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FIGURE 9 in Taxonomic revision of the orb weaving spider genus Plato Coddington, 1986 (Araneae: Theridiosomatidae) with the description of three new species

FIGURE 9. Plato ferriferus, from Parauapebas, Pará, Brazil. A, male body, dorsal view; B, female body, dorsal view; C–F, male palp, left; C, mesal view; D, mesal view, SEM; E, ventral view, expanded, SEM; F, ventral view, expanded; G, embolus illustration, distal view; H, cymbium, detail of cymbial lamella and paracymbium, SEM. Abbreviations, C, conductor. CA, conductor apophysis. CL, cymbial lamella. Cy, cymbium. E, embolus. EA, embolic apophysis. MA, median apophysis. O, embolic opening. PC, paracymbium. ST, subtegulum. T, tegulum. Scales: A, 1,1; B, 1; C–F, 0.3; G, 0.15; H, 0.3.

FIGURE 20. Plato omnipraesens n in Taxonomic revision of the orb weaving spider genus Plato Coddington, 1986 (Araneae: Theridiosomatidae) with the description of three new species

FIGURE 20. Plato omnipraesens n. sp., from Parque Estadual da Terra Ronca, São Domingos, Goiás, Brazil. A, female body, dorsal view; B–G, epigynum; B, ventral view, C, dorsal view, illustration; D, lateral view, clarified; E, lateral cut view, clarified; F, ventral view, SEM; G, dorsal view, SEM. Abbreviations, At, atrium. CD, copulatory ducts. CP, central pit. DP, dorsal plate. FD, fertilization ducts. S, spermathecae. Su, epigynal support. TG, transversal groove. Scales: A, 2; B, C, D, E, 0.2; F, G, 0.1.

FIGURE 18 in Taxonomic revision of the orb weaving spider genus Plato Coddington, 1986 (Araneae: Theridiosomatidae) with the description of three new species

FIGURE 18. Plato striatus, from Parauapebas, Pará, Brazil. A, male body, dorsal view; B–D, male palp, left, mesal view; E, embolus, distal view, illustration. Abbreviations, C, conductor. CA, conductor apophysis. Cy, cymbium. E, embolus. EA, embolic apophysis. MA, median apophysis. O, embolic opening. ST, subtegulum. T, tegulum. Scales: A, 0.8; B, C, D, 0.1; E, 0.05.

FIGURE 5 in Taxonomic revision of the orb weaving spider genus Plato Coddington, 1986 (Araneae: Theridiosomatidae) with the description of three new species

FIGURE 5. Plato bicolor, from Cave Maroaga, Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas, Brazil. A, male body, dorsal view; B–E, male palp, left; B, mesal view; C, embolus, distal view, illustration; D, ventral view, SEM; E, prolateral view, SEM; F, male palp, right, mirrored, ventral view, SEM. Abbreviations, C, conductor. CA, conductor apophysis. Cy, cymbium. E, embolus. EA, embolic apophysis. MA, median apophysis. O, embolic opening. PC, paracymbium. ST, subtegulum. T, tegulum. Scales: A, 1; B, C, 0.2; D, E, 0.1; F, 0.2.

FIGURE 8 in Taxonomic revision of the orb weaving spider genus Plato Coddington, 1986 (Araneae: Theridiosomatidae) with the description of three new species

FIGURE 8. Plato bruneti, from Saint George, Trinidad. A, female body, dorsal view; B, C, epigynum, ventral view; C, illustration; D, illustration, dorsal view (photos A, B from L.F.M. Iniesta; Illustrations C, D adapted from Coddington (1986). Abbreviations: CD, copulatory ducts. DP, dorsal plate. FD, fertilization ducts. S, spermathecae. TG, transversal groove. Scales: A, 1; B, 0.3; C, D, 0.5.

FIGURE 17 in Taxonomic revision of the orb weaving spider genus Plato Coddington, 1986 (Araneae: Theridiosomatidae) with the description of three new species

FIGURE 17. Plato novalima, from Nova Lima, Minas Gerais, Brazil. A–D, epigynum; A, ventral view; B, ventral view, SEM; C, dorsal view, illustration; D, lateral cut view, clarified. Abbreviations, At, atrium. CD, copulatory ducts. CP, central pit. DP, dorsal plate. FD, fertilization ducts. S, spermathecae. Su, epigynal support. TG, transversal groove. Scales: 0.3.

FIGURE 4 in Taxonomic revision of the orb weaving spider genus Plato Coddington, 1986 (Araneae: Theridiosomatidae) with the description of three new species

FIGURE 4. Plato troglodita, from Morona-Santiago Province, Ecuador. A, female body, dorsal view; B–G, epigynum; B, ventral view; C, dorsal view; D, lateral view, clarified; E, lateral view, clarified; F, ventral view, SEM; G, anterior view, SEM. Abbreviations, At, atrium. CD, copulatory ducts. CP, central pit. DP, dorsal plate. FD, fertilization ducts. S, spermathecae. Su, epigynal support. TG, transversal groove. Scales: A, 2; B, 0.5; C, D, E 0.2; F, G, 0.1.

