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204 results for “Thermal tolerance”
Supplementary data for- Heat-evolved microalgae (Symbiodiniaceae) are stable symbionts and influence thermal tolerance of the sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana
<p>Raw data and R codes for - Heat-evolved microalgae (Symbiodiniaceae) are stable symbionts and influence thermal tolerance of the sea anemone <em>Exaiptasia diaphana</em>. DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.70011</p>
Data from: Oxygen limited thermal tolerance is seen in a plastron breathing insect, and can be induced in a bimodal gas exchanger
<p>Dataset on respiration and ctmax in two freshwater bugs, associated with the paper:<br> <strong>Verberk WCEP & Bilton DT (2015) </strong>Oxygen limited thermal tolerance is seen in a plastron breathing insect, and can be induced in a bimodal gas exchanger. <em>Journal of Experimental Biology </em>218: 2083-2088. doi: 10.1242/jeb.119560</p>
Heterogeneous environmental seascape across a biogeographic break influences the thermal physiology and tolerances to ocean acidification in an ecosystem engineer
<p>Dataset for the metabolic rates of limpets under two different pCO2/pH conditions</p> <p>MR are in O2 mg h−1g−1</p>
Biogeographic parallels in thermal tolerance and gene expression variation under temperature stress in a widespread bumble bee
<p>Global temperature changes have emphasized the need to understand how species adapt to thermal stress across their ranges. Genetic mechanisms may contribute to variation in thermal tolerance, providing evidence for how organisms adapt to local environments. We determine physiological thermal limits and characterize genome-wide transcriptional changes at these limits in bumble bees using laboratory-reared <em>Bombus vosnesenskii</em> workers. We analyze bees reared from latitudinal (35.7–45.7°N) and altitudinal (7–2154 m) extremes of the species' range to correlate thermal tolerance and gene expression among populations from different climates. We find that critical thermal minima (CT<sub>MIN</sub>) exhibit strong associations with local minimums at the location of queen origin, while critical thermal maximum (CT<sub>MAX</sub>) was invariant among populations. Concordant patterns are apparent in gene expression data, with regional differentiation following cold exposure, and expression shifts invariant among populations under high temperatures. Furthermore, we identify several modules of co-expressed genes that tightly correlate with critical thermal limits and temperature at the region of origin. Our results reveal that local adaptation in thermal limits and gene expression may facilitate cold tolerance across a species range, whereas high temperature responses are likely constrained, both of which may have implications for climate change responses of bumble bees.</p>
Developmental temperature, more than long-term evolution, defines thermal tolerance in an Estuarine Copepod
<p>Climate change is resulting in increasing ocean temperatures and salinity variability, particularly in estuarine environments. Tolerance of temperature and salinity change interact and thus may impact organismal resilience. Populations can respond to multiple stressors in the short-term (i.e., plasticity) or over longer timescales (i.e., adaptation). However, little is known about the short- or long-term effects of elevated temperature on the tolerance of acute temperature and salinity changes. Here we characterized the response of the near-shore and estuarine copepod, <em>Acartia tonsa</em>, to temperature and salinity stress. Copepods originated from one of two sets of replicated >40 generation-old temperature adapted lines: Ambient (AM, 18°C) and ocean warming (OW, 22°C). Copepods from these lines were subjected to one and three generations at the reciprocal temperature. Copepods from all treatments were then assessed for differences in acute temperature and salinity tolerance. Development (one generation), three generations, and >40 generations of warming increased thermal tolerance compared to Ambient conditions, with development in OW resulting in equal thermal tolerance to three and >40 generations of OW. Strikingly, developmental OW and >40 generations of OW had no effect on low salinity tolerance relative to Ambient. By contrast, when environmental salinity was reduced first, copepods had lower thermal tolerances. These results highlight a critical role for plasticity in the copepod climate response and suggest that salinity variability may reduce copepod tolerance to subsequent warming.</p>
Data from: Stingless bee foragers experience more thermally stressful microclimates but have wider thermal tolerance breadths than other worker subcastes
