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107 results for “Variability changes”
Data from: Leaf morphological traits show greater responses to changes in climate than leaf physiological traits and gas exchange variables
<p>Adaptation to changing conditions is one of the strategies plants use to survive climate change. Here, we ask whether plants' leaf morphological and physiological traits/gas exchange variables have changed in response to recent, anthropogenic climate change. We grew seedlings from resurrected historic seeds from <em>ex-situ </em>seed banks and paired modern seeds in a common-garden experiment. Species pairs were collected from regions that had undergone differing levels of climate change using an emerging framework – Climate Contrast Resurrection Ecology, allowing us to hypothesise that regions with greater changes in climate (including temperature, precipitation, climate variability and climatic extremes) there would be greater trait responses in leaf morphology and physiology over time. Our found that in regions where there were greater changes in climate, there were greater changes in average leaf area, leaf margin complexity, leaf thickness and leaf intrinsic water use efficiency. Changes in leaf roundness, photosynthetic rate, stomatal density and the leaf economic strategy of our species were not correlated with changes in the climate. Our results show that leaves do have the ability to respond to changes in climate, however, there are greater inherited responses in morphological leaf traits than in physiological traits/variables, and greater responses to extreme measures of climate than gradual changes in climatic means. It is vital for accurate predictions of species' responses to impending climate change to ensure that future climate change ecology studies utilise knowledge about the difference in both leaf trait and gas exchange responses, and the climate variables that they respond to.</p>
Comparing the Intensity of Variability Changes in Software Product Line Evolution - Related Research Artifacts
<p>This archived open repository contains open science material related to the following submission to the <a href="https://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-systems-and-software/call-for-papers/software-reuse-for-the-next-generation">Journal of Systems and Software (JSS) special issue <em>Software Reuse for the Next Generation</em></a>:</p> <p>C. Kröher, L. Gerling, K. Schmid, <em>Comparing the intensity of variability changes in software product line evolution</em>, Journal of Systems and Software. Submitted November 2022.</p> <p>The paper presents the application of a fine-grained, variability-centric analysis approach to four different software product lines: <a href="https://github.com/torvalds/linux">Linux kernel</a>, <a href="https://github.com/coreboot/coreboot">coreboot firmware</a>, <a href="https://github.com/mirror/busybox">BusyBox UNIX utilities</a>, and <a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/axtls/">axTLS embedded SSL</a>. The approach is based on the differentiation between artifact-specific and variability information in code, build, and variability model artifacts to identify the intensity (the frequency and the amount) with which developers change variability information in practice.</p> <p>In order to complement the results presented in the submission and support reproducibility as well as reuse, the following artifacts are available:</p> <ul> <li><strong>JSS-VM_2022-11-01.zip</strong>: a compressed archive containing the virtual machine in which the analysis was executed. This virtual machine was created with <a href="https://www.vmware.com/content/vmware/vmware-published-sites/us/products/workstation-player/workstation-player-evaluation.html.html">VMware Workstation 16 Player</a> based on <a href="https://ubuntu.com/download/desktop">Ubuntu Desktop 22.04.1</a> (username and password: jss). It provides all installed software, configuration files, data sets, and results as described in the submission. Download, extract, and start the virtual machine to access the detailed description of its content and usage on the desktop.</li> <li><strong>ComAnI-Applications.zip</strong>: a compressed archive containing the technical realization of the analysis approach and the configuration files used to apply it to the individual software product lines. This includes: <ul> <li><em>ComAnI_Guide.pdf</em>: the guide explaining the application and its usage in general</li> <li><em>ComAnI.jar</em>: the Java executable archive file representing the main application for starting an analysis</li> <li><em>ComAnI-PS.jar</em>: a modified version of the previous Java executable archive file, which provides the number of code, build, and variability model artifacts as specified by the regular expressions of a given configuration file as well as their total number of lines based on the current state of a repository only (no history)</li> <li><em>DeadCodeChangeAnalyzer.jar</em>: a commit analyzer plug-in for detecting changes relevant to dead code detection (not used in the submission)</li> <li><em>GitCommitExtractor.jar</em>: a commit extraction plug-in for extracting commits from Git repositories</li> <li><em>SvnCommitExtractor.jar</em>: a commit extraction plug-in for extracting commits from Subversion (SVN) repositories</li> <li><em>VariabilityChangeAnalyzer.jar</em>: a commit analyzer plug-in for detecting changes to artifact-specific and variability information in code, build, and variability model artifacts (realization of the commit analysis process described in the submission)</li> <li><em>busybox-commit-list</em>: a plain text file containing a subset of the BusyBox commits as required by the application to extract and analyze only those parts of its entire history relevant for the submission (quote from the submission: <em>"For BusyBox, we had to further exclude commits before the complete migration to Kbuild and after the introduction of a script for extracting variability model information from code artifacts, which initiated defining variability information of the variability model as part of comments in code artifacts. This mixing of information and artifact types is not supported by our tooling"</em>)</li> <li><em>axtls.properties</em>: the configuration (file) defining the required properties for extracting and analyzing commits of the axTLS history</li> <li><em>busybox.properties</em>: the configuration (file) defining the required properties for extracting and analyzing all commits of the BusyBox history</li> <li><em>busybox-subset.properties</em>: the configuration (file) defining the required properties for extracting and analyzing the commits specified in the busybox-commit-list file only, resulting in the respective subset of the BusyBox