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Figure 11 in Integrative taxonomy of crustacean y-larvae (Thecostraca: Facetotecta) using laboratory-rearing and molecular analyses of single specimens, with the description of a new vermiform species

Figure 11. Hansenocaris demodex sp. nov., nauplii from Sesoko Island photographed alive (A–J) or as slide-mounted exuvium (K, L). A–E, different naupliar instars; F, penultimate naupliar instar with exuviae from two prior moults still attached posteriorly; G, cyprid with exuviae from three prior naupliar moults still attached posteriorly; H, last-stage nauplius in lateral view; I, posterior end of cyprid with three prior naupliar moults still attached; J, posterior end of cyprid with three prior naupliar moults still attached; K, L, exuvium of last-stage nauplius, ventral and lateral views. Abbreviations: a1, first antenna; a2, second antenna; ce, cypris eye; md, mandible; ne, nauplius eye; LSN, last-stage nauplius; thx, thorax. Squares with dotted outlines: dish numbers, sample numbers and museum numbers; some larvae died before preservation and are only referred to by their dish

Figure 13 in Integrative taxonomy of crustacean y-larvae (Thecostraca: Facetotecta) using laboratory-rearing and molecular analyses of single specimens, with the description of a new vermiform species

Figure 13. Hansenocaris demodex sp. nov., paratypes from Sesoko Island in SEM:, an early nauplius (LSN − 3?) (A–C) and a later nauplius (LSN − 2) with unmoulted later larval stages still inside. A, ventral view; B, lateral view; C, cephalic shield, frontal view; D, ventrolateral view; E, lateral view; F, cephalic shield, frontal view; G, cephalic shield, dorsal view. Abbreviations: a1, first antennae; a2, second antennae; dc sp, dorsocaudal spine; ex, exopod; fur sp, furcal spine; la, labrum; md, mandible. Small Arabic numerals, many annotated with l or r for left and right, respectively, refer to those surface structures that could be matched with those of the LSN (see Table 4). Green overlay, LSN; purple overlay, LSN − 1; red overlay, anterior field of facets. Squares with dotted outline: sample numbers, museum numbers and type status.

Figure 12 in Integrative taxonomy of crustacean y-larvae (Thecostraca: Facetotecta) using laboratory-rearing and molecular analyses of single specimens, with the description of a new vermiform species

Figure 12. Hansenocaris demodex sp. nov., early nauplius (LSN − 5 or LSN − 6?) from Sesoko Island in SEM. A, ventrolateral view; B, lateral view; C, dorsal view; D, frontal view; E, labrum and naupliar appendages, right side; F, naupliar appendages, right side, median view; G, first and second antennae, right side, lateral view, asterisk indicating rudimentary segment of a2 exopod; H, dorsocaudal spine and furcal spines, terminal view. Abbreviations: a1, first antenna; a2, second antenna; ba, basis; co, coxa; dc sp, dorsocaudal spine; en, endopod; ex, exopod; fur sp, furcal spine; F-1 to F-3, frontal plates 1–3; la, labrum complex; md, mandible; rud, rudimentary; W, window plate. Small Arabic numerals, many annotated with l or r for left and right, respectively, refer to those cuticular structures that could be matched with those of the LSN (see Table 4). Yellow overlay, cephalic shield; blue overlay, faciotrunk; red overlay, anterior field of facets. Square with dotted outline: museum number.

Figure 10 in Integrative taxonomy of crustacean y-larvae (Thecostraca: Facetotecta) using laboratory-rearing and molecular analyses of single specimens, with the description of a new vermiform species

Figure 10. Hansenocaris demodex sp. nov., cyprid from Green Island in SEM. A, lateral view; B, cephalic shield, frontal view; C, putative lattice organ, close-up; D, thoracic limbs 1–6; E, thorax, abdomen and telson, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ba, basis; co, coxa; en, endopod; ex, exopod; la, labrum; pro scle, proximal sclerites of thoracopods; thp 1, thoracopod 1; thp 6, thoracopod 6. Small Arabic numerals, many annotated with l or r for left and right, respectively, refer to cuticular structures (see Table 5). Square with dotted outline: sample number and museum numbers. Dotted arrows in D point to long medial setae of thoracopodal endopods.

Figure 9 in Integrative taxonomy of crustacean y-larvae (Thecostraca: Facetotecta) using laboratory-rearing and molecular analyses of single specimens, with the description of a new vermiform species

Figure 9. Hansenocaris demodex sp. nov., holotype (A, B, D, E) and paratype (C) cyprid from Sesoko Island in SEM. A, posterior thoracic segments and anterior abdominal segments, lateral view; B, thoracopods, ventral view; C, telson, dorsall view; D, telson, terminal view; E, right furcal ramus, posterior view. Abbreviations: fur ram, furcal ramus; ba, basis; co, coxa; en, endopod; ex, exopod; pro scle, proximal sclerites of thoracopods; thp 1, thoracopod 1. Roman numerals I–VI – thoracic segments. Large Arabic numerals 1–3 – abdominal segments 1–3. Small Arabic numerals, many annotated with l or r for left and right, respectively, refer to cuticular structures (see Table 5). Square with dotted outlines: sample numbers, museum numbers and type status.

