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204 results for “Thermal tolerance”
Data from: Exploring thermal tolerance across time and space in a tropical bivalve, Pinctada margaritifera
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Food limitation erodes the thermal tolerance of larvae in an ecologically influential marine herbivore
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Interspecific differences in thermal tolerance landscape explain aphid community abundance under climate change
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Trans-acting genotypes drive mRNA expression affecting metabolic and thermal tolerance traits
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High thermal tolerance in high elevation species and laboratory-reared colonies of tropical bumble bees
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Biogeographic parallels in thermal tolerance and gene expression variation under temperature stress in a widespread bumble bee
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Chronic heat tolerance reveals overestimated thermal safety margins and increased vulnerability in marine fish populations
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Thermal tolerance in Drosophila: repercussions for distribution, community coexistence and responses to climate change
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Developmental temperature, more than long-term evolution, defines thermal tolerance in an Estuarine Copepod
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Data for: Plasticity in mosquito size and thermal tolerance across a latitudinal climate gradient
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Data from: Thermal tolerance and the importance of microhabitats for Andean frogs in the context of land-use and climate change
<p><span>1. Global warming is having impacts across the Tree of Life. Understanding species' physiological sensitivity to temperature change and how they relate to local temperature variation in their habitats is crucial to determining vulnerability to global warming. </span></p> <p><span>2. We ask how species' vulnerability varies across habitats and elevations, and how climatically-buffered microhabitats can contribute to reduce their vulnerability. </span></p> <p><span>3. We measured thermal sensitivity (critical thermal maximum – CT<sub>max</sub>) of 14 species of <i>Pristimantis</i> frogs inhabiting young and old secondary, and primary forests in the Colombian Andes. Exposure to temperature stress was measured by recording temperature in the understory and across five microhabitats. We determined the frogs' current vulnerability across habitats, elevations and microhabitats accounting for phylogeny and then ask how vulnerability varies under four warming scenarios: +1.5⁰C, +2⁰C, +3⁰C and +5⁰C. </span></p> <p>4. We found that CT<sub>max</sub> was constant across species regardless of habitat and elevation. However, species in young secondary forests are expected to become more vulnerable because of increased exposure to higher temperatures. Microhabitat variation could enable species to persist within their thermal temperature range as long as regional temperatures do not surpass +2°C. The effectiveness of microhabitat buffering decreases with a 2-3°C increase, and is almost null under a 5°C temperature increase.</p> <p><span>5. Microhabitats will provide thermal protection to Andean frog communities from climate change by enabling tracking of suitable climates through short distance movement. Conservation strategies, such as managing landscapes by preserving primary forests and allowing regrowth and re-connection of secondary forest would offer thermally buffered microhabitats and aid in the survival of this group. </span></p>
Applying RGB- and Thermal-Based Vegetation Indices from UAVs for High-Throughput Field Phenotyping of Drought Tolerance in Forage Grasses
<p>Basic data from publication <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13010147">https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13010147</a></p> <p><strong>All_TDRdata.csv</strong> contains the data from 48 TDR sensors (30 cm) installed in the three rainout shelters.</p> <ul> <li>Sensors 1 - 18 were installed vertically to obtain soil moisture content averaged over the 10 - 40 cm profile, on 6 locations per shelter</li> <li>Sensors 19-21 were installed diagonally to obtain soil moisture content averaged over the 20 - 40 cm profile on one location per shelter</li> <li>Sensors 22-24 were installed diagonally to obtain soil moisture content averaged over the 40 - 60 cm profile on one location per shelter</li> <li>Sensors 25-27 were installed horizontally to obtain soil moisture content at 10 cm depth on one location per shelter</li> <li>Sensors 28-30 were installed horizontally to obtain soil moisture content at 20 cm depth on one location per shelter</li> <li>Sensors 31-33 were installed horizontally to obtain soil moisture content at 30 cm depth on one location per shelter</li> <li>Sensors 34-36 were installed horizontally to obtain soil moisture content at 40 cm depth on one location per