history</li> <li><em>coreboot.properties</em>: the configuration (file) defining the required properties for extracting and analyzing all commits of the coreboot history</li> <li><em>linux.properties</em>: the configuration (file) defining the required properties for extracting and analyzing all commits of the Linux kernel history</li> <li><em>template.properties</em>: the configuration (file) template including descriptions of each property and its valid values</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>ComAnI-Results.zip</strong>: a compressed archive containing the (raw) analysis results from applying the approach via its realization as provided by the previous archive to each of the software product lines. Hence, for each subject, a directory with the respective name exist, which in turn contains the following artifacts: <ul> <li><em>VariabilityChangeAnalyzer-Results_2022-09-[…]</em>: the directory containing the respective analysis results and some automated visualizations. Please note that some files are not correctly labeled, .e.g. some files for axTLS and BusyBox are prefixed with "coreboot", while containing the correct data for the respective subjects. Further, for BusyBox, two directories exist, which the additional readme-file explains</li> <li><em>project-size-trace.txt</em>: the complete trace from starting ComAnI-PS.jar (see description above) with a specific configuration file to its final output</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>JSS23_Extended-Evolution-Analysis_Statistics.ods</strong>: a <a href="https://www.libreoffice.org/discover/calc/">LibreOffice Calc</a> spreadsheet containing data derived from the raw ones of the ComAnI-Results.zip and the respective visualizations as presented in the submission. Further, some sheets include additional data preparations used to write certain parts of the result and discussion sections.</li> </ul> <p>The additional <strong>LICENSE</strong> file defines <a href="https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache License Version 2.0, January 2004</a> to apply for all artifacts in this repository.</p> <p>This work is partially supported by the Evoline project, funded by the DFG (German Research Foundation) under Priority Programme SPP 1593 and by the ITEA3 project REVaMP², funded by the BMBF (German Ministry of Research and Education) under grant 01IS16042H. Any opinions expressed herein are solely by the authors and not of the DFG or BMBF.</p>
Data from: Evolved phenological cueing strategies show variable responses to climate change
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Data from: Precipitation and temperature timings underlying bioclimatic variables rearrange under climate change globally
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Variable influence of photosynthetic thermal acclimation on future carbon uptake in Australian wooded ecosystems under climate change
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Data from: Rapid within- and transgenerational changes in thermal tolerance and fitness in variable thermal landscapes
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Grasshopper species’ seasonal timing underlies shifts in community phenological overlap in response to climate gradients, variability, and change
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Data from: Variable parental responses to changes in offspring demand have implications for life history theory
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Data from: Systolic blood pressure postural changes variability is associated with greater dementia risk
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Precipitation variability can bias estimates of ecological controls on ecosystem productivity response to precipitation change
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Data from: Leaf morphological traits show greater responses to changes in climate than leaf physiological traits and gas exchange variables
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Relative effects of climate and litter traits on decomposition change with time, climate and trait variability
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Data and model output for figures in "Variable particle size distributions reduce the sensitivity of global export flux to climate change"
<p><strong>Associated publication</strong></p> <p>This dataset was used to generate analyses and figures in the following publication:</p> <p>Leung, S., Weber, T., Cram, J. A., & Deutsch, C. Variable particle size distributions reduce the sensitivity of global export flux to climate change. <em>Submitted to Biogeosciences.</em></p> <p><strong>Associated code</strong></p> <p>After downloading this dataset, run the associated MATLAB code at the following link to generate the figures and analyses in the above publication:</p> <p>https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4117382</p>
Data from: Variable effects of a changing climate on lay dates and productivity across the range of the Red-cockaded Woodpecker
Many temperate bird species are breeding earlier in response to warming temperatures. We examined the effects of climate on breeding phenology and productivity in 19 populations across the range of the Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis), an endangered species endemic to pine (Pinus spp.) forests in the southeastern United States. Red-cockaded Woodpeckers nested earlier in warmer springs and delayed nesting in wetter springs. Earlier nesting and larger group sizes resulted in higher productivity. Spring temperatures have warmed over time across the range, but this has not led to range-wide advances in nesting date over time. Coastal and northern populations have exhibited a trend of earlier nesting over time, but the response of inland populations has been variable, including some populations in which nesting has become later over time. Geographic patterns included high and increasing productivity at higher latitudes, and declining productivity in the southwestern portion of the range, suggesting a possible shift in acceptable climate conditions for the species. Earlier nesting over time was associated with increasing productivity at higher latitudes, while elsewhere earlier nesting over time was associated with declining or stable productivity, suggesting that populations differ in their ability to adjust to a changing climate. The Red-cockaded Woodpecker is a habitat specialist heavily reliant on habitat management and has little capacity to shift its range, so its long-term viability will depend on its ability to adjust in place to changing local conditions.
Data from: Intraspecific niche models for ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) suggest potential variability in population-level response to climate change.
