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209 results for “Submergence”
Data from: Unique roles of functional group of submerged macrophytes on ecosystem functions
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Del 13C ratios were measured for mosses collected from terrestrial, emergent and submerged sites in pond 13 of Imnavait Creek, North Slope Alaska 1990.
Del 13C ratios were measured for mosses collected from terrestrial, emergent and submerged sites in pond 13 of Imnavait Creek. Terrestrial mosses were collected from dry sites near the pond margin, emergent mosses were collected from the littoral zone of the pond and submerged mosses were collected from deep in the pond.
Data from: Invasive submerged plant has a stronger inhibitory effect on epiphytic algae than native plant
<p>The invasion of submerged aquatic plants potentially results in a loss of native biodiversity in these ecosystems. There has been little attention paid to the impact of invasive submerged plants on epiphytic algal communities. We conducted a 30-day outdoor mesocosm experiment on the shore of subtropical Lake Liangzihu, China, to investigate the effects of two submerged plant species, an invasive species (<em>Elodea nuttallii</em>) and a native species (<em>Hydrilla verticillata</em>), on epiphytic algal communities. We also explored the relationship between macrophyte secondary metabolites and epiphytic algae by conducting a laboratory cultivation experiment. We give the raw dataste, including the specie data of abundance, epiphytic algal communities traits, and environmental parameters in the outdoor mesocosm experiment and laboratory cultivation experiment, and also including the data of plant traits.</p>
Data from: Adaptive responses and transgenerational plasticity of a submerged plant to benthivorous fish disturbance
<p>Benthivorous fish dominance in some subtropical lakes may alter submerged plant growth, reproduction, and progeny germination by changing water-submerged plant-algae interactions. We conducted mesocosm experiments to examine the effects of three densities of benthivorous fish, <em>Misgurnus anguillicaudatus</em>, on the water properties, the growth, asexual reproduction, and the germination of turions of <em>Potamogeton crispus</em> L.</p> <p>The dataset includes water environment characteristics, macrophyte traits, algae traits, and sediment nutrient characteristics. Macrophyte traits include morphological, stoichiometric, turion traits, and germination traits.</p>
Macroinvertebrate and environmental responses to dredging and submerged macrophytes transplantation
<p>Eutrophication of freshwater ecosystems is a major global problem, but restoration can be difficult due to ongoing problems relating to water pollution, sedimentary nutrient stores, and altered aquatic biodiversity. Mitigation of water quality stressors is often conducted alongside transplantation of submerged macrophytes and dredging, but knowledge of ecosystem response to post-dredging transplantation of submerged macrophytes is limited. </p> <p>Here, we report a long-term (2008-2018) in-situ monitoring study to evaluate the effects of two different restoration measures: dredging only (Dredged) and dredging with post-dredging transplantation of submerged macrophytes (Dredged with macrophytes) conducted in five subtropical eutrophic lakes in Lake Taihu basin, China. Water and sediment nutrients, bloom-forming algae Microcystis, and macroinvertebrate were monitored every two years for each treatment and compared with reference areas (Control) established in unrestored parts of the same lakes. </p> <p>Dredging only decreased sediment nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, total carbon, and water total phosphorus significantly, however, this effect diminished about five years later. Dredged with macrophytes had a stronger, longer-lasting positive effect on water quality than Dredged alone. Disturbance caused by dredging (without macrophytes transplantation) decreased the biomass of Microcystis, while transplantation of submerged macrophytes shortly after dredging did not contribute to the decrease of Microcystis biomass. The biomass of Microcystis in Dredged with macrophytes areas was always similar to Control over the period of our monitoring. </p> <p>A positive effect of submerged macrophytes transplantation post-dredging was found for macroinvertebrate abundance and diversity: Dredged with macrophytes areas had significantly higher macroinvertebrate biomass and richness than Dredged areas after 9 years' recovery. Macroinvertebrate richness in Dredged with macrophytes areas nearly doubled compared to Control; while Dredged areas were just restored to Control levels. </p> <p><strong>Synthesis and applications</strong>. Our study provides an in-situ long-term field monitoring with new findings about the benefits and caution of submerged macrophytes transplantation post-dredging, and the effect of partial restoration, which could inform eutrophic waterbody restoration schemes.</p>