Figure 14 in Integrative taxonomy of crustacean y-larvae (Thecostraca: Facetotecta) using laboratory-rearing and molecular analyses of single specimens, with the description of a new vermiform species

Figure 14. Morphology of four types of y-larvae from Sesoko Island used for molecular analyses (see overview in Table 6), all photographed in life. A, Hansenocaris demodex sp. nov., lecithotrophic LSN (last-stage nauplius) with cyprid inside. B, 'Bumblebee' type, lecithotrophic LSN with cyprid inside. C, 'Big brown' type, lecithotrophic LSN with cyprid inside. D, planktotrophic nauplius, identified as Itô's (1986a) Pacific type I. Squares with dotted outline: sample numbers.

Figure 6 in Integrative taxonomy of crustacean y-larvae (Thecostraca: Facetotecta) using laboratory-rearing and molecular analyses of single specimens, with the description of a new vermiform species

Figure 6. Hansenocaris demodex sp. nov., last-stage nauplius (LSN) from Green Island in SEM. A, lateral view; B, dorsal view. C, ventral view; D, frontal view. Abbreviations: a1, first antenna; a2, second antenna; dc sp, dorsocaudal spine; fur sp, furcal spine; la, labrum; md, mandible. Arabic numerals, many annotated with l or r for left and right, respectively, refer to cuticular structures (see Table 4). Square with dotted outline: sample number and museum number.

Figure 8 in Integrative taxonomy of crustacean y-larvae (Thecostraca: Facetotecta) using laboratory-rearing and molecular analyses of single specimens, with the description of a new vermiform species

Figure 8. Hansenocaris demodex sp. nov., holotype (B, C) and paratypes (A, D), cyprids from Sesoko Island in SEM. A, live specimen in four different positions; B, cephalic shield, frontal view; C, cephalic shield, dorsal view; D, cephalic shield, oblique posterior view. Abbreviations: par occ pro, paraocular process. Small Arabic numerals, many annotated with l or r for left and right, respectively, refer to cuticular structures of the cyprid (see Table 5). Squares with dotted outlines: sample numbers, museum numbers and type status.

Figure 7 in Integrative taxonomy of crustacean y-larvae (Thecostraca: Facetotecta) using laboratory-rearing and molecular analyses of single specimens, with the description of a new vermiform species

Figure 7. Hansenocaris demodex sp. nov., holotype (A, B, D–I) and paratype (C), cyprids from Sesoko Island photographed before drying (A) and in SEM after drying and mounting (B–I). A, lateral view; B, lateral view; C, cephalic region, lateral view; D, cephalic region, ventral view; E, bifid appendix (frontal filaments?); F, labrum; G, pores and sensilla; H, close-up of hook of left first antenna; I, abdomen and telson, dorsal view. Abbreviations: a1, first antenna; a1 hk, first antenna hook; a2 rud, second antenna rudiment; ae, aesthetasc; en, endopod; ex, exopod; la, labrum; md rud, mandible rudiment; par occ pro, paraocular process. Roman numerals I–VI – thoracic segments. Large Arabic numerals 1–3 – abdominal segments. Small Arabic numerals, many annotated with l or r for left and right, respectively, refer to cuticular structures (see Table 5). Square with dotted outline: sample numbers, museum numbers and type status.

Figure 5 in Integrative taxonomy of crustacean y-larvae (Thecostraca: Facetotecta) using laboratory-rearing and molecular analyses of single specimens, with the description of a new vermiform species

Figure 5. Hansenocaris demodex sp. nov., paratype, last-stage nauplius (LSN) from Sesoko Island in SEM. A, lateral view; B, cephalic shield, anterior view; C–J, close-up views of pores and sensilla of cephalic shield and faciotrunk; K–M, labrum and naupliar limbs (a1, a2, md). Abbreviations: a1, first antenna; a2, second antenna; md, mandible; la, labrum; scl, sclerite of a1. Small Arabic numerals, many annotated with l or r for left and right, respectively, refer to cuticular structures (see Table 4). Yellow overlay, cephalic shield; blue overlay, faciotrunk; red overlay, anterior field of facets. Square with dotted outline: sample number, museum number and type status.

