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553 results for “Termitidae”
Fig. 19. A in Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology
Fig. 19. A. Enteric valve of the "oblectatus valve pattern", from a worker of Cubitermes oblectatus Harris, 1958; B. idem from a soldier of C. oblectatus; C. Idem from an imago of C. sp., spatulae on PC3, PC4 and PC5 are sketched (arrows); A, B and C at the same scale; D. Geographical distribution of species with the oblectatus valve pattern.
Fig. 18. A in Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology
Fig. 18. A. Enteric valve of the "sankurensis valve pattern", from a worker of Cubitermes sankurensis Wasmann, 1911: note the narrowness of the secondary cushions in their upstream thirds; B. Idem from a soldier of C. sankurensis; C. Idem from an imago, unopened and seen in profile, of C. orthognathus (Emerson, 1928); D. The same as C, opened: the spatula on PC3 is only sketched (arrow), PC4 is lacking (damaged); E. Idem from a worker of C. proximatus Silvestri, 1914, unopened and seen in profile, the spatulae stick out of the valve into the second paunch, the contour of which is marked as a dotted line; F. The same as E unopened and seen from behind; A to F at the same scale; G. Geographical distribution of species with the sankurensis valve pattern.
Fig. 17. A in Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology
Fig. 17. A. Enteric valve of the "oculatus valve pattern" from a worker of Cubitermes sp.: note the narrowness of the secondary cushion, almost faint in the case of SC61 (SC12 is not figured); B. Idem from a soldier of the same sample of C. sp., note the widening of PC1; C. Geographical distribution of the species with the oculatus valve pattern.
Fig. 15. A in Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology
Fig. 15. A. Enteric valve of the "fungifaber valve pattern", from a worker of Cubitermes fungifaber (Sjöstedt, 1896): note the crest on PC5 which is twisted; B. Idem from a soldier of C. fungifaber without any crest on the odd PCs; C. Idem from an imago of C. fungifaber without any crest on the odd PCs; A, B and C at the same scale; D. Geographical distribution of the species with the fungifaber valve pattern.
Fig. 16. A in Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology
Fig. 16. A. Enteric valve of the "finitimus valve pattern", from a worker of Cubitermes finitimus Schmitz, 1915: note the high density of short setae on the bulges; B. Idem from a soldier of C. finitimus without any bulge but with a high density of short setae on the downstream part on the odd PCs; C. Geographical distribution of the species with the finitimus valve pattern.
Fig. 25 in Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology
Fig. 25. Comparison of the most discriminating variables and indices between the workers of the various valve patterns: bt = bilobatus, bd = bilobatodes, mu = muneris, fu = fungifaber, fi = finitimus, sa = sankurensis, oc = oculatus, ob = oblectatus and su = sulcifrons. All the individuals studied are plotted in these graphs. A. The length of the fore tibia is used as representative of most length measurements: it distinguishes small, medium-sized and large species. B. The number of lateral supporting bristles on one side of PC1 distinguishes two patterns with very few bristles (the outlier point in the oculatus valve pattern is due to an undetermined worker). C. The workers' valve alternation index shows two patterns with high values. D. The workers' valve SC elongation index distinguishes the oculatus and sankurensis valve patterns from the others.
Fig. 12. A in Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology
Fig. 12. A. Enteric valve of the "bilobatus valve pattern", from a worker of Cubitermes bilobatus (Haviland, 1898): note the irregular scattering of the spines of the secondary cushions; B. Idem from a soldier of C. bilobatus; C. Geographical distribution of the species with the bilobatus valve pattern.
Fig. 13. A in Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology
Fig. 13. A. Enteric valve of the "bilobatodes valve pattern", from a worker of Cubitermes bilobatodes Silvestri 1912: note the spearhead-shape of the secondary cushions; B. Idem from a soldier of C. bilobatodes; C. Geographical distribution of the species with the bilobatodes valve pattern.
Fig. 11 in Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology
Fig. 11. Representative primary cushions of the various patterns encountered in the workers of the genus Cubitermes; WVPD = downstream bristly part; WVPM = middle spiny part; WVPS = spatula; WVPU = upstream spiny part. A. PC1 of the bilobatus valve pattern. B. PC1 of the oculatus valve pattern. C. any odd PC of the bilobatodes valve pattern. D. PC1 of the muneris valve pattern. E. PC6 and PC1 of the fungifaber valve pattern. E'. PC3 of the fungifaber valve pattern, twisted and partly seen in profile. F. PC1 of the finitimus valve pattern. F'. PC3 of the finitimus valve pattern, twisted and seen in profile. G. PC3 of the sankurensis valve pattern. H and H'. PC3 and PC4 of the oblectatus valve pattern. I. Any PC of the sulcifrons valve pattern. I'. Any PC of the sulcifrons valve pattern, twisted and seen in profile. All drawings to the same scale.