Unveiling the submerged secrets: bumblebee queens' resilience to flooding
<p>In a previous study, an experimental oversight led to the accumulation of water filling a container housing diapausing bumblebee queens. Surprisingly, after draining the water, the queens were found to be alive. This observation raises a compelling question: can bumblebee queens endure periods of inundation while overwintering underground? To address this question, we conducted an experiment using 143 common eastern bumblebee (<em>Bombus impatiens</em>) queens placed in soil-filled tubes and subjected to artificially induced diapause in a refrigerated unit for seven days. Tap water was then added to the tubes and queens (n=21/treatment) were either maintained underwater using a plunger-like apparatus or left to float naturally on the water's surface for varying durations (8h, 24h, or 7 days) while remaining in overwintering conditions. Seventeen queens served as controls. After the submersion period, queens were removed from the water, transferred to new tubes with soil, and kept in cold storage for 8 weeks. Overall queen survival remained consistently high (89.5 ± 6.4%) across all treatments and did not differ among submersion regimes and durations. These results demonstrate the remarkable ability of diapausing <em>B. impatiens</em> queens to withstand submersion underwater for up to one week, indicating their adaptations to survive periods of flooding in the wild.</p>
Relationships between allometric patterns of the submerged macrophyte Vallisneria natans, its stoichiometric characteristics, and the water exchange rate
<p><span>Variation in the water exchange rate (WER) of freshwater lakes has recently been demonstrated to affect the phenotypic traits of submerged macrophytes. However, whether these responses are size-dependent ("apparent plasticity") or not ("real plasticity") remains unclear. Here, we used allometric analysis to investigate phenotypic plasticity, and the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus stoichiometry of the submerged macrophyte<i> Vallisneria natans</i> cultured for 15, 30, 45, and 65 days under three levels of WER (0, 20, and 40% exchange of total volume day<sup>-1</sup>). Result showed that biomass accumulation, below-: above-ground biomass ratio, root length, root diameter, leaf length, and leaf width significantly decreased with increasing WER; however, specific root length was unaffected, and specific leaf area (SLA) gradually increased with increasing WER through the whole experiment. Allometric analyses showed that shifts in leaf width and SLA were determined solely by changes in plant size; all other morphological adjustments were largely size-dependent. Stoichiometric calculations indicated that ramets were mainly N-limited, and this limitation was significantly associated with leaf growth, thereby restricting the potential for real plasticity in leaf morphologies. Thus,<i> V. natans</i> adapts to WER variation largely through apparent plastic responses that reduce the demand for plant nutrients. </span></p>
Data from: Snail communities increase submerged macrophyte growth by grazing epiphytic algae and phytoplankton in a mesocosm experiment
<p><span>The relationships between producers (e.g., macrophytes, phytoplankton and epiphytic algae) and snails play an important role in maintaining the function and stability of shallow ecosystems. Complex relationships exist among macrophytes, epiphytic algae, phytoplankton and snails. We studied the effects of snail communities (consisting of <em>Radix swinhoei</em>, <em>Hippeutis cantori</em>, <em>Bellamya aeruginosa</em> and <em>Parafossarulus striatulus</em>) on the biomass of phytoplankton and epiphytic algae as well as on the growth of three species of submerged macrophytes (<em>Hydrilla verticillata</em>, <em>Vallisneria natans</em> and one exotic submerged plant, <em>Elodea nuttallii</em>) in a 90-day outdoor mesocosm experiment conducted on the shore of subtropical Lake Liangzihu, China.</span></p> <p><span>This dataset including morphological data of three group organisms: freshwater snails, macrophytes and epiphytic algae. In addition, the environmental parameters were included. </span><span>Morphological data of snails is including biomass (g) and number (ind.). Morphological data of macrophytes is including biomass (g). Epiphytic algae data is including abundance (<em>N</em>, cells). Phytoplankton data is including biomass (Chl-a, μg/L).</span></p>
Data Availability - DRAFT - 'Process-based similarity' revealed by discharge-dependent relative submergence dynamics of thousands of large bed elements