<p>The current state of anthropogenic climate change is of particular concern for insects, especially in the tropics where the effects are predicted to be the most deleterious. Researching climatic tolerance in social insects is challenging because adaptations can exist at both an individual level and a societal level. However, these studies are important because social insects comprise a tremendous portion of the planet's animal biomass, biodiversity, and include many important pollinators. Considering how individual physiologies construct group-level adaptations can improve the accuracy of climate change impact assessments for a variety of social species. <em>Tetragonisca angustula</em> is a neotropical stingless bee species known to exhibit particularly high worker subcaste specialization in the form of a morphologically distinct soldier caste, a trait most commonly found and studied in ants and termites. We used this model species to investigate 1) whether age- and size-differentiated task groups differ in thermal tolerance, 2) which worker subcastes operate closest to their thermal limits, and 3) the extent to which behavioral thermoregulation via shifting active foraging times can offset thermal stress in this species. We measured the thermal tolerance (CT<sub>max</sub> and CT<sub>min</sub>) of smaller-bodied foragers, and two soldier sub-castes (hovering guards and standing guards) in <em>T. angustula</em>. Despite the difference in body size between the foragers and guards, no differences in the upper or lower thermal limits were observed. However, the average thermal tolerance breadth of foragers was significantly larger than that of guards, indicating that soldiers at the nest entrance are more thermally specialized than foragers. Temperatures at foraging sites were more variable than at nest entrances, which caused warming tolerance to be significantly lower among small-bodied foragers as compared to either hovering guards or standing guards. The magnitude of warming tolerances indicated a low risk of imminent climate change impacts in this environment, but our results suggest that as temperatures increase, foragers are likely to meet their upper thermal limits before other worker subcastes. Foragers may shift the times they are active as a form of thermoregulation which could selectively impact pollination rates for plants leading to repercussions on agriculture and ecosystem functioning. This work establishes novel approaches to predicting climatic change risk in heterogeneous cooperative societies.</p>
Thermal tolerance in Drosophila: repercussions for distribution, community coexistence and responses to climate change
<p>Here we combined controlled experiments and field surveys to determine if estimates of heat tolerance predict distributional ranges and phenology of different Drosophila species in southern South America. </p> <p>We contrasted thermal death time curves, which consider both magnitude and duration of the challenge to estimate heat tolerance, against the thermal range where populations are viable based on field surveys in an 8-yr longitudinal study. </p> <p>We observed a strong correspondence of the physiological limits, the thermal niche for population growth, and the geographic ranges across studied species, which suggests that the thermal biology of different species provides a common currency to understand how species will respond to warming temperatures both at a local level and throughout their distribution range. </p> <p>Our approach represents a novel analytical toolbox to anticipate how natural communities of ectothermic organisms will respond to global warming.</p>
Figure 4 in The marine live bait trade as a pathway for the introduction of non-indigenous species into California: patterns of importation and thermal tolerances of imported specimens
Figure 4. Average percent survival (± SE) of G. dibranchiata (A) and Perinereis sp. (B) after exposed to southern California thermal conditions for five days. Gray bars indicate significant difference. No difference in survival was observed among the three temperature treatments for G. dibranchiata (F2,8 = 2.67, p = 0.130). There was a significant difference in survival of Perinereis sp. among the treatments (F2,8 = 11.08, p = 0.005).
Figure 1 in The marine live bait trade as a pathway for the introduction of non-indigenous species into California: patterns of importation and thermal tolerances of imported specimens
Figure 1. Distribution by county of bait shops selling marine live bait in California according to survey responses. Live marine bait was sold in all counties shaded in grey. Numbers inside black circles indicate species sold in that county. Bait shops in shaded counties without black circles reported marine live bait sales but did not provide information on which species they sold.
Figure 3 in The marine live bait trade as a pathway for the introduction of non-indigenous species into California: patterns of importation and thermal tolerances of imported specimens
Figure 3. For each species of marine live bait, (A) the percentage of respondents who reported importing that species who answered that either seaweed (sometimes in combination with newspaper) or seawater were used as packing materials, and (B) the percentage of respondents who reported importing that species who observed hitchhikers in shipments of that species. Note that for (A), some respondents indicated that both seaweed and seawater were used as packing materials for a given species, so that the total percentage may add up to greater than 100 (e.g., for pileworms).
