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Fig. 3 in A new large-bodied theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Warwickshire, United Kingdom

Fig. 3. Tetanuran theropod Cruxicheiros newmanorum gen. et sp. nov. pelvic bones (WARMS 15771) and right femur (WARMS 15770) from the Chipping Norton Limestone Formation, Bathonian of the United Kingdom. A. Left ilium in lateral view (A1, A2) and pubic peduncle in ventral view (A3). B. Left pubis in lateral (B1) and medial (B2) views. C. Proximal portion of right femur in proximal (C1), medial (C2), posterior (C3, C4) and anterior (C5) views. D. Shaft fragment of right femur in lateral view. E. Distal portion of right femur in medial (E1), posterior (E2) and anterior (E3) views.

Fig. 1 in A new large-bodied theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Warwickshire, United Kingdom

Fig. 1. Tetanuran theropod Cruxicheiros newmanorum gen. et sp. nov. axial vertebrae (WARMS 15771) from the Chipping Norton Limestone Formation, Bathonian of the United Kingdom. A. Posterior cervical or anterior dorsal vertebra in posterior view. B. Partial middle−posterior dorsal vertebra in right lateral view showing a sagittal cross−section (B1) and in dorsal view (B2). C. Middle−distal caudal vertebra in left lateral (C1) and posterior (C2) views. D. Middle−posterior dorsal neural arch in anterior (D1), right lateral (D2, D3), and posterior (D4) views. Photographs (A, B1, B2, C1, C2, D1, D2, D4) and line drawing (D3). Crossed−hatching indicates matrix and grey tone indicates broken bone.

Fig. 2 in A new large-bodied theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Warwickshire, United Kingdom

Fig. 2. Tetanuran theropod Cruxicheiros newmanorum gen. et sp. nov. right scapulocoracoid (WARMS 15771) from the Chipping Norton Limestone Formation, Bathonian of the United Kingdom. A. Scapulocoracoid in lateral (A1) and ventral (A2) views. B, C. Scapular fragments in medial or lateral views (B, C1) and in cross−section (C2).

Fig. 4 in A new large-bodied theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Warwickshire, United Kingdom

Fig. 4. Simplified cladogram showing the alternative possible phylogenetic placements of Cruxicheros newmanorum based on analysis of the modified data set of Benson (2010). Fukuiraptor was not included in this scheme as it was recently demonstrated to be a derived allosauroid and not a basal neotetanuran (Benson et al. 2010). C. newmanorum was recovered as either a basal megalosauroid (A), a basal tetanuran (B) or a basal neotetanuran (C).

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2019View details →

ENERGISE Living Lab country report - United Kingdom

This national country report describes the two living labs run in the United Kingdom for the pan-European ENERGISE (European Network for Research, Good Practice and Innovation for Sustainable Energy) project funded by the European Commission Horizon 2020 framework programme for 36 months (December 2016 - November 2019). The report discusses the main findings arising from the living labs. It also considers some of the implications for policy-making and future research of the project.

Fig. 5 in The youngest ctenocystoids from the Upper Ordovician of the United Kingdom and the evolution of the bilateral body plan in echinoderms

Fig. 5. Reconstructions of two possible modes of life of Conollia. A. A semi-infaunal mode of life. B. An infaunal mode of life. Adapt- ed from Domínguez Alonso (2004).

Fig. 2 in The youngest ctenocystoids from the Upper Ordovician of the United Kingdom and the evolution of the bilateral body plan in echinoderms

Fig. 2. Stratigraphical position (A) and geographical location (B) of the site where Conollia sporranoides sp. nov. was collected. Adapted from Ingham (1992).

Fig. 3 in The youngest ctenocystoids from the Upper Ordovician of the United Kingdom and the evolution of the bilateral body plan in echinoderms

Fig. 3. Ctenocystoid echinoderm Conollia sporranoides sp. nov. from the Upper Ordovician of Scotland, UK. A. GLAHM 131255/1, partial specimen. B. GLAHM 131255/2, complete specimen. C. GLAHM 131255/3, partial ctenidium in lateral view. D. GLAHM 131255/4, partial ctenidium in adoral view. E. GLAHM 131255/5, partial ctenidium. F. GLAHM 131255/6, partial ctenidium. G. GLAHM 131255/7, complete ctenidium in anterior view. H. GLAHM 131255/8, partial ctenidium in anterior view. I. GLAHM 131255/9, partial ctenidium in anterior view. Photographs of original specimens (A, B), latex casts whitened with ammonium chloride sublimate (C–F), and virtual reconstructions (G–I). Abbreviations: as, articulations for serrated spines; cp, ctenoid plates; ss, serrated spines; ts, thecal spines.