Figure 4 in Integrative taxonomy of crustacean y-larvae (Thecostraca: Facetotecta) using laboratory-rearing and molecular analyses of single specimens, with the description of a new vermiform species

Figure 4. Hansenocaris demodex sp. nov., paratype, last-stage nauplius (LSN) from Sesoko Island photographed live before fixation (A) and in SEM after fixation and mounting (B–H). A, ventral view; B, ventral view; C, dorsal view; D, pair of ventral pores situated in front of labrum; E, close-up views of pores and sensilla of cephalic shield; F, caudal end in dorsal view; G, caudal end in ventral view; H, caudal end viewed from behind. Abbreviations: a1, first antenna; a2, second antenna; arthro membr, arthrodial membrane; ce, compound eye; dc sp, dorsocaudal spine; en, endopod; ex, exopod; fur sp, furcal spine; la, labrum; md, mandible; ne, nauplius eye; rud, rudimentary. Small Arabic numerals, many annotated with l or r for left and right, respectively, refer to cuticular structures (see Table 4). Yellow overlay, cephalic shield; blue overlay, faciotrunk; red overlay, anterior field of facets. Square with dotted outline: sample number, museum number and type status.

Figure 3 in Integrative taxonomy of crustacean y-larvae (Thecostraca: Facetotecta) using laboratory-rearing and molecular analyses of single specimens, with the description of a new vermiform species

Figure 3. Overview of most specimens of Hansenocaris demodex sp. nov. collected at Sesoko Island during fieldwork in 2018 and 2019. A, 19 specimens, four of which reached the cyprid stage, collected in the plankton at the naupliar stage and reared individually, with length, dish number, sample number, and museum registration number indicated for each specimen as well as a colour code (red, blue, yellow) showing its ultimate treatment/fixation (respectively, molecular work, SEM or exuvium on slide); some larvae died before preservation and are only referred to by their dish number; B, overview of setup for individual rearing of larvae; top view of green tray containing 31 2.5-cm-wide dishes with tracking information written on lids, each containing one to five live larvae. Live video of H. demodex and other y-larvae can be seen here: https:// youtu.be/seo-63AK10E.

Figure 1 in Integrative taxonomy of crustacean y-larvae (Thecostraca: Facetotecta) using laboratory-rearing and molecular analyses of single specimens, with the description of a new vermiform species

Figure 1. Facetotecta sampling sites in East Asia, 2017–20 and distribution of Hansenocaris demodex sp. nov. A, East China Sea showing distance (780 km) between the two main sampling sites, Sesoko Island (Okinawa, Japan) and Green Island (Taiwan). In 2020, several additional specimens of H. demodex were collected from Xiaoliuqiu Island (MJG, unpublished). B, Sesoko Island (Japan, Okinawa) with indication of sampling site (Sesoko Station); C, Green Island (Taiwan) with indication of sampling site (Gonguan Fishing Harbour); D, pier at Sesoko Station; E, Gonguan Fishing Harbour.

Figure 2 in Integrative taxonomy of crustacean y-larvae (Thecostraca: Facetotecta) using laboratory-rearing and molecular analyses of single specimens, with the description of a new vermiform species

Figure 2. Example of newly collected sample of still living y-larvae collected on 19 October 2018 at Sesoko Island off the pier shown in Figure 1D, representing a variety of developmental stages. A, 25 y-larvae likely representing> 15 different species, including 18 early lecithotrophic nauplii (*), five planktotrophic nauplii (†) and two cyprids (§). None of the depicted specimens can be assigned to already described species, but three of the planktotrophic nauplii are similar to Itô's (1986a) Pacific type I and one is a cyprid of the type nicknamed 'Big brown', both types of which are sequenced as a part of this work and belong to the same clade as Hansenocaris demodex sp. nov. (see Fig. 15). B, close-up of selected y-larvae with same numbers assigned as in A. Live video of H. demodex and other y-larvae can be seen here: https://youtu.be/seo-63AK10E.

Fig. 12 H. itoi, nauplius 7 in Naupliar development of Facetotecta (Crustacea: Thecostraca) and the nature of the first nauplius instar in the Crustacea - pro et contra the Hexanauplia concept

Fig. 12 H. itoi, nauplius 7, ventral side (SEM) a General view, exuvium (rupture of naupliar cuticle for y-cypris release indicated by arrowheads). b Central part with legs and labrum (endopod segments numbered in Roman, exopod segments numbered in Arabic, pores of labrum indicated by asterisks). c Posterior part. d Posteriormost end. e Armament of antenna and mandible. f Putative rudiments of frontal filaments. g Tip of labrum. Abbreviations: a1 - antennules; a2 - antennae; ba - basis; co - coxa; dap - dorsal anal plate; dcs - dorsocaudal spine; ff? - putative rudiments of frontal filaments; fs - furcal spines; lb - labrum; md - mandible; vlr – ventrolateral cuticular ridges; vmr – ventromedial cuticular ridges. Scale bars in μm