shelter</li> <li>Sensors 37-39 were installed horizontally to obtain soil moisture content at 50 cm depth on one location per shelter</li> <li>Sensors 40-42 were installed horizontally to obtain soil moisture content at 60 cm depth on one location per shelter</li> <li>Sensors 43-45 were installed horizontally to obtain soil moisture content at 70 cm depth on one location per shelter</li> <li>Sensors 46-48 were installed horizontally to obtain soil moisture content at 80 cm depth on one location per shelter</li> </ul> <p>Climate.txt contains the daily averaged microclimatic data</p> <p>PhenotypingData.csv contains the phenotypic data from the UAV flights and the breeder scores</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Thermal tolerances and species interactions determine the elevational distributions of insects
<p><b>Aim:</b> While physiological limits to thermal extremes are often thought to determine the abundance and geographic distribution of species, more recent evidence suggests that species interactions may be equally important. Moreover, the relative importance of these constraints may shift with changing abiotic conditions, such as climate change. Here, we explore the relative importance of physiological tolerances to heat and species interactions in determining the distribution of insects along two elevational gradients. The gradients contrast in precipitation but not temperature, allowing us to separate these two climatic factors.</p> <p><b>Location:</b> Montane rainforest in Costa Rica.</p> <p><b>Time period:</b> 2015-2016.</p> <p><b>Major taxa studied:</b> Bromeliad-dwelling aquatic insect larvae.</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> We estimated the elevation preferences of five insect taxa by surveying 170 bromeliads along the moist Atlantic and the dry Pacific slopes of Monteverde, and experimentally determined their critical thermal maxima (CT<sub>max</sub>). We determined if species-specific heat tolerances predict their elevation preferences, using Deming regressions, and tested if potential predators mediated elevation effects on species distributions, using structural equation models.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> On the moist Atlantic slope, heat tolerances of insects explained their elevational distributions: taxa with high heat tolerances preferred low elevations where conditions are warmest, while taxa with low heat tolerances preferred high elevations where it is coldest. By contrast, on the drier Pacific slope, the elevational abundance pattern of many insects reflected negative interactions from cranefly larvae. These larvae are known to become predatory under drought conditions and were disproportionally abundant at low elevations on the Pacific slope.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions: </b>We show that under drought, indirect effects mediated by species interactions can override any direct physiological effects of environmental conditions on insect distributions. The relative importance of limits to physiological tolerance and species interactions thus depends on environmental context, an important insight given that environmental conditions are expected to shift with climate change.</p>
The biogeography of thermal risk for terrestrial ectotherms: scaling of thermal tolerance with body size and latitude
1. Many organisms are shrinking in size in response to global warming. However, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms linking body size and temperature of organisms across their geographical ranges. Here we investigate the biophysical mechanisms determining the scaling of body temperature with size across latitudes in terrestrial ectotherms. 2. Using biophysical models, we simulated operative temperatures experienced by lizard-like ectotherms as a function of microclimatic variables, body mass and latitude and use them to generate null predictions for the effect of size on temperature across geographical gradients. We then compared model predictions against empirical data on lizards' field body temperature (Tb), and thermal tolerance limits (CTmax and CTmin). 3. Our biophysical models predicted that the allometric scaling of operative temperatures with body size varies with latitude, with a positive relationship at low latitudes that vanishes with increasing latitude. The analyses of thermal traits of lizards show a significant interaction of body size and latitude on Tb and CTmax and no effect of body mass on CTmin, consistent with model's predictions. The estimated scaling coefficients are within the ranges predicted by the biophysical model. The effect of body mass, however, becomes non-significant after controlling for the phylogenetic relatedness between species. 4. We propose that large-bodied terrestrial ectotherms exhibit higher risk of overheating at low latitudes, while size differences in thermal sensitivity vanish towards higher latitudes. 5. Our work highlights the potential of combining mechanistic models with empirical data to investigate the mechanisms underpinning broad-scale patterns and ultimately provide a null model to develop baseline expectations for further empirical research. 08-Jan-2020
