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FIG. 1 in Annotated checklist of the endemic Tetrapoda species of Iran
FIG. 1. — Bufotes luristanicus (Schmidt, 1952). Photo by M. Najibzadeh.
FIG. 10 in Annotated checklist of the endemic Tetrapoda species of Iran
FIG. 10. — Endemicity percentage of Tetrapoda species in Iran.
FIG. 3 in Annotated checklist of the endemic Tetrapoda species of Iran
FIG. 3. — Neurergus kaiseri Schmidt, 1952. Photo by M. Najibzadeh.
FIG. 2 in Annotated checklist of the endemic Tetrapoda species of Iran
FIG. 2. — Rana pseudodalmatina Eiselt & Schmidtler, 1971. Photo by M. Najibzadeh.
FIG. 9 in Annotated checklist of the endemic Tetrapoda species of Iran
FIG. 9. — Scarturus cf. williamsi (Hamidi, Darvish & M. Matin, 2016). Photo by K. Hamidi.
FIG. 11 in Annotated checklist of the endemic Tetrapoda species of Iran
FIG. 11. — Topographic map of Iran (www.worldofmaps.net).
Data from: Inner ear morphology of diadectomorphs and seymouriamorphs (Tetrapoda) uncovered by high-resolution x-ray microcomputed tomography, and the origin of the amniote crown group
The origin of amniotes was a key event in vertebrate evolution, enabling tetrapods to break their ties with water and invade terrestrial environments. Two pivotal clades of early tetrapods, the diadectomorphs and the seymouriamorphs, have played an unsurpassed role in debates about the ancestry of amniotes for over a century, but their skeletal morphology has provided conflicting evidence for their affinities. Using high-resolution X-ray microcomputed tomography, we reveal the three-dimensional architecture of the well preserved endosseous labyrinth of the inner ear in representative species belonging to both groups. Data from the inner ear are coded in a new cladistic matrix of stem and primitive crown amniotes. Both maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference analyses retrieve seymouriamorphs as derived non-crown amniotes and diadectomorphs as sister group to synapsids. If confirmed, this sister group relationship invites re-examination of character polarity near the roots of the crown amniote radiation. Major changes in the endosseous labyrinth and adjacent braincase regions are mapped across the transition from non-amniote to amniote tetrapods, and include: a ventral shift of the cochlear recess relative to the vestibule and the semicircular canals; cochlear recess (primitively housed exclusively within the opisthotic) accommodated within both the prootic and the opisthotic; development of a distinct fossa subarcuata. The inner ear of seymouriamorphs foreshadows conditions of more derived groups, whereas that of diadectomorphs shows a mosaic of plesiomorphic and apomorphic traits, some of which are unambiguously amniote-like, including a distinct and pyramid-like cochlear recess.
FIGURE 3 in Five well-supported fossil calibrations within the "Waterbird" assemblage (Tetrapoda, Aves)
FIGURE 3. Alternative phylogenetic tree based on the osteological analysis of Smith (2010) showing the family-level relationships (with silhouettes of representatives within each family) within the waterbird assemblage, with five fossil calibrations (Table 1) included. Groups color-coded by membership in traditional avian orders: Pelecaniformes (green), Ciconiiformes (orange), Procellariiformes (blue), Sphenisciformes (brown), Podicipediformes (gold), Gaviiformes (purple). Stratigraphy and associated ages from Cohen et al. (2013; see also Walker et al., 2013). Branches (internodes) outside of fossil calibrations are set to a unit length to make topological relationships clear, and are not intended to represent actual divergence times. Nodes that are numbered correspond to fossil calibrations described in the text. Asterisk next to Waimanu manneringi references a vetted calibration from Ksepka and Clarke (2015). Abbreviations: E, Early. M, Middle. L, Late.