Fig. 11 H. itoi, nauplius 7 in Naupliar development of Facetotecta (Crustacea: Thecostraca) and the nature of the first nauplius instar in the Crustacea - pro et contra the Hexanauplia concept

Fig. 11 H. itoi, nauplius 7, dorsal side (SEM) a General view. b Moulting into y-cypris stage. c Head shield, left side (setae in pores indicated by arrowheads, pores without setae indicated by asterisks). d, e Posterior part of faciotrunk. f Dorsolateral view showing inner side of exuvium with 'ghost sling' of y-cypris (head shield removed). g Surface of 'ghost sling' showing delicate reticulated curicular membrane. Abbreviations: a1 - antennules; a2 - antennae; cy - y-cypris larva; dco - papilla of dorsocaudal organ; dcs - dorsocaudal spine; fs - furcal spines; gs - 'ghost sling' of y-cypris; md - mandible; n7ex - exuvium of nauplius 7; oe - cuticle of oesophagus. Scale bars in μm

Fig. 9 H. itoi, nauplius 5 in Naupliar development of Facetotecta (Crustacea: Thecostraca) and the nature of the first nauplius instar in the Crustacea - pro et contra the Hexanauplia concept

Fig. 9 H. itoi, nauplius 5, ventral side (SEM) a General view. b Left antenna and mandible (endopod segments numbered in Roman, exopod segments numbered in Arabic). c Right antennule. d Labrum (pores of labrum indicated by asterisks). e Posterior part (pores indicated by asterisks). Abbreviations: a1 - antennules; a2 - antennae; ba - basis; co - coxa; dcs - dorsocaudal spine; ff? - putative rudiments of frontal filaments; fs - furcal spines; lb - labrum; md - mandible; rmx1 - rudiments of maxillules; ob – oban; vlr – ventrolateral cuticular ridges; vmr – ventromedial cuticular ridges. Scale bars in μm

Fig. 8 H. itoi, nauplius 5 in Naupliar development of Facetotecta (Crustacea: Thecostraca) and the nature of the first nauplius instar in the Crustacea - pro et contra the Hexanauplia concept

Fig. 8 H. itoi, nauplius 5, dorsal side (SEM) a General view. b Anterior half (setae in pores indicated by arrowheads, pores without setae indicated by asterisks). c Middle-posterior part of head shield, right side (pores without setae indicated by asterisks). d Posterior part of head shield (setae in pores indicated by arrowheads, pores without setae indicated by asterisks). e Posterior part of faciotrunk. Abbreviations: bm - boundary of moult of faciotrunk; dco - papilla of dorsocaudal organ; dcs - dorsocaudal spine. Scale bars in μm

Fig. 6 H. itoi, nauplius 3 in Naupliar development of Facetotecta (Crustacea: Thecostraca) and the nature of the first nauplius instar in the Crustacea - pro et contra the Hexanauplia concept

Fig. 6 H. itoi, nauplius 3, ventral side (SEM) a General view. b Central area with labrum and naupliar legs (pores indicated by asterisk, segments of exopods numbered in Arabic, segments of endopods numbered in Roman). c Area around slit-like mouth opening (pores indicated by asterisks). d Posterior part (pore indicated by asterisk). e Anal region. Abbreviations: a1 - antennules; a2 - antennae; an - anus; ba - basis; co - coxa; dap - dorsal anal plate; dcs - dorsocaudal spine; ff? - putative rudiments of frontal filaments; fs - furcal spines; lb - labrum; md - mandible; mo - mouth opening; vlr – ventrolateral cuticular ridges; vmr – ventromedial cuticular ridges. Scale bars in μm

Fig. 5 H. itoi, nauplius 3 in Naupliar development of Facetotecta (Crustacea: Thecostraca) and the nature of the first nauplius instar in the Crustacea - pro et contra the Hexanauplia concept

Fig. 5 H. itoi, nauplius 3, dorsal and lateral sides (SEM) a General view, dorsal side. b Anterior half of head shield, dorsal view (setae in pores indicated by arrowheads, pores without setae indicated by asterisks). c Central area of head shield around 'window plate' (W), dorsal view (setae in pores indicated by arrowheads, pores without setae indicated by asterisks). d Posterior part of head shield, dorsal view. e Anterior part, lateral view (pores without setae indicated by asterisks). f Posterior part, lateral view (pore without setae indicated by asterisks). g Area around papilla of dorsocaudal organ, dorsal side. Abbreviations: dco - papilla of dorsocaudal organ; dcs - dorsocaudal spine; fs - furcal spines. Scale bars in μm