<p>Datasets and R code related to confidential manuscript submission entitled "‘Process-based similarity’ revealed by discharge-dependent relative submergence dynamics of thousands of large bed elements". Restrictions apply to the availability of the 2014 DTM and 2D model results, which were used under contractual agreement from the project sponsor. These are available from the senior author with the permission of Yuba Water Agency. Restrictions apply to the availability of the 2014 DTM and 2D model results, which were used under contractual agreement from the project sponsor. These are available from the senior author with the permission of Yuba Water Agency.</p>
Extensive polyploid clonality was a successful strategy for seagrass to expand into a newly submerged environment
<p>Polyploidy has the potential to allow organisms to outcompete their diploid progenitor(s) and occupy new environments. Shark Bay, Western Australia, is a World Heritage Area dominated by temperate seagrass meadows including Poseidon's ribbon weed, Posidonia australis. This seagrass is at the northern extent of its natural geographic range and experiences extreme temperatures and salinities. Our genomic and cytogenetic assessments of ten meadows identified geographically restricted, diploid clones (2n = 20) in a single location, and widespread, high heterozygosity, polyploid clones (2n = 40) in all other locations. A single polyploid clone spanned at least 180 km, making it the largest known example of a clone in any environment on earth. Whole genome duplication through polyploidy, combined with clonality, may have provided the mechanism for P. australis to expand into new habitats and adapt to new environments that became increasingly stressful for its diploid progenitor(s). The new polyploid clones likely formed in the shallow waters after inundation of Shark Bay < 8,500 years ago and subsequently expanded via vegetative growth into newly submerged habitats.</p>
Data for: Interactive effects of light and snail herbivory rather than nutrient loading determine early establishment of submerged macrophytes
<p><span>Submerged macrophytes play a key role in maintaining a clear-water phase and promoting biodiversity in shallow aquatic ecosystems. Since their abundance has declined globally due to anthropogenic activities, it is important to include them in aquatic ecosystem restoration programs. Macrophytes establishment in early spring is crucial for the subsequent growth of other warm-adapted macrophytes. However, factors affecting this early establishment of submerged macrophytes have not been fully explored yet. Here, we conducted an outdoor experiment from winter to early spring using the submerged macrophytes <em>Potamogeton crispus</em> and <em>Vallisneria spinulosa</em> to study the effects of shading, nutrient loading, snail herbivory (<em>Radix swinhoei</em>) and their interactions on the early growth and stoichiometric characteristics of macrophytes. The results show that the effects strongly depend on macrophyte species. Biomass and number of shoots of <em>P. crispus</em> decreased, and internode length increased during low light conditions, but were not affected by nutrient loading. <em>P. crispus</em> shoot biomass and number showed hump-shaped responses to increased snail biomass under full light. In contrast, the biomass of the plant linearly decreased with snail biomass under low light.</span> <span>This indicates an interaction of light with snail herbivory. Since snails prefer grazing on periphyton over macrophytes, a low density of snails promoted growth of <em>P. crispus</em> by removing periphyton competition, while herbivory on the macrophyte increased during a high density of snails.</span> <span>The growth of <em>V. spinulosa</em> was not affected by any of the factors, probably because of growth limitation by low temperature. Our study demonstrates that the interaction of light with snail herbivory may affect establishment and growth of submerged macrophytes in early spring. Macrophyte restoration projects may thus benefit from lowering water levels to increase light availability and making smart use of cold-adapted herbivores to reduce light competition with periphyton.</span></p>
Airborne spectral reflectance dataset of submerged plastic targets in a coastal environment (SUPPLEMENTARY DATA FILES)
<p>SUPPLEMENTARY DATA FILES for the paper entitled: "Airborne spectral reflectance dataset of submerged plastic targets in a coastal environment." Data are organized in three categories:</p> <p>- orthophoto maps (date in YYYY,MM,DD e.g. 20210615_SPOTS_Ortho_UTM_35N)</p> <p>- Hyper Cubes UTM_35N NO Normalized (date in YYYY,MM,DD_Flight number_Height_UTM zone e.g. 20210615_F47_H25_UTM_35N)</p> <p>Hyper Cubes UTM_35N Normalized (date in YYYY,MM,DD_Flight number_Height_UTM zone_NORM e.g. 20210615_F47_H25_UTM_35N_NORM)</p>
Submerged Forest, Thurlestone Devon
Extensive submerged forest or intertidal peat deposit on the beach at Thurlestone Sands has been revealed on a number of occasions and was first recorded in 1866. It was rediscovered in 1923 when a number of prehistoric artefacts were recovered. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Data referring to submergence stories from NW Europe and Australia
