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Fig. 8 in Tuerkayana latens Ng and Hsi-Te Shih 2023, n. sp.

Fig. 8. Molecular phylogeny based on mitochondrial 16S and COI, as well as nuclear 28S for 19 species in the genus Minuca. The outgroups are Leptuca pugilator (Bosc, 1802) and Petruca panamensis (Stimpson, 1859).

Fig. 7 in Tuerkayana latens Ng and Hsi-Te Shih 2023, n. sp.

Fig. 7. Female vulva in Minuca panema (Coelho, 1972) (A: MZUSP 20833) and M. burgersi (Holthuis, 1967) (B: UNI 719). Arrow indicates left gonopore. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

Fig. 5. Male right G1 in Tuerkayana latens Ng and Hsi-Te Shih 2023, n. sp.

Fig. 5. Male right G1 tip with setae from Minuca panema (Coelho, 1972) (A, B, C; MZUSP 20833) and M. burgersi (Holthuis, 1967) (D, E, F; UNI 719). A, D, posterior view, B, E, anterior view, C, F, lateral view of tip. a. terminal setae, b. terminal flange. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 4 in Tuerkayana latens Ng and Hsi-Te Shih 2023, n. sp.

Fig. 4. Comparison of male major cheliped between Minuca panema (Coelho, 1972) (A, C; MZUSP 20833) and M. burgersi (Holthuis, 1967) (B, D; UNI 719). A, B: outer surface, C, D: inner surface. a. tubercle at distal end of pollex, b. sulcus at pollex-manus junction, c. lateral predactylar tubercle ridge, d. oblique palmar tubercle ridge, e. anterior of carpal cavity, f. tubercle field, g. medial predactylar ridge. Ruler with 1 mm divisions at upper edge of figure 5A, B.

Fig. 3 in Tuerkayana latens Ng and Hsi-Te Shih 2023, n. sp.

Fig. 3. Minuca panema (Coelho, 1972) (ZMUSP 20833). A: Dorsal view. B: Lateral carapace view on side of minor cheliped. C: Outer surface of major cheliped. D: Inner surface of major cheliped. E: Second ambulatory leg. F: Oral view of carapace. a. eyebrow, b. postorbital sulcus, c. dental on suborbital margin, d. anterolateral angle, e. posterolateral line, f. posterolateral striae, g. pubescence, h. articulation ridge, i. pre-pollex depression, j. pollex, k. dactyl, l. superior carpal cavity carina, m. apex of oblique ridge, n. pre-dactyl ridge, o. articulation ridge, p. manus-pollex ridge, q. pubescence, r. setae. Scale bar = 10.0 mm.

Fig. 2 in Tuerkayana latens Ng and Hsi-Te Shih 2023, n. sp.

Fig. 2. Geographical distribution of Minuca burgersi (Holthuis, 1967) (blue; distributed Bahamas, Curaçao, Barbados), M. aff. burgersi (green; distributed Florida, Virgin Islands, Belize) and M. panema (Coelho, 1972) (red; Atlantic coast of South America: Trinidad Island to Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil). Modified from Thurman et al. (2021).

Fig. 3 in Tuerkayana rotundum

Fig. 3. Eirene menoni medusae and polyps Japan images. Medusae (A–D) are images from preserved specimens NMST-Co 1808 originally collected at Shonan Fishing Port, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan (collected by Gaku Yamamoto). Polyps (E–F) are images of preserved cultured specimens NMST-Co 1809 from the Kamo Aquarium, Japan (collected by Shuhei Ikeda). Image (E) retracted tentacles on the long hydrocaulus and (F) shape of hydrotheca buds. Scale bars: A–D = 1 mm; E–F = 0.125 mm.

Fig. 2 in Tuerkayana rotundum

Fig. 2. Eirene menoni medusa Australia images. (A) SAMA H3614 (current bell width 14.2 mm) collected 12 Feb 1961 at Aldinga Reef, Victoria, South Australia and identified by Paul Kramp. (B) SAMA H3615 (current bell width 10.6 mm) collected 1 Jan 1964 between Hopkins and Thistle Islands, Victoria, South Australia and identified by Ronald V. Southcott. Images courtesy of the South Australian Museum (Shirley Sorokin, Andrea Crowther and Peter Hunt).

Fig. 1. A in Tuerkayana latens Ng and Hsi-Te Shih 2023, n. sp.

