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Fig. 6 in Floian, Early Ordovician, trilobites from the Olongbluk Terrane, northwest China

Fig. 6. Reconstruction of the asaphid trilobite Zhiyia tsinghaiensis (Chang and Fan, 1960). Not to scale.

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Fig. 2 in Floian, Early Ordovician, trilobites from the Olongbluk Terrane, northwest China

Fig. 2. Palaeogeographic map of the east Gondwana during the Floian (Early Ordovician) (modified from Torsvik and Cocks 2013, 2016; Cocks and Torsvik 2021), showing known occurrences of three genera reported from the Duoquanshan Formation.

Fig. 8 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 8. Reconstructions of cranidia (A1–E1) and pygidia (A2–E2) of different members of the subfamily Pilekiinae. A. Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2008). B. Parapilekia olesnaensis (Růžička, 1935), based on Mergl (2006). C. Tesselacauda depressa Ross, 1951, based on Adrain and Karim (2019). D. Landyia elizabethae Jell, 1985, based on Jell (1985). E. Macrogrammus rafi Edgecombe, Chatterton, Vaccari, and Waisfeld, 1999, based on Edgecombe et al. (1999).

Fig. 2 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 2. Cheirurid trilobites Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco (A, B) and Lehua vinculum (Barrande, 1852) from the Dobrotivá Formation, upper Darriwilian to lowermost Sandbian, Zaječov-Svatá Dobrotivá, Czech Republic (C–E). A. YPM 522182, part, complete holaspid with hypostome impressed. B. YPM 530933, complete holaspid. C. NM L19066, complete holaspid. D. NM L19075, complete cranidium. E. JV1607, anterior half of an holaspid specimen. Specimens in C–E covered by ammonium chloride.

Fig. 9 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 9. Biramous appendages reconstruction for the cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai, showing the anterior (A) and the posterior (B) morphology. Dashed lines indicate inferred proximal parts of the appendages.

Fig. 5 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 5. Endopodites of the cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco. A. Part of YPM 226573, general view (A1), close-up of the endopodites (A2) and explanatory drawing (A4), close-up of the distal claw (A3) and explanatory drawing (A5). B. Counterpart of YPM 226573, general view (B1), close up of the endopodites (B2) and explanatory drawing (B3), close up of the endopodites (B4) and explanatory drawing (B5), close up of the area pointed out in B4 (B6), arrows showing long endites on podomere 2 and 3. Numbers represent podomere number. Abbreviations: ar, axial ring.

Fig. 7 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 7. Exopodities of the cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) (YPM 517074) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco. Photographs: general view (A1), close-up of the exopodites (A2) and explanatory drawing (A3), close up to the ninth exopodite (A4) and explanatory drawing (A5). Scale bars 1 mm. Abbreviations: ar, axial ring; ex, exopodite.

Fig. 1 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 1. Cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco. A. MGL 102179, complete specimen (A1) and anterior region of the counterpart (A2); arrow pointing the antennae. B. MGL 102170, close-up of the posterior region of the trunk; arrow pointing the disarticulated pygidium. C. ML20-269198, latex cast of the counterpart. D. YPM 525125, close up of the posterior region of the trunk; arrow pointing the articulation between the thorax and the pygidium. Specimens in A1 and C coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 6. Cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) (MGL 102172) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco. Photographs under alcohol: general view (A1), close-up of the exopodites A2) and explanatory drawing (A3). Scale bars 1 mm. Abbreviations: ar, axial ring.

Fig. 11 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 11. Ordovician diversity of Cheiruridae species across individual time slices, as defined in Adrain (2013). The dashed line represents the boundary between Tremadocian and Floian; blue, members of the subfamily Pilekiinae; red, members of the rest of Cheiruridae subfamilies excluding pilekiids. Data based on Adrain (2013, personal communication 2020).

Fig. 10 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 10. Trilobite exopodite reconstructions grouped by geological age. A. Eoredlichia intermediata (Lu, 1940), based on Ramsköld and Edgecombe 1996). B. Hongshiyanaspis yiliangensis Zhang and Lin in Zhang et al., 1980, based on Zeng et al. (2017). C. Redlichia rex Holmes, 2019, based on Holmes et al. (2019). D. Olenoides serratus (Rominger, 1887), based on Whittington 1980). E. Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007). F. Ceraurus pleurexanthemus Green, 1832, based on Størmer (1951). G. Triarthrus eatoni (Hall, 1838), based on Whittington and Almond (1987). H. Cryptolithus bellulus (Ulrich, 1879), based on Campbell (1975). I. Chotecops ferdinandi Kayser, 1880), based on Bruton and Haas (1999).