FIGURE 2 in Five well-supported fossil calibrations within the "Waterbird" assemblage (Tetrapoda, Aves)
FIGURE 2. Preferred phylogenetic tree based on the phylogenomic analysis of Hackett et al. (2008) showing the family-level relationships (with silhouettes of representatives within each family) within the waterbird assemblage, with five fossil calibrations (Table 1) included. Groups color-coded by membership in traditional avian orders: Pelecaniformes (green), Ciconiiformes (orange), Procellariiformes (blue), Sphenisciformes (brown), Podicipediformes (gold), Gaviiformes (purple). Stratigraphy and associated ages from Cohen et al. (2013; see also Walker et al., 2013). Branches (internodes) outside of fossil calibrations are set to a unit length to make topological relationships clear, and are not intended to represent actual divergence times. Double hash marks indicate that the clade containing Phaethon, Podiceps, and Phoenicopterus is actually recovered as distantly related to the waterbird clade (i.e., it is not its sister-taxon). Nodes that are numbered correspond to fossil calibrations described in the text. Asterisk next to Waimanu manneringi references a vetted calibration from Ksepka and Clarke (2015). Abbreviations: E, Early. M, Middle. L, Late.
FIGURE 1 in Five well-supported fossil calibrations within the "Waterbird" assemblage (Tetrapoda, Aves)
FIGURE 1. Specimens representative of two taxa that provide fossil calibrations within the waterbird assemblage. 1, Limnofregata azygosternon (USNM 22753) from the early Eocene Green River Formation represents the sister taxon (with its congener Limnofregata hasegawai) to Fregata, and calibrates the node Fregatidae + Suloidea. 2, Rhynchaeites messelensis (SMF 218) from the middle Eocene of Messel. Together with other Messel Rhynchaeites messelensis specimens and Rhynchaeites sp. (MGUH 20288) from the early Eocene Fur Formation, these represent the sister taxon to Threskiornithidae, and MGUH 20288 calibrates the node uniting Threskiornithidae and its extant sister taxon. Scale bars equal 50 mm.
Figure 13 in The cranial morphology of the temnospondyl Australerpeton cosgriffi (Tetrapoda: Stereospondyli) from the Middle-Late Permian of Paraná Basin and the phylogenetic relationships of Rhinesuchidae
Figure 13. Tympanic cavities of Eryopiformes, including Stereospondyli (see characters 91, 201, 210 in Supporting information Appendix S2). A, Eryops megacephalus (AMNH 23529), dorsal view of the right otic notch. B, Platyoposaurus watsoni (PIN 161/39), posterolateral view of the right otic notch. C, Konzhukovia vetusta (PIN 520/1), dorsal view of the right otic notch. D, Australerpeton cosgriffi (UFRGS-PV-0230-P), posterolateral view of the left otic notch. E, Rhineceps nyasaensis (CAMZM T.259), posterolateral view of the right otic notch. F, Uranocentrodon senekalensis (TM 185), posterolateral view of the left otic notch. Scale bars: A–C, E, F = 3 cm; D = 1 cm. The arrows indicate the dorsal pterygoid crest (white), the stapedial groove (black), and the oblique crest (yellow).
