Anterior view. B. Posterior view. C. Apical part of coxa and proximal part of telopodite, anterior view. D. (Anterior-) mesal view. E. Posterior distal lobe of telomere; insertion highlights spine-like process. F. Limbus. Abbreviations: atl = anterior distal lobe of telomere; itl = intermediate distal lamella of telomere; ll = longitudinal lamella; mla = metaplical lamella; msp = metaplical spine-like process; ptl = posterior distal

Fig. 6 in A mountain of millipedes III: A new genus for three new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and surroundings, Tanzania, as well as several 'orphaned' species previously assigned to Odontopyge Brandt, 1841 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 6. Geotypodon iringensis gen. et sp. nov. A–D. Holotype, left gonopod. A. Anterior view. B. Posterior view. C. Mesal-ventral view. D. Telomere and solenomere, basal (dorsal) view. — E. Paratype, limbus. Abbreviations: atl = anterior distal lobe of telomere, bl = basal lamella of telomere, cx = coxa (seen from the basis, with remains of muscles); itl = intermediate distal lamella of telomere; lc = lateral concavity of coxa; lfl = longitudinally folded lamella; mf = anteriad metaplical flange; mp = metaplica; msp = metaplical spine-like process; pn = posttorsal narrowing; pp = proplica; ptl = posterior distal lobe of telomere; pts = proximal telomeral spine; slm = solenomere; tl = terminal lobe of telomere; tt = torsotope. Scales: A–D = 0.2 mm, E = 0.01 mm.

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Fig. 8 in A revision of the Thyropygus allevatus group. Part V: Nine new species of the extended opinatus subgroup, based on morphological and DNA sequence data (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Harpagophoridae)

Fig. 8. Thyropygus sutchariti sp. nov., from Kaeng Krachan, holotype (CUMZ-D00090), ♂, gonopods. A. Anterior view, left telopodite removed. B. Posterior view, left telopodite removed. C. Left telopodite, posterior-mesal view. D. Left telopodite, anterior-lateral view.