Fig. 1. Representative Cambrian ctenocystoid echinoderms. A, B in The youngest ctenocystoids from the Upper Ordovician of the United Kingdom and the evolution of the bilateral body plan in echinoderms

Fig. 1. Representative Cambrian ctenocystoid echinoderms. A, B. Ctenocystis utahensis Robison and Sprinkle, 1969 from Cambrian Series 3 of the United States. USNM 163252 in dorsal (A 1) and anterior (A 2) views; USNM 595079 in right lateral view (B). C. Undescribed ctenocystoid (Ctenocystoid gen. et sp. nov 1 in Smith et al. 2013) from Cambrian Series 3 of Morocco. NHMUK EE 15428 in dorsal view. D. Courtessolea moncereti Domínguez Alonso, 2004 from Cambrian Series 3 of France. MNHN F.A45783 in dorsal view. E. Courtessolea sp. from Cambrian Series 3 of Spain. MPZ 2009/1234b in ventral view. F. Undescribed ctenocystoid (Ctenocystoid gen. et sp. nov 2 in Smith et al. 2013) from Cambrian Series 3 of Morocco. NHMUK EE 15317 in ventral view. G, H. Jugoszovia archaeocyathoides Dzik and Orłowski, 1995 from Cambrian Series 3 of Poland. ZPAL Ec1/9 in ventral view (G); ZPAL Ec1/1 in anterior view (H). All specimens are latex casts whitened with ammonium chloride sublimate.

Spatial distribution of cattle, sheep and goat density, and grazed areas for the European Union and the United Kingdom

To improve the sustainability of the European livestock sector we need improved knowledge on livestock density, and also on the grazing patterns. Here we provide spatially explicit data on the distribution of cattle, sheep and goats, developed by combining agricultural and veterinary statistics, in-situ data, expert surveys and machine learning. The data allow for the differentiation between livestock that are grazing on semi-natural areas and managed grasslands, versus those that do not graze and are kept indoors.  This dataset covers all European Union Member States and the United Kingdom, and presents the spatial distribution of cattle, sheep and goat density for approximately the year 2020. Livestock density was allocated on the Corine Land Cover data, resulting in a data-set with a 100 m resolution (EPSG: 3035 - ETRS89-extended / LAEA Europe). Together with the livestock density maps, we also provide spatial data on the probability for grazing, and allocated grazed and non grazed areas. File description: The data-set consists of the following files:   <ul> <li>clc_forage_mask.tif , forage areas mask for EU, based on selected Corine Land Cover classes (not including seminatural land cover areas such as natural grasslands...). This was developed by surveying grazing, grassland and livestock experts from all EU Member States and the United Kingdom. More info in the upcoming paper and in the linked paper below (Malek et al. 2024). Values are the same as in the Corine Land Cover data.</li> <li>grazing_probability.tif , grazing probability map, indicating how likely each location in the EU+UK is grazed</li> <li>allocated_grazing.tif , allocated grazing map, indicating which areas are grazed and which are not</li> </ul>   <ul> <li>cattle density maps: <ul> <li>cattle_grazing.tif , cattle grazing on managed forage areas</li> <li>cattle_other.tif , cattle kept indoors, receiving feed from managed forage areas</li> <li>cattle_seminatural.tif ,  cattle grazing in semi-natural areas</li> <li>cattle_mosaic_categorical.tif (with a legend file) , combined categorical map for all cattle types.</li> </ul> </li> </ul>   <ul> <li>sheep and goat density maps: <ul> <li>sheep_goat_other.tif , sheep and goat density</li> <li>sheep_goat_seminatural.tif , sheep and goat grazing in seminatural areas</li> </ul> </li> </ul>

Old silvoarable site at Etonbury Wood (Bedford) - United Kingdom

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Silvopastoral parkland at Clapham Park (Bedford) - United Kingdom

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Silvopastoral parkland at Howburry Hall (Bedford) - United Kingdom

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opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

dryad40/100

Statistical analysis code for output from a model used to simulate foot-and-mouth disease dynamics in the United Kingdom