<p>In support of a manuscript submitted to 'Royal Society Open Science' about submergence stories from NW Europe, I submit a data set showing the locations of these stories, the present depths (below sea level) to which they refer, and the minimum ages calculated, with a final column listing data sources for sea-level palaeodata. Each column is labelled at the top. Data from Australia (previously published) are given for comparison.</p>
Raw data on water, submerged plants, benthic cyanobacteria, and sediments in ecological experiments
<p>This study aimed to determine the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on the growth of submerged macrophytes (<em>Vallisneria natans</em>) and benthic cyanobacteria (<em>Leptolyngbya</em> sp.), and analyze the redistribution of N and P in the water and sediments under nutrient loading. We detected a total of nine experimental gradients (two replicates), totaling 18 treatment groups at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, and 50 d. The final resulting raw data include the concentrations of physicochemical factors (the pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), redox potential (Eh), electrical conductivity (EC), total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN)) in the water, chlorophyll a (Chl-a) in the water, <em>V. natans</em>, and Leptolyngbya sp. biofilms. The dry weight (DW), plant height and ramet numbers of <em>V. natans</em>, and the TP amount in <em>V. natans</em> and sediments were also measured.</p>
Underwater light attenuation inhibits native submerged plants and facilitates the invasive co-occurring plant Cabomba caroliniana
<p><span>Decreasing in the diversity and distribution of native submerged plants have been widely observed in recent decades. Global underwater darkening, which is mainly caused by radiation dimming and a decrease in transparency due to e.g. eutrophication, </span><span>has emerged as a general trend that strongly hampers the growth of submerged plants in lakes by decreasing the light available for photosynthesis. However, few studies have attempted to compare the responses of native and invasive submerged plants to underwater darkening. In this study, we aimed to compare the effects of light attenuation on the growth and photosynthesis traits of native and invasive submerged plants.</span></p>
Data from: A study on the Influence of submergence ratio on the transportation of suspended sediment in a partially vegetated channel flow
<p><span>Riparian or aquatic vegetation thrives with seasons. The understanding of canopies' Submergence-Ratio SR (stems' height to water depth) influence on suspended sediments' transportation is still limited. Thus, Large Eddy Simulations (LES) coupled with the Discrete Phase Method (DPM) are used to investigate the particles' 3-dimensional distribution in a partially vegetated straight channel. The spanwise distribution of particles is quantified by the Probability Density Function (PDF), showing a non-uniformity of particles in time as quantified by the PDF variance. The findings and conclusions: (Ⅰ) With SR rising, the particles' depletion effects exerted by the vegetation-side mixing layer are improved along the interface between vegetated and vegetation-side bare channel region. However, the SR has little effect on the variance of the particles' PDF in the spanwise direction when the mixing layer is fully developed. (Ⅱ) During the developing stage of the over-canopy mixing layer, submerged vegetation with higher SR gain a stronger upwards (vertical) entrainment capability. </span><span>The case (SR=60%) has a higher sediment concentration than other cases in the fully developed vertical mixing layer region above canopy.</span><span> (III) </span><span>The vertical suspension of particles in the vegetation-side bare channel region is analysed. Particles migrating from the vegetated region are entrained into the vegetation-side bare channel region by turbulent structures. Nevertheless, the vertical concentration profile is more uniform in the vegetated region than in the vegetation-side bare channel at the same streamwise location. The cases SR=40% and 60% still have higher sediment concentrations than other cases in the vegetation-side bare channel's upper region.</span></p>
Polymer characterization of submerged plastic litter from Lake Tahoe, United States