Fig. 14. A in Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology
Fig. 14. A. Enteric valve of the "muneris valve pattern", from a worker of Cubitermes pallidiceps (Sjöstedt, 1913): note the elongation of the primary cushions; B. Idem from a soldier of C. muneris (Sjöstedt, 1913); C. Geographical distribution of the species with the muneris valve pattern.
Fig. 21 in Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology
Fig. 21. Result of principal component analyses; each ellipse joins the samples from the same valve pattern: bd = bilobatodes, bt = bilobatus, fi = finitimus, fu = fungifaber, mu = muneris, ob = oblectatus, oc = oculatus, sa = sankurensis and su = sulcifrons. A. For the imagines, based on all variables and indices of their morphology (excluding those concerning their wings, n = 257); B. For the soldiers, based on all variables and indices of their morphology (excluding those concerning their valves, n = 427); the "bd" label is hidden behind the "mu" label.
Fig. 10 in Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology
Fig. 10. Gut coiling in soldiers and workers. A. Dorsal view; B. Ventral view. C = crop; D = diverticulum or caecum of the second paunch; Gz = Gizzard; M = mesenteron (dotted segment); MS = mixed segment; P1 to P5: first to fifth hind-gut segments (Holmgren 1909; Noirot 2001): P1 = ileum, P2 = enteric valve, P3 = paunch, P4 = colon, P5 = rectum. The gut is quite convoluted and some masked parts need to be described. In dorsal view, the distal end of the mesenteron (M) passes behind the upper loop of P3 to join P1 which is connected to P3 via P2; P3 turns forward, passes under the loops of M and P4 and finally turns left to join P4; P4 loops rightwards along M, then turns right and backwards behind M to join P5.
Fig. 8 in Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology
Fig. 8. Measurements on workers. A. On the head in dorsal view ("photo WHCDV"), WHdL = head length, WHdW = head width, WPcL = postclypeus length, WPcW = postclypeus width. B. On the left mandible in dorsal view ("photo WMandL"), WMlAmD = distance between the apical and the first marginal tips, WMlmmD = distance between the first and third marginal tips, WMlmMD = distance between the third marginal tip and the distal point where the molar prominence stands out against the background, WMlML = length of the molar tooth or distance between the distal point where the molar prominence stands out against the background and the posterior apophysis. C. On the left mandible in dorsal view ("photo WMandL"), WMlAL = length of apical tooth, WMlAW = maximal width of apical tooth, WMlL = functional length, WMlmW = width of the first marginal tooth, WMlW = width from mesial molar prominence. D. On the right mandible in dorsal view ("photo WMandR"), WMrAmD = distance between the apical and the first marginal tips, WMrmmD = distance between the first and second marginal tips.
Fig. 9 in Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology
Fig. 9. Basic shapes of the labrum in soldiers. The lobes are A. Truncated without sharp angles; B. Truncated with sharp angles; C. Short finger-like; D. Elongated finger-like; E. Convex almost lyreshaped; F. Lyre-shaped; G. Triangular. All drawings to the same scale.
Fig. 7 in Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology
Fig. 7. Measurements on soldiers. A. On the head in dorsal view ("photo SHCDV"), SHdL = head length, SHdW = head width. B. On the head in lateral view ("photo SHCLV"), SFrA = frontal angle, SHdC = sagitta of the head upper concavity, SHdH = head total thickness, SHdh = head lesser thickness. C. On the head in ventral view ("photo SHCVV"), SGuL = gulamentum length, SGuW = gulamentum maximal width, SGuw = gulamentum minimal width. D. On the labrum ("photo SLabrum"), SLaFL = labrum, length of the fork, SLaL = labrum length to the apophysis, SLaW = labrum maximal width. E. On the pronotum dorsal view ("photo SPronot"), SPnL = pronotum length, SPnW = pronotum width. F. On the left mandible in ventral view ("photo SMandVV"), SMlc = lesser mandible curvature (or sagitta of the apico-marginal arc), SMlC = larger mandible curvature (or sagitta of the apico-molar arc), SMlL = length from tip to apophysis. G. On the left mandible in ventral view ("photo SMandVV"), SMlW = width of the mandible precisely at mid-distance between the marginal and the apical tips. H. On the left mandible in ventral view ("photo SMandVV"), SMldR = radius of the circle of the distal mandible quarter, SMlpR = radius of the circle of the proximal mandible half. I. On the left hind tibia ("photo STibia"), ST3L = length of the hind tibia.