Data from: Extreme insolation: climatic variation shapes the evolution of thermal tolerance at multiple scales
The climatic variability hypothesis (CVH) is a cornerstone of thermal ecology, predicting the evolution of wider organismal thermal tolerance ranges in more thermally variable environments. Thermal tolerance ranges depend on both upper and lower tolerance limits (critical thermal maxima [CTmax] and critical thermal minima [CTmin]), which may show different responses to environmental gradients. To delineate the relative effects of mean and extreme temperatures on thermal tolerances, we conducted a within-latitude comparative test of CVH predictions for army ants (Dorylinae) at multiple scales: across elevations, in seasonal versus aseasonal forests, and in subterranean versus surface microhabitats. Consistent with the CVH, thermally buffered subterranean species had narrower thermal tolerance ranges. Both CTmin and CTmax decreased with elevation for subterranean species. In contrast, aboveground species (those exposed to insolation) showed a decrease in CTmin but no change in CTmax across elevations. Furthermore, greater seasonal temperature variation in dry forests correlated with increased CTmax but not CTmin. These patterns suggest that CTmax and CTmin respond to different abiotic selective forces: habitat-specific exposure to extreme insolation corresponds to CTmax differences but not to CTmin variation. We predict that increasingly frequent heat spikes associated with climate change will have habitat-specific physiological consequences for ectothermic animals. Models predicting climate change impacts should account for species microhabitat uses and within-latitude differences in temperature seasonality.
Data from: Physical, chemical, and functional properties of neuronal membranes vary between species of Antarctic notothenioids differing in thermal tolerance
Disruption of neuronal function is likely to influence limits to thermal tolerance. We hypothesized that with acute warming the structure and function of neuronal membranes in the Antarctic notothenioid fish Chaenocephalus aceratus are more vulnerable to perturbation than membranes in the more thermotolerant notothenioid Notothenia coriiceps. Fluidity was quantified in synaptic membranes, mitochondrial membranes, and myelin from brains of both species of Antarctic fishes. Polar lipid compositions and cholesterol contents were analyzed in myelin; cholesterol was measured in synaptic membranes. Thermal profiles were determined for activities of two membrane-associated proteins, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA), from brains of animals maintained at ambient temperature or exposed to their critical thermal maxima (CTMAX). Synaptic membranes of C. aceratus were consistently more fluid than those of N. coriiceps (P < 0.0001). Although the fluidities of both myelin and mitochondrial membranes were similar among species, sensitivity of myelin fluidity to in vitro warming was greater in N. coriiceps than in C. aceratus (P < 0.001), which can be explained by lower cholesterol contents in myelin of N. coriiceps (P < 0.05). Activities of both enzymes, AChE and NKA, declined upon CTMAX exposure in C. aceratus, but not in N. coriiceps. We suggest that hyper-fluidization of synaptic membranes with warming in C. aceratus may explain the greater stenothermy in this species, and that thermal limits in notothenioids are more likely to be influenced by perturbations in synaptic membranes than in other membranes of the nervous system.
Data from: Plasticity of thermal tolerance and its relationship with growth rate in juvenile mussels (Mytilus californianus)
Complex life cycles characterized by uncertainty at transitions between larval/juvenile and adult environments could favor irreversible physiological plasticity at such transitions. To assess whether thermal tolerance of intertidal mussels (Mytilus californianus) adjusts to post-settlement environmental conditions, we collected juveniles from their thermally buffered microhabitat from high and low-shore locations at cool (wave-exposed) and warm (wave-protected) sites. Juveniles were transplanted to unsheltered cages at the two low sites or placed in a common garden. Juveniles transplanted to the warm site for one month in summer had higher thermal tolerance, regardless of origin site. In contrast, common-garden juveniles from all sites had lower tolerance indistinguishable from exposed-site transplants. After six months in the field plus a common garden period, there was a trend for higher thermal tolerance at the protected site, while reduced thermal tolerance at both sites indicated seasonal acclimatization. Thermal tolerance and growth rate were inversely related after one but not six months; protected-site transplants were more tolerant but grew more slowly. In contrast to juveniles, adults from low-shore exposed and protected sites retained differences in thermal tolerance after common garden treatment in summer. Both irreversible and reversible forms of plasticity must be considered in organismal responses to changing environments.