Epidemics can sometimes be managed through reductions of host density, such as social distancing for human diseases, reducing plant density through cultural and genetic means, and host culling for epizootics. These approaches allow for a certain density of hosts to remain within a targeted area. By contrast, total ring depopulation is often used as a management strategy for emerging infectious diseases in livestock. In this study, we explore the trade-offs of a density-based culling strategy to determine if fewer livestock farms can be culled within rings while maintaining a decrease in disease transmission. To do so, we evaluated a farm-density-based ring culling strategy to control foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the United Kingdom. This strategy may allow for some farms within rings around infected premises (IPs) to escape depopulation, with the aim to prevent over-culling during outbreaks. Using a spatially-explicit, stochastic, state-transition simulation algorithm originally developed by Keeling et al. 2001 to model FMD spread in the United Kingdom, we simulated this reduced-farm-density, or "target density" strategy. We modeled FMD disease spread in four counties in the UK (Aberdeenshire, Cumbria, Devon, and North Yorkshire) that have different farm demographies. We ran 740,000 simulations in a full-factorial analysis of epidemic impact measurements (i.e. culled animals, culled farms, epidemic length) and cull strategy parameters (i.e. target farm density, daily farm cull capacity, cull radius). We found that all of the cull strategy parameters were drivers of epidemic impact. We found that outbreaks in Cumbria had higher epidemic impacts and were more likely to take off compared with other counties with more outbreaks being likely to take off in Cumbria. Most importantly, in all counties, our proposed target density strategy was more effective at combatting FMD compared with traditional 'total ring depopulation' when considering average culled animals and culled farms. The differences in epidemic impact between the counties are likely driven by farm demography, especially differences in cattle and farm density. This target density strategy can be applied to many different systems, including other livestock and agricultural systems, to reduce host density as opposed to over-culling hosts.

FIG. 32. — A in The species of Lageninae Brady, 1881 (Foraminifera) from the Pliocene-Early Pleistocene of north-western France, Fécamp (Seine-Maritime, France) and St Erth (Cornwall, United Kingdom)

FIG. 32. — A, Lagena striata (d'Orbigny, 1839), SGB3, enlargement of the aboral tube; B, C, Lagena substriata Williamson, 1848, LRK2: B, basal internal view; C, enlargement of the aboral tube; D, E, Lagena sulcata (Walker & Jacob, 1798), SGB3; D, longitudinal section; E, enlargement of the aboral tube; F, G, Lagena variokoreana n. sp., LRK2: F, basal internal view; G, enlargement of the aboral view; H, I, Lagunculella grayi n. gen., n. sp., LRK2 (MNHN.F.F67688): H, basal internal view; I, enlargement of the aboral tube; J-M, Lagunculella baggi (Cushman & Gray, 1946), n. comb., SGB3: J, basal internal views; K, enlargement of the aboral tube; L, longitudinal section; M, enlargement of the aboral tube; N, Lagunculella doveyensis (Haynes, 1973), n. comb., Fécamp (MNHN.F.F67692), basal internal view; O, P, Lagunculella flexa (Cushman & Gray, 1946), n. comb., la Sautré (MNHN.F.F67695): O, basal internal view; P, enlargement of the aboral tube. Scale bars: A, I, P, 20 µm; B, D, F, 100 µm; C, E, K, M, 10 µm; G, 5 µm; H, J, L, N, 50 µm; O, 200 µm.

FIG. 33. — A, B in The species of Lageninae Brady, 1881 (Foraminifera) from the Pliocene-Early Pleistocene of north-western France, Fécamp (Seine-Maritime, France) and St Erth (Cornwall, United Kingdom)

FIG. 33. — A, B, Lagunculella flexa (Cushman & Gray, 1946), n. comb., Fécamp (MNHN.F.F6760): A, internal basal view; B, enlargement of the aboral view; C, D, Lagunculella ovoidea n. gen., n. sp., la Pugle; C, internal basal view; D, enlargement of the aboral view; E, F, Lagunculella redonensis n. gen., n. sp., la Groussinière: E, internal basal view; F, enlargement of the aboral tube; G, H, Lanterna crassicarinata n. gen., n. sp., la Groussinière: G, internal basal view; H, enlargement of the aboral tube; I, J, Lanterna novocrassicarinata n. gen., n. sp., la Groussinière (MNHN.F.F67707): I, internal basal view; J, enlargement of the aboral tube; K, L, Malumella oblonga n. gen., n. sp., la Groussinière: K, internal basal view; L, enlargement of the aboral tube; M, N, Verulagena similis (McCulloch, 1977), n. comb., la Bouillonnaie: M, internal basal view; N, enlargement of the aboral view; O, P, Verulagena laevis (Montagu, 1803), n. comb., St. Erth: O, longitudinal section showing the aboral tube; P, internal basal view. Scale bars: A, O, 50 µm; B, D, N, 10 µm; C, E, G, I, K, M, P, 100 µm; F, H, J, L, 20 µm.