Fig. 6 in Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology
Fig. 6. Measurements on imagines. A. On the head in dorsal view ("photo IHCDV"), IEyW = eye width, IHdL = head length, IHdW = head width, IPcL = posclypeus length, IPcW = posclypeus width. B. On the head in lateral view ("photo IHCLV"), IEyD = eye great diameter, IEyd = eye small diameter, IEyHdD = minimal distance between the left eye and head inferior edge. C. On the pronotum in dorsal view ("photo IPronot"), IPnL = pronotum length, IPnW = pronotum width. D. On the head in oblique view ("photo IHCObV"), IOcD = ocellus great diameter, IOcd = ocellus small diameter, IEyOcD = minimal distance between the left eye and ocellus. E. On the left fore wing ("photo IWing"), IWgL = length to the suture, IWgW = maximal width.
Fig. 3 in Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology
Fig. 3. Imago and worker mandible terminology. Left mandible on the left side, A = apical tooth, m1 = first marginal, m2 = second marginal (reduced to a wave), m3 = third marginal, p = premolar tooth, MP = molar prominence (the molar tooth is hidden behind the molar prominence), MA = molar posterior acute apophysis. Right mandible on the right, A = apical tooth, m1 = first marginal, m2 = second marginal, M = molar tooth, MP = molar prominence.
Fig. 2 in Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology
Fig. 2. Counting of the antennal articles. A. Six proximal articles of a C. speciosus Sjöstedt, 1924 soldier. B. Proximal articles of another C. speciosus soldier (same colony); the "third", unfinished article does not bear any prominent setae (arrow) and is counted as one half; there are thus 5.5 articles shown in this figure.
Fig. 5 in Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology
Fig. 5. Photo standardisation, the arrows point to the spots which have to be in focus simultaneously. A. Dorsal view of the head capsule of an imago ('photo IHCDV'). B. Lateral view of the head capsule of an imago ('photo IHCLV'). C. Dorsal view of the pronotum of an imago ('photo IPronot'). D. Oblique view of the head capsule of an imago ('photo IHCObV'). E. Dorsal view of the head capsule of a soldier ('photo SHCDV'). F. Lateral view of the head capsule of a soldier ('photo SHCLV'). G. Dorsal view of the pronotum of a soldier ('photo SPronot'). H. Ventral view of the head capsule of a soldier ('photo SHCVV'). I. Ventral view of the mandibles of a soldier ('photo SMandVV'). J. Hind tibia and tarsus of a soldier ('photo STibia'). K. Dorsal view of the head capsule of a worker ('photo WHCDV'). L. Lateral view of the head capsule of a worker ('photo WHCLV'). All the drawings are issued from C. fungifaber (Sjöstedt, 1896) type material (not to the same scale).
Fig. 4. A in Species groups in the genus Cubitermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) defined on the basis of enteric valve morphology
Fig. 4. A. Enteric valve (of C. oblectatus Harris, 1958), seen in profile with simplified pilosity. In this species, the primary cushions PC3 and PC5 bear not only spatulae (sp) but also crests (cr) near the downstream end. B. Section through an enteric valve, seen from upstream. Sands' numbering of the cushions is inside; present numbering of the primary (PC1 to PC6) and secondary (SC12 to SC61) cushions outside. C. Measurements on PC1: WVP1UL = length of the upstream spiny part (it starts at the first spine and ends at the first lateral supporting bristle); WVP1ML = length of the middle spiny part (it starts at the first lateral supporting bristle and ends at the last lateral supporting bristle); WVP1DL = length of the downstream bristly part (it starts at the last lateral supporting bristle); WVP1W = maximal width. D. Measurements on PC4 (one of the PCs with spatula in the sankurensis valve pattern): WVP4SL = length of the downstream spatula part (this is also the part that sticks out of the valve when in function). Other symbols as in figure C. E. Measurements on SC12 in the case of a wide and homogeneous cushion (in the muneris valve pattern). F. Measurements on SC12 in the case of a heterogeneous spearheadshaped cushion (in the bilobatodes valve pattern). G. Measurements on SC12 in the case of a narrow cushion that becomes wider and fuzzy in its downstream part (in the oculatus valve pattern); in E, F and G, WVS12L = length of the secondary cushion (between the most extreme spines or bristles), WVS12W = width of the secondary cushion (between the most extreme spines or bristles in its upstream third).
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