Fig. 1. A: Minuca panema (Coelho, 1972) and B: Male Minuca burgersi (Holthuis, 1967). A: From the South Atlantic Ocean – Brazil, São Paulo state, Caraguatatuba, Praia da Enseada (23.726°S, 45.419°W) (ZMUSP 20835). B: From type location, Caribbean – The Netherlands Antilles, Curaçao, Westpunt, Grote Knip, salt pond (12.352°N, 69.15122°W) (UNI 721). Scale bar = 10 mm.

Fig. 5 in Tuerkayana rotundum

Fig. 5. Eirene lacteoides cultured medusae image of NMST-Co 1813 originally captive culture Enoshima Aquarium specimen obtained by Gaku Yamamoto. Images (A) arrows- indicate conical projections, (C) arrows- adaxial excretory pores, (D) lines- rudimentary bulbs (warts). Images of polyps NMST-Co 1815 originally cultured at Enoshima Aquarium (Gaku Yamamoto). Image (F) shows a hydrotheca and a gonotheca. Scale bars: A– C = 1 mm, check on D–F = 0.25 mm.

Fig. 4 in Tuerkayana rotundum

Fig. 4. Biogeographical map showing validated wild capture distribution records for Eirene menoni and Eirene lacteoides. Eirene menoni records that are indicated by red triangle refer to holotype location, green circles refer to localities with COI mtDNA sequences, and yellow squares refer to localities obtained from published studies with sufficient description detail or documentation. Eirene lacteoides records are indicated by a blue diamond. The GPS data for these records is located under the specific species in the text. Specimens with public aquaria captive culture locations are referred to in the manuscript text.

Fig. 1 in Tuerkayana rotundum

Fig. 1. Anatomy diagram of a typical Eirenidae medusa and polyp with labels. Some sections cut away. Medusa not to scale. Drawing of medusa (1A) by Brenden Holland, image of ring canal with marginal tentacles and rudimentary bulbs (1B, C) by Gerald Crow, and image of polyps (1D) by Shuhei Ikeda, Tsuruoka City Kamo Aquarium.

Fig. 6 in Tuerkayana rotundum

Fig. 6. Phylogram based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene fragments from 30 hydromedusan ingroup members of the family Eirenidae, with two outgroup taxa. Specimens were collected from the wild and two public Aquaria. The tree was generated with 1000 bootstrap replicates using the maximum-likelihood optimality criterion with the empirically-determined best-fit substitution model. The optimal model selected was TamuraNei, non-uniformity of evolution rates among sites and this was modeled using a discrete Gamma distribution (+G) with 5 rate categories. Under the assumption that a specified fraction of sites is evolutionary invariable (+l), TN93+G+l. This model had 66 parameters, BIC = 6461.115 (Bayesian Information Criterion), AICc = 6461.12 (Akaike Information Criterion, corrected), maximum likelihood score InL = -2907.703, gamma correction (G) = 1.40, and the proportion of invariant sites (l) = 0.49. Clades are color-coded by species and geographic sampling, including the following general regions by bar color: Red = Eirene menoni, field sampled offshore of China and Japan; Purple = Tima nigroannulata field sample offshore of Japan; Blue = Eirene viridula field sampled offshore of Germany; Gray = Eirene bairdii, field collected offshore Norway and Sweden; Orange = Eirene hexanemalis, field collected offshore China; Green = Eirene lacteoides, field collected offshore of China and captive culture Enoshima Aquarium and Waikiki Aquarium. Outgroup taxa are LC198742 = Cassiopea sp. and KM200330 = Alatina alata (see Table 1).

Fig. 4 in Tuerkayana latens Ng and Hsi-Te Shih 2023, n. sp.

Fig. 4. Chromosomes of Corinnidae, Trachelidae, and Zodariidae (RTA Clade). Falconina sp. (Corinnidae) (A–E), Orthobula sp. (Trachelidae) (F–H) and Epicratinus sp. (Zodariidae) (I–L): A: Mitotic spermatogonial metaphase, 2nò = 28 telocentric chromosomes. B: Pachytene, 13II+X1X2. Sex chromosomes pair in parallel; they are positively heteropycnotic. C: Spermatocyte I, diplotene. Note 13 autosomal bivalents and two sex chromosome univalents (13II+X1X2). Sex chromosomes pair in parallel on the periphery of the plate. D: Metaphase II, n = 13 telocentric chromosomes. E. Metaphase II, n = 15 (13+X1X2), telocentric chromosomes. Sex chromosomes are associated and positively heteropycnotic. F. Mitotic spermatogonial metaphase, 2nò = 21. G: Mitotic oogonial metaphase, 2nñ = 22 telocentric chromosomes. H: Spermatocyte I, diplotene consisting of 10 autosomal bivalents and a sex chromosome univalent (10II+X). Sex chromosome is positively heteropycnotic. I: Mitotic oogonial metaphase, 2nñ = 44 telocentric chromosomes, except for the subtelocentric X1. J: Spermatocyte I, diplotene composed of 20 autosomal bivalents and two sex chromosome univalents (20II+X1X2). Sex chromosomes are associated in parallel. K: Metaphase II, n = 20 telocentric chromosomes. L. Metaphase II, n = 22 (20+X1X2). Arrowhead = bivalent with two chiasmata. Scale bars = 5 µm.