FIG. 28. — A-F, Verulagena maximaperforata n in The species of Lageninae Brady, 1881 (Foraminifera) from the Pliocene-Early Pleistocene of north-western France, Fécamp (Seine-Maritime, France) and St Erth (Cornwall, United Kingdom)

FIG. 28. — A-F, Verulagena maximaperforata n. sp.: A, B, paratype (MNHN.F.F67723) in oral and basal views; C-F, paratype, MNHN.F.F67724: C, lateral view, D, perforated wall; E, F, oral and basal views; G-P, Verulagena partecostata n. gen., n. sp.: G-J, holotype, SSL (MNHN.F.F67725); G, lateral view; H, perforated wall; I, J, oral and basal views; K-M, paratype, SSL (MNHN.F.F67726) in lateral, oral and basal views; N-P, paratype, SSL (MNHN.F.F67727) in lateral, oral and basal views. Scale bars: A, B, E, F, I, J, L, M, O, P, 100 µm; C, G, K, N, 200 µm; D, 50 µm; H, 5 µm.

FIG. 27. — A in The species of Lageninae Brady, 1881 (Foraminifera) from the Pliocene-Early Pleistocene of north-western France, Fécamp (Seine-Maritime, France) and St Erth (Cornwall, United Kingdom)

FIG. 27. — A, Verulagena similis (McCulloch, 1977), n. comb., La Bouillonnaie (MNHN.F.F67718), basal view; B-K, Verulagena laevis (Montagu, 1803), n. comb.: B-D, St. Erth (MNHN.F.F67719), lateral, oral and basal views; E-H, St. Erth (MNHN.F.F67720); E, lateral view; F, perforated wall; G, H, oral and basal views; I-K, la Groussinière (MNHN.F.F67721) in lateral, oral and basal views; L-P, Verulagena maximaperforata n. gen., n. sp., l'Épinay, holotype (MNHN.F.F67722): L-N, lateral, oral and basal views; O, P, lateral and perforated wall. Scale bars: A, B, E, I, M, N, 100 µm; C, D, H, J, K, 50 µm; F, 10 µm; G, 5 µm; L, O, 200 µm; P, 20 µm.

FIG. 26. — A-F, Malumella suboblonga n. gen., n in The species of Lageninae Brady, 1881 (Foraminifera) from the Pliocene-Early Pleistocene of north-western France, Fécamp (Seine-Maritime, France) and St Erth (Cornwall, United Kingdom)

FIG. 26. — A-F, Malumella suboblonga n. gen., n. sp.,holotype,la Bouillonnaie (MNHN.F.F67714),oral and basal views;C-F, paratype,la Bouillonnaie (MNHN.F.F67715): C, lateral view; D, perforated wall; E, F, oral and basal views; G-I, Malumella sp., SSL (MNHN.F.F67716), lateral, oral and basal views; J-M, Pygmaeoseistron hispidulum (Cushman, 1913), Fécamp (MNHN.F.F67717) in lateral, oral and basal views; N-P, Verulagena similis (McCulloch, 1977), n. comb., La Bouillonnaie (MNHN.F.F67718): N, lateral view; O, perforated wall; P, oral view. Scale bars: A, B, E, F, H, I, L, M, P, 100 µm; C, G, J, N, 200 µm; D, O, 5 µm; K, 20 µm.

FIG. 23. — A-H, Lanternalagena crassicarinata n. gen., n in The species of Lageninae Brady, 1881 (Foraminifera) from the Pliocene-Early Pleistocene of north-western France, Fécamp (Seine-Maritime, France) and St Erth (Cornwall, United Kingdom)

FIG. 23. — A-H, Lanternalagena crassicarinata n. gen., n. sp.; A-D, la Groussinière, holotype (MNHN.F.F67703); A, lateral view; B, perforated wall; C, D, oral and basal views; E-H, la Sautré, paratype (MNHN.F.F67704): E, lateral view; F, perforated wall; G, H, oral and basal views; I-P, Lanternalagena novocrassicarinata n. gen., n. sp.: I-L, la Sautré, holotype (MNHN.F.F67705); I, lateral view; J, perforated wall; K, L, oral and basal views; M-P, Fécamp, paratype (MNHN.F.F67706); M, lateral view; N, perforated wall; O, P, oral and basal views. Scale bars: A, E, I, M, 200 µm; B, F, 20 µm; C, D, G, H, K, L, O, P, 100 µm; J, N, 50 µm.