Figure 6. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998 in The cranial morphology of the temnospondyl Australerpeton cosgriffi (Tetrapoda: Stereospondyli) from the Middle-Late Permian of Paraná Basin and the phylogenetic relationships of Rhinesuchidae
Figure 6. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998. Reconstruction of skull in ventral view. Dark grey areas represent openings or fenestrae. Light grey areas represent recessed areas of bone, areas of articulation (mandibular and occipital), and denticles on palate. Abbreviations: apv, anterior palatal vacuity; bo, basioccipital; cm, crista muscularis; co, choana; cp, cultriform process; ec, ectopterygoid; iv, interpterygoid vacuity; mx, maxilla; occ, occipital condyle; pl, palatine; pmx, premaxilla; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; qd, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sf, subtemporal fenestra; tub, medial tubercle of the premaxilla; vo, vomer; vpj, ventral process of the jugal. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Figure 9. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998 in The cranial morphology of the temnospondyl Australerpeton cosgriffi (Tetrapoda: Stereospondyli) from the Middle-Late Permian of Paraná Basin and the phylogenetic relationships of Rhinesuchidae
Figure 9. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998. Posterior region of the palate of UFRGS-PV-0229-P. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B). Dark grey areas represent openings or fenestrae. Light grey areas represent recessed areas of bone (tympanic cavity), areas of articulation (occipital) or insertion (pockets for insertion of vertebro-occipital musculature), and denticles on the palate. The black areas represent areas of the dorsal surface. Abbreviations: asd, denticles on the parasphenoid with arch-shaped distribution; bo, basioccipital; cm, crista muscularis; gm, groove possibly for the insertion of a mucous membrane or dentigerous ossicles on the interpterygoid vacuity; iv, interpterygoid vacuity; occ, occipital condyle; poc, 'pockets' for the insertion of the occipital musculature; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Figure 5. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998 in The cranial morphology of the temnospondyl Australerpeton cosgriffi (Tetrapoda: Stereospondyli) from the Middle-Late Permian of Paraná Basin and the phylogenetic relationships of Rhinesuchidae
Figure 5. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998. Reconstruction of the skull in dorsal view. Dark grey areas represent openings or fenestrae. Light grey areas represent recessed areas of bone (tympanic cavity). Abbreviations: en, external naris; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; la, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; na, nasal; orb, orbit; pa, parietal; pf, postfrontal; po, postorbital; ppa, postparietal; prf, prefrontal; pmx, premaxilla; qd, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; tab, tabular. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Figure 4. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998 in The cranial morphology of the temnospondyl Australerpeton cosgriffi (Tetrapoda: Stereospondyli) from the Middle-Late Permian of Paraná Basin and the phylogenetic relationships of Rhinesuchidae
Figure 4. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998. UFRGS-PV-0224-P, photographs (above) and interpretative drawing (below) in dorsal (A), posterior (B), and ventral (C) views. Dark grey areas represent openings or sediment-infilled fenestrae. Light grey areas represent recessed areas of bone (tympanic cavity), articulation (mandibular and occipital), or denticles on palate. Areas filled with parallel lines are broken surfaces. Abbreviations: afm, articular facet of mandible; an, angular; ar, articular; arg, arcadian groove; arp, arcadian process; bo, basioccipital; cm, crista muscularis; co, choana; cp, cultriform process; ctf, chorda tympanica foramen; de, dentary; ec, ectopterygoid; ex, exoccipital; fcr, falciform crest; fm, foramen magnum; fopq, foramen paraquadratum accessorium; foq, foramen quadratum; fr, frontal; iv, interpterygoid vacuity; jug, jugal; jvp, ventral process of the jugal; la, lacrimal; memb., ridge corresponding to the basal attachment of the medial membrane of the tympanic cavity (sensu Watson, 1962); ms, mandibular sulcus; mx, maxilla; na, nasal; occ, occipital condyle; orb, orbit; pa, parietal; par, prearticular; pf, postfrontal; pfe, post-temporal fenestra; pgp, postglenoid process; pl, palatine; pmf, posterior Meckelian fenestra; po, postorbital; ppa, postparietal; prf, prefrontal; ps, parasphenoid; psp, postsplenial; pt, pterygoid; qd, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rap, retroarticular process; san, surangular; sf, subtemporal fenestra; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; tab, tabular; tabh, tabular horn; tcr, tympanic crest; vo, vomer. Scale bars = 5 cm.
Figure 12 in The cranial morphology of the temnospondyl Australerpeton cosgriffi (Tetrapoda: Stereospondyli) from the Middle-Late Permian of Paraná Basin and the phylogenetic relationships of Rhinesuchidae
Figure 12. Parasphenoids of Eryopiformes in ventral view, including Stereospondyli (see characters 27, 76, 82, 199, 209 in Supporting information Appendix S2). A, Eryops megacephalus (AMNH 4673). B, Platyoposaurus watsoni (PIN 161/ 20). C, Australerpeton cosgriffi (UFRGS-PV-0224-P). D, Uranocentrodon senekalensis (TM 185). E, Lydekkerina huxleyi (CAMZM T.238). F, Benthosuchus sushkini (PIN 219/2257). Scale bars: A, D = 5 cm, B, C, F = 3 cm, E = 1 cm.