<p>Monitoring plastic litter in the environment is critical to understanding the amount, sources, transport, fate, and environmental impact of this pollutant. However, few studies have monitored plastic litter on lakebeds which are potentially important environments for determining the fate and transport of plastic litter in freshwater basins. In this study, self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) was used for litter collection at the lakebed along transects at five locations in Lake Tahoe, United States. Litter was brought to the surface and characterized by litter type. Plastic litter was subsampled for polymer determination using Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform InfraRed (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The average plastic litter recovered from the lakebed for the five dive sites was 83 ±49 items per kilometer. The top plastic litter categories were other plastic litter (i.e. plastic litter that did not fall in another category), followed by food containers, plastic bags, toys, and bottles <2 L. These results are in line with prior studies on submerged litter, supporting that intervention approaches or ongoing education is needed. The six polymers most frequently detected in the subsamples were polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene/expanded polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate/polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyamide. These observations generally reflect the global plastic production trend and global compilations of microplastic studies from lake surface water and sediments. We found that some litter subcategories were primarily comprised of a single polymer type, therefore, in studies where the polymer type cannot be measured but litter is categorized, these results could provide an estimate of the total polymer composition for select subcategories.</p>
Eutrophication decreases ecological resilience by reducing species diversity and altering functional traits of submerged macrophytes
<p><span>Positive feedback is key to producing alternative stable states and largely determines ecological resilience in response to external perturbations. Understanding the positive feedback mechanisms in macrophyte-dominated lakes is crucial for resilience-based management and restoration. Based on the field investigation of submerged macrophyte communities in 35 lakes in China, we found that morphological complexity (<em>MC</em>) and morphological plasticity (<em>MP</em>) are correlated with the stoichiometric homeostasis of phosphorus (<em>H<sub>P</sub></em>) and are related to ecosystem structure, functioning, and stability. We also found that the positive feedback strength of lakes dominated by macrophytes is biomass- and diversity-dependent. Eutrophication can decrease the community biomass by decreasing community<em> MC, MP,</em> and <em>H<sub>P</sub></em> and the species diversity through low-light availability, ultimately decreasing the positive feedback strength and resilience of clear-water states. We argue that functional traits and species diversity should be considered to build more resilient ecosystems in future changing environment scenarios.</span></p>
Morphological and transcriptomic responses/acclimations of erect-type submerged macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata both at low-light exposure and light recovery phases
<p><span>Light intensity is a determinant for submerged macrophytes. Little is known about their molecular responses to low-light exposure, despite being more informative and responsive than morphological traits. For erect-type submerged macrophytes, the stem is more crucial relative to the leaf in acclimation to low-light stress, but receives less attention. We determined</span> <span>morphological and stem transcriptomic responses/acclimations of <em>Hydrilla verticillata</em> to extremely and mildly low light (7.2 and 36 μmol photons m<sup>–2</sup> s<sup>–1</sup>, respectively), i.e. EL and ML, with the radiation intensity of 180 μmol photons m<sup>–2</sup> s<sup>–1</sup> as the control. Low-light exposure continued for nine days, followed by a seven-day recovery phase (180 μmol photons m<sup>–2</sup> s<sup>–1</sup>). At the exposure phase, the low-light treatments, in particular the EL, decreased relative growth ratio, but induced greater height and longer stem internode distance and epidermal cell. Such responses/acclimations continued into the recovery phase, despite more or less changes in the magnitude. Transcriptome showed that the photosynthetic system was inhibited at the exposure phase, but the macrophyte adjusted hormone synthesis relating to cell division and elongation. Moreover, the EL activated cell stress responses such as DNA repair. Following light recovery, the macrophyte exhibited strong-light response, although energy metabolism enhanced. Especially, the EL-enriched pathways relating to anthocyanin synthesis at such phase, indicating an activation of photoprotective mechanism. Our findings suggest that negative influences of low light occur at both low-light exposure and recovery phases, but submerged macrophytes would acclimate to light environments. Transcriptome can show the molecular basis of plant responses/acclimations, including but not limited to morphology. This study establishes a bridge connecting morphological and molecular responses/acclimations.</span></p>
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