FIGURE 2 in Taxonomic revision of the orb weaving spider genus Plato Coddington, 1986 (Araneae: Theridiosomatidae) with the description of three new species

FIGURE 2. Epigynum of Plato omnipraesens n. sp., from Parque Estadual da Terra Ronca, São Domingos, Goiás, Brazil. A, ventral view, SEM; B, posterior view, SEM; C, dorsal view, illustration; D, lateral view, SEM; E, lateral cut view. Structures are marked with different colors. Abbreviations, At, atrium. CD, copulatory ducts. CP, central pit. DP, dorsal plate. FD, fertilization ducts. S, spermathecae. Su, epigynal support. TG, transversal groove. Scales: A–E, 0.2.

FIGURE 16 in Taxonomic revision of the orb weaving spider genus Plato Coddington, 1986 (Araneae: Theridiosomatidae) with the description of three new species

FIGURE 16. Plato novalima, from Nova Lima, Minas Gerais, Brazil. A, male body, dorsal view; B, female body, dorsal view; C–F, male palp, left; C, mesal view; D, mesal view, SEM; E, F, mesal view, expanded; G, embolus, distal view, illustration; H, cymbial lamella and paracymbium, SEM. Abbreviations, ACA, anterior conductor apophysis. C, conductor. CA, conductor apophysis. CL, cymbial lamella. Cy, cymbium. E, embolus. EA, embolic apophysis. MA, median apophysis. O, embolic opening. PC, paracymbium. PCA, posterior conductor apophysis. ST, subtegulum. T, tegulum. Scales: A, B, 1,8; C–F, 0.45; G, 0.21; H, 0.2.

FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic revision of the orb weaving spider genus Plato Coddington, 1986 (Araneae: Theridiosomatidae) with the description of three new species

FIGURE 1. Palp of Plato. A, B, Plato bicolor from Cave Maroaga, Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas, Brazil, SEM; C, Plato ferriferus from Parauapebas, Pará, Brazil, SEM; A, mesal view; B, ventral view, expanded; C, cymbium, ventral view. Structures are marked with different colors. Abbreviations, AL, alveolus. C, conductor. CA, conductor apophysis. CL, cymbial lamella. Cy, cymbium. E, embolus. EA, embolic apophysis. MA, median apophysis. O, embolic opening. PC, paracymbium. ST, subtegulum. T, tegulum. Scales: A–C, 0.2.

FIGURE 14 in Taxonomic revision of the orb weaving spider genus Plato Coddington, 1986 (Araneae: Theridiosomatidae) with the description of three new species

FIGURE 14. Plato miranda, from Birongo, Miranda, Venezuela. A, embolus, distal view, illustration; B–D, male palp, right, mirrored; B, mesal view; C, prolateral view; D, ventral view, SEM; E, cymbium, right, ventral view, mirrored, SEM. Abbreviations, C, conductor. CA, conductor apophysis. CL, cymbial lamella. Cy, cymbium. E, embolus. EA, embolic apophysis. ED, embolic division. MA, median apophysis. O, embolic opening. PC, paracymbium. ST, subtegulum. T, tegulum. Scales: A, B, C, 0.2; D, E, 0.1.

FIGURE 12 in Taxonomic revision of the orb weaving spider genus Plato Coddington, 1986 (Araneae: Theridiosomatidae) with the description of three new species

FIGURE 12. Plato guacharo, from Monagas, Venezuela. A, female body, dorsal view; B–G, epigynum; B, ventral view; C, illustration, dorsal view; D, lateral view; E, lateral cut, clarified; F, ventral view, SEM; G, anterior view, SEM. Abbreviations, At, atrium. CD, copulatory ducts. CP, central pit. DP, dorsal plate. FD, fertilization ducts. S, spermathecae. Su, epigynal support. TG, transversal groove. Scales: A, 2; B, C, D, E, 0.2; F, G, 0.1.

FIGURE 7 in Taxonomic revision of the orb weaving spider genus Plato Coddington, 1986 (Araneae: Theridiosomatidae) with the description of three new species

FIGURE 7. Plato bruneti, from Valencia Ward, Saint Andrew, Trinidad. A, male body, dorsal view; B, D, F, male palp, left; B, mesal view; C, embolus, distal view, illustration; D, palp expanded, ventral view; E, cymbium, ventral view, SEM; F, bulb of palp, ventral view, SEM. Abbreviations, C, conductor. CA, conductor apophysis. CL, cymbial lamella. Cy, cymbium. E, embolus. EA, embolic apophysis. MA, median apophysis. O, embolic opening. PC, paracymbium. ST, subtegulum. T, tegulum. Scales: A, 0.1; B, C, D, 0.2; E, F, 0.1.