Figure 8. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998 in The cranial morphology of the temnospondyl Australerpeton cosgriffi (Tetrapoda: Stereospondyli) from the Middle-Late Permian of Paraná Basin and the phylogenetic relationships of Rhinesuchidae
Figure 8. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998, left otic notch of UFRGS-PV-0230-P. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B), showing the crests of the tympanic cavity. Dark grey areas represent the area of the stapedial groove. Light grey areas represent the lateral wall of the tympanic cavity. Areas filled with parallel lines are broken or restored surfaces. Abbreviations: dpc, dorsal pterygoid crest; fcr, falciform crest; memb., ridge corresponding to the basal attachment of the medial membrane of the tympanic cavity (sensu Watson, 1962); obc; oblique crest; pt, pterygoid (ascending lamina); qd, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; stg, stapedial groove; tab, tabular; tcr, tympanic crest. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Figure 3. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998 in The cranial morphology of the temnospondyl Australerpeton cosgriffi (Tetrapoda: Stereospondyli) from the Middle-Late Permian of Paraná Basin and the phylogenetic relationships of Rhinesuchidae
Figure 3. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998. UFRGS-PV-0227-P (holotype). Photographs (above) and interpretative drawing (below) in dorsal (A), posterior (B), and ventral (C) views. Dark grey areas represent openings or sedimentinfilled fenestrae. Light grey areas represent recessed areas of bone (tympanic cavity), areas of articulation (mandibular and occipital), and denticles on palate. Areas filled with parallel lines are broken surfaces. Abbreviations: cm, crista muscularis; co, choana; cp, cultriform process; ec, ectopterygoid; en, external naris; ex, exoccipital; fcr, falciform crest; fr, frontal; iv, interpterygoid vacuity; jug, jugal; la, lacrimal; memb., ridge corresponding to the basal attachment of the medial membrane of the tympanic cavity (sensu Watson, 1962); mx, maxilla; na, nasal; obc, oblique crest; occ, occipital condyle; orb, orbit; pa, parietal; pf, postfrontal; pfe, post-temporal fenestra; pl, palatine; po, postorbital; ppa, postparietal; prf, prefrontal; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; qd, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sf, subtemporal fenestra; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; tab, tabular; tabh, tabular horn; tcr, tympanic crest; tyc, tympanic cavity; vo, vomer; vpj, ventral process of the jugal. Scale bars = 5 cm.
Figure 11 in The cranial morphology of the temnospondyl Australerpeton cosgriffi (Tetrapoda: Stereospondyli) from the Middle-Late Permian of Paraná Basin and the phylogenetic relationships of Rhinesuchidae
Figure 11. Part of the most parsimonious tree, including only Stereospondylomorpha. The rectangles represent all supporting synapomorphies mapped onto each node; state 0 in white and states 1, 2 or 3 in black.
Figure 2. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998 in The cranial morphology of the temnospondyl Australerpeton cosgriffi (Tetrapoda: Stereospondyli) from the Middle-Late Permian of Paraná Basin and the phylogenetic relationships of Rhinesuchidae
Figure 2. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998. Photographs (above) and interpretative drawings (below) of cranial material in dorsal view. A, UFRGS-PV-0227-P (holotype; partial skull without rostrum and lacking the right side). B, UFRGS-PV-0224-P (partial skull without rostrum). C, UFRGS-PV-0225-P (partial skull without the anterior extremity, possibly a juvenile). D, UFRGS-PV-0228-P (rostrum). E, UFRGS-PV-0230-P (fragment of the left posterior part of skull). F, UFRGS-PV-0229-P (partial skull without rostrum). Scale bars = 5 cm.
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