Fig. 1 in Tuerkayana latens Ng and Hsi-Te Shih 2023, n. sp.

Fig. 1. Chromosomes of Oonopidae (Dysderoidea). Cinetomorpha simplex (A–C), Neotrops sp. (D–E) and Neoxyphinus termitophilus (F–G). A. Mitotic spermatogonial metaphase, 2nò = 9. B. Mitotic oogonial metaphase, 2nñ = 10. C. Spermatocyte I, metaphase I showing four autosomal bivalents and a sex chromosome univalent (4II+X). D. Mitotic spermatogonial metaphase, 2nò = 7. E–F. Mitotic oogonial metaphase, 2nñ = 8. G. Spermatocyte I, diplotene consisting of three autosomal bivalents and a sex chromosome univalent (3II+X). Scale bars = 5 µm.

Fig. 3 in Tuerkayana latens Ng and Hsi-Te Shih 2023, n. sp.

Fig. 3. Chromosomes of Linyphiidae (A–D), Theridiidae (E–L) and Theridiosomatidae (Araneoidea). Agyneta sp. (A–D), Coleosoma floridanum (E–G), Thymoites sp.1 (H–J), Thymoites sp.2 (K–L) and Naatlo sp. (M-P): A: Mitotic spermatogonial metaphase composed of 24 telocentric chromosomes. B: Mitotic oogonial metaphase with 26 telocentric chromosomes. C: Spermatocyte I (early diplotene) with 11 autosomal bivalents and two positively heteropycnotic sex chromosome univalents arranged in parallel (11II+X1X2). D: Spermatocyte I (metaphase I) with 11 autosomal bivalents and two sex chromosome univalents (11II+X1X2). E, H: Mitotic spermatogonial metaphase, 2nò = 22 telocentric chromosomes. F, I, K: Mitotic oogonial metaphases, 2nñ = 24 telocentric chromosomes. G, J, L: Spermatocyte I, metaphase I (G, J) and early diplotene (L) consisting of 10 autosomal bivalents and two sex chromosome univalents (10II+X1X2). Sex chromosomes are positively heteropycnotic at J and L. While they are associated at G, they pair in parallel in J. Mode of pairing is unclear at L. M: Mitotic spermatogonial metaphase, 2nò = 30. N: Spermatocyte I, metaphase I. Note 14 autosomal bivalents and two sex chromosome univalents (14II+X1X2). O: Metaphase II, n = 14. P: Metaphase II, n = 16 (14+X1X2). Sex chromosomes are positively heteropycnotic. Arrowhead = bivalent with two chiasmata. Scale bars = 5 µm.

Fig. 2 in Tuerkayana latens Ng and Hsi-Te Shih 2023, n. sp.

Fig. 2. Mitotic oogonial metaphase of Otiothops birabeni (Palpimanidae), 2nñ = 36. Scale bar = 5 µm.

Fig. 3 in Fig. 12 in Tuerkayana rotundum

Fig. 3. Changes in lipid and sugar levels during early development of F. ancora. A: Changes in lipid levels. Lipids were extracted from released unfertilized eggs (0), early planulae at 48 hpf (48), and a planula at 168 hpf (168) and analyzed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. WE, wax ester; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine. B: Changes in glycogen and glucose levels. Sugars were extracted from released unfertilized eggs (0), gastrula at 32 hpf (32), planulae at 64 hpf (64), planulae at 128 hpf (128), and concentrations of glycogen and glucose were determined. Data are shown as the mean ± SE (n = 3 experiments). Groups with different letters are statistically different (p <0.05).

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Fig. 7 in Tuerkayana rotundum

Fig. 7. DIC microphotographs of deutogynes of Brevulacus reticulatus Manson 1984. A and B, prodorsal shield in two deutogynes. C and D, dorsal view of two deutogynes differing in the appearance of dorsal opisthosomal annuli. E, genital area, F, paired tubes (arrows) of anal secretory apparatus. Scale bars: A, B, E = 15 µm; C, D = 40 µm; F = 10 µm.