Data for: Plasticity in mosquito size and thermal tolerance across a latitudinal climate gradient
<p>Variations in heat tolerance among populations can determine whether a species can cope with ongoing climate change. Such variation may be especially important for ectotherms whose body temperatures, and consequently, physiological processes, are regulated by external conditions. Additionally, differences in body size are often associated with latitudinal clines, thought to be driven by climate gradients. While studies have begun to explore variation in body size and heat tolerance within species, our understanding of these patterns across large spatial scales, particularly regarding the roles of plasticity and genetic differences, remains incomplete. Here, we examine body size, as measured by wing length, and thermal tolerance, as measured by the time to immobilization at high temperatures ("thermal knockdown"), in populations of the mosquito <em>Aedes sierrensis</em> collected from across a large latitudinal climate gradient spanning 1300 km (34-44 °N). We find that mosquitoes collected from lower latitudes and warmer climates were more tolerant of high temperatures than those collected from higher latitudes and colder climates. Moreover, body size increased with latitude and decreased with temperature, a pattern consistent with James' rule, which appears to be a result of plasticity rather than genetic variation. Our results suggest that warmer environments produce smaller and more thermally tolerant populations.</p>
High thermal tolerance in high elevation species and laboratory-reared colonies of tropical bumble bees
<p>Bumble bees are key pollinators with some species reared in captivity at a commercial scale, but with significant evidence of population declines and with alarming predictions of substantial impacts under climate change scenarios. While studies on the thermal biology of temperate bumble bees are still limited, they are entirely absent from the tropics where the effects of climate change are expected to be greater. Herein we test if bees' thermal tolerance decreases with elevation and if the stable optimal conditions used in laboratory-reared colonies reduces their thermal tolerance. We assessed changes in the lower (CTMin) and upper (CTMax) critical thermal limits of four species at two elevations (2600 and 3600 m) in the Colombian Andes, examined the effect of body size, and evaluated the thermal tolerance of wild caught and laboratory-reared individuals of B. pauloensis. We also compiled information on bumble bees' thermal limits and assessed potential predictors for broad-scale patterns. We found that CTMin decreased with increasing elevation while CTMax was similar between elevations. CTMax was slightly higher (0.84 °C) in laboratory-reared than in wild-caught bees while CTMin was similar, and CTMin decreased with increasing body size while CTMax did not. Latitude is a good predictor for CTMin only while annual mean temperature, maximum and minimum temperatures of the warmest and coldest months are good predictors for both CTMin and CTMax. The stronger response in CTMin with increasing elevation, and similar CTMax, supports Brett's heat-invariant hypothesis, which has been documented in other taxa. Andean bumble bees appear to be about as heat tolerant as those from temperate areas, suggesting that other aspects besides temperature (e.g., water balance) might be more determinant environmental factors for these species. Laboratory-reared colonies are adequate surrogates for addressing questions on thermal tolerance and global warming impacts. </p>
Upper thermal tolerance of grassland vipers (Vipera spp.): environmental drivers and local adaptation
<p>The thermal tolerance of ectotherms is a critical factor that influences their distribution, physiology, behaviour, and ultimately survival. Understanding the factors that shape thermal tolerance in these organisms is therefore of great importance for predicting their responses to forecasted climate warming. Here, we investigated the voluntary thermal maximum (VTmax) of nine grassland viper taxa and explored the factors that influence this trait. The small size of these vipers and the open landscape they inhabit renders them particularly vulnerable to overheating and dehydration. We found that the VTmax of grassland vipers is influenced by environmental temperature, precipitation, shortwave flux, and individual body size, rather than by phylogenetic relatedness. Vipers living in colder environments exhibited a higher upper thermal tolerance, contradicting the hypothesis that environmental temperature is positively related to VTmax. Our findings emphasise the importance of considering local to regional adaptation and environmental conditions when studying thermal physiology and the evolution of thermal tolerance in ectotherms.</p>
Interspecific differences in thermal tolerance landscape explain aphid community abundance under climate change
<p>A single critical thermal limit is often used to explain and infer the impact of climate change on geographic range and population abundance. However, it has limited application in describing the temporal dynamic and cumulative impacts of extreme temperatures. Here, we used a thermal tolerance landscape approach to address the impacts of extreme thermal events on the survival of co-existing aphid species (<em>Metopolophium dirhodum, Sitobion avenae </em>and<em> Rhopalosiphum padi</em>). Specifically, we built the thermal death time (TDT) models based on detailed survival datasets of three aphid species with three ages across a broad range of stressful high (34–40 ÅãC) and low (−3∼-11 ÅãC) temperatures to compare the interspecific and developmental stage variations in thermal tolerance. Using these TDT parameters, we performed a thermal risk assessment by calculating the potential daily thermal injury accumulation associated with the regional temperature variations in three wheat-growing sites along a latitude gradient. Results showed that <em>M</em>. <em>dirhodum</em> was the most vulnerable to heat but more tolerant to low temperatures than <em>R. padi </em>and<em> S. avenae. R. padi</em> survived better at high temperatures than <em>Sitobion avenae </em>and<em> M. dirhodum</em> but was sensitive to cold. <em>R. padi</em> was estimated to accumulate higher cold injury than the other two species during winter, while <em>M. dirhodum</em> accrued more heat injury during summer. The warmer site had higher risks of heat injury and the cooler site had higher risks of cold injury along a latitude gradient. These results support recent field observations that the proportion of <em>R. padi</em> increases with the increased frequency of heat waves. We also found that young nymphs generally had a lower thermal tolerance than old nymphs or adults. Our results provide a useful dataset and method for modelling and predicting the consequence of climate change on the population dynamics and community structure of small insects.</p>
Naturally segregating variants contributing to thermal tolerance in a D. melanogaster model system.