Fig. 3 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 3. Juveniles of the cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco. A. MGL 104146, late meraspid stage. B. MGL 102153, early holaspid stage. C. MGL 104533, early holaspid stage. Specimens in B, C covered by ammonium chloride. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 4 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 4. Endopodites of the cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco. A. MGL 103863, photograph under alcohol with polarized light (A1), explanatory drawing with podomere numbers (A2). B. MGL 102225, photograph under alcohol with polarized light (B1), explanatory drawing with endopodite numbers (B2). Scale bars 1 mm. Abbreviations: ar, axial ring.

Fig. 2 in A new middle Cambrian trilobite with a specialized cephalon from Shandong Province, North China

Fig. 2. Alternating dark purple mudstone and sandstone yielding Phantaspis auritus gen. et sp. nov. A. Vertical face. B. Surface of bed, showing the gutter cast; not circled trilobite. The length of both hammers is 28 cm.

Fig. 6 in A new middle Cambrian trilobite with a specialized cephalon from Shandong Province, North China

Fig. 6. Reconstructions of the dorsal exoskeleton and life cycle of Phantaspis auritus gen. et sp. nov. from the Cambrian (Miaolingian, Wuliuan) Mantou Formation, Longgang section, Shandong Province, North China. A. Meraspid degree 4. B. Late meraspid stage. C. Early holaspid stage. D. Late holaspid stage.

Fig. 4 in A new middle Cambrian trilobite with a specialized cephalon from Shandong Province, North China

Fig. 4. Ontogenetic series of a ptychoparioid trilobite Phantaspis auritus gen. et sp. nov. from the middle Cambrian (Miaolingian, Wuliuan) Mantou Formation, Longgang section, Shandong Province, North China. A. NIGPAS 172113, complete exoskeleton in meraspid degree 4. B–F. Complete meraspid stage cranidia. B–E. NIGPAS 172114a–d, respectively. F. NIGPAS 172116. G–Q. Holaspid cranidia. G. NIGPAS 172115. H–K. NIGPAS 172117–172120, respectively. L. NIGPAS 172123. M, N. NIGPAS 172121, 172122, respectively. O. NIGPAS 172124. P. NIGPAS 172106. Q. NIGPAS 172125. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B–D, I, J, 1 mm; E–H, K–Q, 2 mm.

Fig. 5. A in A new middle Cambrian trilobite with a specialized cephalon from Shandong Province, North China

Fig. 5. A ptychoparioid trilobite Phantaspis auritus gen. et sp. nov. from the middle Cambrian (Miaolingian, Wuliuan) Mantou Formation, Longgang section, Shandong Province, North China. A. NIGPAS 172126 (paratype), nearly complete exoskeleton. B. NIGPAS 172127 (paratype), incomplete exoskeleton. C. NIGPAS 172128 (paratype), nearly complete exoskeleton showing enrollment. D–G. Pygidium, NIGPAS 172129. 172130, 172115, 172131, respectively. H. NIGPAS 172132, moult assemblage consisting of a disarticulated cranidium, librigenae, and thoracic segments. I–M. Librigenae, NIGPAS 172133, 172134, 172135, 172136, 172104, respectively; M2, reconstruction of the librigena in M1. Scale bars A–C, 5 mm; D–M, 2 mm.

Fig. 1. A in A new middle Cambrian trilobite with a specialized cephalon from Shandong Province, North China

Fig. 1. A. Geographical location of studied area (star) in Shandong Province, North China. B. General geological setting of the middle Cambrian Longgang section. C. Upper part of the Honghe Member of the Cambrian (Miaolingian, Wuliuan) Mantou Formation in the Longgang section, viewed from the west. Arrow is pointed to the person for scale. D. Stratigraphic column for the Honghe and Upper Shale members and the major trilobite horizons in the Longgang section. Alternative spelling of Zhangxia is Changhia. Arrow indicates the bed yielding Phantaspis auritus gen. et sp. nov.

Fig. 3. A in A new middle Cambrian trilobite with a specialized cephalon from Shandong Province, North China

Fig. 3. A ptychoparioid trilobite Phantaspis auritus gen. et sp. nov. from the middle Cambrian (Miaolingian, Wuliuan) Mantou Formation, Longgang section, Shandong Province, North China. A. NIGPAS 172104 (holotype), nearly complete exoskeleton. B. NIGPAS 172105 (paratype), nearly complete cranidium. C. NIGPAS 172106 (paratype), external mould of a nearly complete cranidium. D. NIGPAS 172107 (paratype), external mould of a nearly complete, holaspid-stage exoskeleton. E. NIGPAS 172108 (paratype), external mould of a nearly complete cephalon. F. NIGPAS 172109 (paratype), internal mould of specimen in E. G–I. NIGPAS 172111, 172110, 172112, cranidia. Scale bars 5 mm.