Beyond a single temperature threshold: applying a cumulative thermal stress framework to plant heat tolerance
<p>Most plant thermal tolerance studies focus on single critical thresholds, which limit the capacity to generalise across studies and predict heat stress under natural conditions. In animals and microbes, thermal tolerance landscapes describe the more realistic, cumulative effects of temperature. We tested this in plants by measuring the decline in leaf photosynthetic efficiency (F<sub>V</sub>/F<sub>M</sub>) following a combination of temperatures and exposure times, then modelled these physiological indices alongside recorded environmental temperatures. We demonstrate that a general relationship between stressful temperatures and exposure durations can be effectively employed to quantify and compare heat tolerance within and across plant species and over time. Importantly, we show how F<sub>V</sub>/F<sub>M</sub> curves translate to plants under natural conditions, suggesting that environmental temperatures often impair photosynthetic function. Our findings provide more robust descriptors of heat tolerance in plants and suggest that heat tolerance in disparate groups of organisms can be studied with a single predictive framework.</p>
Acclimation of thermal tolerance in juvenile plants from three biomes is supressed when extremes co-occur
<p>Given the rising frequency of thermal extremes (heatwaves and cold snaps) due to climate change, comprehending how a plant's origin affects its thermal tolerance breadth becomes vital. We studied juvenile plants from three biomes: temperate coastal rainforest, desert, and alpine. In controlled settings, plants underwent hot days and cold nights in a factorial design to examine thermal tolerance acclimation. We assessed thermal thresholds (<em>T</em><sub>crit-hot</sub> and <em>T</em><sub>crit-cold</sub>) and thermal tolerance breadth (TTB). We hypothesised that: 1) desert species would show the highest heat tolerance, alpine the greatest cold tolerance, with temperate species intermediate; 2) all species would increase heat tolerance post hot days and cold tolerance after cold nights; 3) combined exposure would broaden TTB more than individual conditions, especially in desert and alpine species. We found that biome responses were minor compared to the responses to the extreme temperature treatments. All plants increased thermal tolerance in response to hot 40°C days (<em>T</em><sub>crit-hot</sub> increased by ~3.5°C) but there was minimal change in <em>T</em><sub>crit-cold</sub> in response to the cold -2°C nights. In contrast, when exposed to both hot days and cold nights, on average plants exhibited an antagonistic response in TTB, where cold tolerance decreased and heat tolerance was reduced, and so we did not see the bi-directional expansion we hypothesised. There was, however, considerable variation among species in these responses. As climate change intensifies, plant communities, especially in transitional seasons, will regularly face such temperature swings. Our results shed light on potential plant responses under these extremes, emphasizing the need for deeper species-specific thermal acclimation insights, ultimately guiding conservation efforts.</p>
Colony-level mechanisms of thermal tolerance regulation in the ant Ectatomma ruidum
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>1. Insects spend energy to function in high temperature environments, and because social insects employ a division of labor, it is likely that thermal tolerance varies among individuals in the colony, based on the tasks that they perform.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>2. Foraging workers of the ant Neotropical ant <i>Ectatomma ruidum </i>are known to show temporal differences in thermal tolerance, with greater tolerance in hot afternoons, relative to cool mornings.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>3. We developed three hypotheses that can account for temporal differences in thermal tolerance among workers: Thermal Acclimation, Division of Labor, and Circadian Rhythm.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>4. We tested these hypotheses with a pair of experiments that involved the measurement of thermal persistence of ants at a constant temperature in time-to-failure assays. The first experiment compared ants with different behavioral roles in colonies, and the second compared colonies subjected to thermal manipulations, then iteratively sampled at daily thermal maxima and minima.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>5. We found robust support for the Circadian Rhythm and Thermal Acclimation Hypotheses, and little support for the Division of Labor Hypothesis. Colonies of this species integrate multiple mechanisms of adapting to thermal challenges including time of day, ambient temperature, and the behavioral context of individual workers.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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