<p>Main_Incapacitation.zip and Incapacitation_founders.zip contain raw thermal tolerance scores for individuals measured within the heat box. Each folder is labeled with the RIL or founder ID and replicates within each file are labeled with group numbers. </p> <p>RNAi_files_to_tar.txt contains the metadata for the Combined_tracks_RNAi_1.Rds.zip and Combined_tracks_RNAi_2.Rds.zip.</p> <p>Combined_tracks_RNAi_1.Rds.zip and Combined_tracks_RNAi_2.Rds.zip. contains raw data for RNAi lines measured on the heat plate. </p> <p>plate_finder-kinglab-2021-05-02.zip contains the DeepLabCut model used for finding the corners of aluminum mounting plate used to hold the fly vials for thermal sensitivity testing. This directory contains the training data as well as the trained and evaluated model. No retraining should be necessary for use.</p> <p>fly_tracker_2-king-2021-09-27.zip contains the DeepLabCut model used for tracking individual flies during thermal sensitivity testing. This directory contains the training data as well as the trained and evaluated model. No retraining should be necessary for use.</p> <p>fly_tracker_batch.py is a python (>= 3.0) script that processes the raw movie files collected via the Raspberry Pi. This script uses the plate finder DeepLabCut model to find the corners of the plate, rotate and crop the images, and output movie files for individual flies. It then uses the fly tracker DeepLabCut model to track the flies and output the data for subsequent processing in R.</p>
Trans-acting genotypes drive mRNA expression affecting metabolic and thermal tolerance traits
<p>Evolutionary processes driving physiological trait variation depend on the underlying genomic mechanisms. Evolution of these mechanisms depends on whether traits are genetically complex (involving many genes) and how gene expression that impacts the traits is converted to phenotype. Yet, genomic mechanisms that impact physiological traits are diverse and context-dependent (e.g., vary by environment or among tissues), making them difficult to discern. Here we examine the relationships between genotype, mRNA expression, and physiological traits to discern the genetic complexity and whether the gene expression affecting the physiological traits is primarily cis or trans-acting. We use low-coverage whole genome sequencing and tissue-specific mRNA expression among individuals to identify polymorphisms directly associated with physiological traits and expressed quantitative trait loci (eQTL) driving variation in six temperature-specific physiological traits (standard metabolic rate, thermal tolerance, and four substrate-specific cardiac metabolic rates). Not surprisingly, there were few, only five, SNPs directly associated with physiological traits. Yet, by focusing on a select set of mRNAs belonging to co-expression modules that explain up to 82% of temperature specific (12°C or 28°C) metabolism and thermal tolerance, we identified hundreds of significant eQTL for mRNA whose expression affects physiological traits. Surprisingly, most eQTL (97.4% for heart and 96.7% for brain) of eQTL were trans-acting. This could be due to higher effect size or greater importance of trans versus cis-acting eQTLs for mRNAs that are central to co-expression modules. That is, we may have enhanced the identification of trans-acting factors by looking for SNPs associated with mRNAs in co-expression modules that are known to be correlated with the expression of 10s or 100s of other genes, and thus have identified eQTLs with widespread effects on broad gene expression patterns. Overall, these data indicate that the genomic mechanism driving physiological variation across environments is driven by trans-acting tissue-specific mRNA expression.</p>
Effects of incubation temperature on the upper thermal tolerance of the imperiled longfin smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys)
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Data from: Stingless bee foragers experience more thermally stressful microclimates and have wider thermal tolerance breadths than other worker subcastes
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Differences in gene expression between high and low tolerance rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to acute thermal stress
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Beyond latitude: Thermal tolerance and vulnerability of a broadly distributed salmonid across a habitat temperature gradient
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