FIGURE 13 in Taxonomic revision of the orb weaving spider genus Plato Coddington, 1986 (Araneae: Theridiosomatidae) with the description of three new species

FIGURE 13. Plato juberthiei, from Cayenne, French Guiana. A, epigynum, dorsal view, illustration; B epigynum, ventral view; C, D, E, epigynum, clarified; C, dorsal view; D, lateral view; E, posterior view. Abbreviations, CD, copulatory ducts. DP, dorsal plate. FD, fertilization ducts. S, spermathecae. Su, epigynal support. TG, transversal groove. Scales: A, B, C, D, E, 0.2.

FIG. 2 in Trolling for water striders: active searching for prey and the evolution of reduced webs in the spider Wendilgarda sp. (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae)

FIG. 2. Probable sequence of attachments by W. sp. near the water surface (schematic and not to scale). It was not clear from behavioural observations whether line a±b was doubled (as in drawing A) or broken and replaced (as it probably is in W. clara); nor was it certain whether point c was on the surface of the water or, more likely, just above it (see ®gure 7). It was con®rmed repeatedly, however, that the sticky line c±d (with balls in drawing C) was added to the non-sticky line rather than replacing it, as the sticky line was seen sagging brie¯y away from the straight vertical line. In two cases favourable lighting angles and background allowed con®rmation that line b±c was added to rather than replaced the line or lines laid just previously (a±b).

FIG. 7 in Trolling for water striders: active searching for prey and the evolution of reduced webs in the spider Wendilgarda sp. (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae)

FIG. 7. Microscopic views of silk on slides (stippled 5 puddles of sticky material; black masses 5 attachment discs, except for (E) where they 5 sticky material). (A) Lines of W. sp. ¯are away from central vertical line within masses of sticky material. (B) Attachment of W. sp. to water, showing attachment disc (presumed initiation of sticky silk) at bottom tip of vertical line. (C) Attachment of BCI creek W. sp. to water, showing attachment disc higher on vertical line and more sparse radial lines. (D) Attachment disc on a slack vertical line of W. sp. above section with sticky balls (e.g. d in ®gure 2), showing greater curliness of non-sticky lines. (E) Puddles of sticky material on a vertical line of W. sp., showing strong concentration of material at lower end of the line. Scale for (A), (C) and (D) at upper left.

FIG. 9 in Trolling for water striders: active searching for prey and the evolution of reduced webs in the spider Wendilgarda sp. (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae)

FIG. 9. Stages of the production of a second vertical line (A±D) and the initiation of a third line (E) by W. clara. The tight new vertical line (A, B) pulled the suspension line downward as the spider made the second descent; the tension then diminished and the angle in the suspension line became less acute (C; compare with B) as the spider extended the vertical line and then moved along the suspension line toward the previous vertical line (C). The spider apparently reeled up the suspension line as it then moved away from line 2 (D), because the white speck at the top of the new vertical line (dots in A±C) disappeared, and a white speck (presumably the accumulated reeled up silk) moved with the spider to the site where the next vertical line was laid (E). The positions of the white specks on the suspension line with respect to the vertical line in (A) ±(C) were not determined by direct observation; they are guesses based on the directions in which the specks moved and new lines were carried.

FIG. 5 in Trolling for water striders: active searching for prey and the evolution of reduced webs in the spider Wendilgarda sp. (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae)

FIG. 5. Probable mechanism used by spiders to jerk objects up out of the water (schematic). The spider ®rst reeled up the line, and thus tensed the entire line. When it then released this silk suddenly, the greater elasticity of the much longer line above the spider caused the spider to be displaced upward (arrow). The momentum of its body produced an upward jerk on the object when the line below its body became tight. This interpretation is tentative, because it was not possible to verify directly that the reeled up line was not broken (as in the drawing).

FIG. 8 in Trolling for water striders: active searching for prey and the evolution of reduced webs in the spider Wendilgarda sp. (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae)

FIG. 8. Tips of radial lines of an attachment of W. sp. to water, showing how they were progressively thinner near their tips (scale 5 0.05 mm).

FIG. 4 in Trolling for water striders: active searching for prey and the evolution of reduced webs in the spider Wendilgarda sp. (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae)

FIG. 4. Production of successive vertical sticky lines (schematic and not to scale). After moving slightly toward previous vertical lines and attaching the vertical line it had just laid (2) to the suspension line, the spider turned 180ss, attached its dragline to the broken end of the suspension line (small dot at the top of vertical line 2), and released silk, causing the two vertical lines to move away from it (arrow in (A); large dot gives a ®xed point of reference). Then it joined the broken ends of the suspension line (small dot at top of vertical line 3 in (B)), and descended to the water to make the next vertical line. Exact sites of broken ends of lines are estimated, as they were not observed directly.