Unique responses to climate change can occur across intraspecific levels, resulting in individualistic adaptation or movement patterns among populations within a given species. Thus, the need to model potential responses among genetically distinct populations within a species is increasingly recognized. However, predictive models of future distributions are regularly fit at the species level, often because intraspecific variation is unknown or is identified only within limited sample locations. In this study, we considered the role of intraspecific variation to shape the geographic distribution of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), an ecologically and economically important tree species in North America. Morphological and genetic variation across the distribution of ponderosa pine suggest the need to model intraspecific populations: the two varieties (var. ponderosa and var. scopulorum) and several haplotype groups within each variety have been shown to occupy unique climatic niches, suggesting populations have distinct evolutionary lineages adapted to different environmental conditions. We utilized a recently-available, geographically-widespread dataset of intraspecific variation (haplotypes) for ponderosa pine and a recently-devised lineage distance modeling approach to derive additional, likely intraspecific occurrence locations. We confirmed the relative uniqueness of each haplotype-climate relationship using a niche-overlap analysis, and developed ecological niche models (ENMs) to project the distribution for two varieties and eight haplotypes under future climate forecasts. Future projections of haplotype niche distributions generally revealed greater potential range loss than predicted for the varieties. This difference may reflect intraspecific responses of distinct evolutionary lineages. However, directional trends are generally consistent across intraspecific levels, and include a loss of distributional area and an upward shift in elevation. Our results demonstrate the utility in modeling intraspecific response to changing climate and they inform management and conservation strategies, by identifying haplotypes and geographic areas that may be most at risk, or most secure, under projected climate change.
Data from: Climate-driven hydrological variability determines inter-annual changes in stream invertebrate community assembly
Although flow regime is one of the major drivers of riverine communities, not much is known about how inter-annual variability and extremes of flow influence community assembly mechanisms. We used data on benthic macroinvertebrates and modelled flow regimes in 23 near-pristine boreal streams to assess how community assembly mechanisms and species occupancy varied in response to inter-annual variability in flow conditions across 11 successive years encompassing extreme (both low and high) flow events. A null model approach was used to test whether deterministic or stochastic processes dominated community assembly and how much regional (among-stream) flow variability contributed to community variability (β-diversity). Mean daily flow and the greatest rate of flow rise were the strongest flow-related descriptors of invertebrate community composition. Communities were differentially assembled depending on the direction of change in flow magnitude: in high-flow years, communities were more similar than expected by chance, while at low flows they tended to be more dissimilar than expected. Beta-diversity of macroinvertebrate communities was related to among-stream flow variability only at high flows. Common species correlated strongly with flow variability and contributed most to variation in β-diversity, suggesting that changes in assembly mechanisms are mainly driven by common species. While homogenization of communities in high-flow years reflected increased species occupancies and environmental sorting, increased turnover during low flows likely resulted from stochastic extinctions and dispersal limitation. Our findings suggest that extreme hydrological events exert a strong control over stream invertebrate community assembly, and their effect may be even more profound in the future as high and low-flow spells are expected to occur more frequently, not allowing time for communities to recover.
Data from: The response of amphibian larvae to environmental change is both consistent and variable
Many environments are undergoing rapid environmental change and there is a need to understand the mechanisms by which species can persist in altered environments. Model systems, such as amphibian metamorphosis, which can be generalized across many types of environmental change and across many species, are a powerful tool for understanding mechanisms that facilitate persistence in altered and disturbed environments. Amphibian larvae respond to environmental change by varying age at metamorphosis, or size at metamorphosis. Differential selection pressures on age or size at metamorphosis may result in a differential response among taxa to environmental change. Using a meta-analysis, we investigated whether age at metamorphosis, size at metamorphosis, and larval growth rate vary within and among taxonomic families of amphibians in experiments that modified the environmental temperature, density of individuals, food, hydroperiod and the presence of predators. For all environmental factors except predators, the direction of the response was consistent across most of the studied taxa. However, there was considerable variation in effect size both within and among families. Results demonstrate that amphibian metamorphosis is a valuable model system for studying the effects of environmental change. Yet, we stress the need for caution in making generalizations about how individuals respond to environmental factors that have an indirect effect on physiology and require the perception of an environmental cue, such as the presence of predators.
Datasets used in "Stomatal conductances influences interannual variability and long-term changes in regional cumulative plant uptake of ozone"
Model archived fields for surface ozone, effective stomatal conductance, and leaf area index corresponding to Clifton, O. E., Lombardozzi, D. L., Fiore, A. M., Paulot, F., & Horowitz, L. W., (2020). Stomatal conductance influences interannual variability and long-term changes in regional cumulative plant uptake, Environmental Research Letters.
W2 light curve, W1 - W2 color change and color-magnitude diagrams for all identified NEOWISE variables of ATLASGAL sources
<p>Figures of the W2 light curve, W1 - W2 color change and color-magnitude relationship for different types of variability. The ZIP file contains six subsections, including linear, sin, and sin+linear light curves of the secular type, as well as burst, drop, and irregular light curves of the stochastic type. The evolutionary stage, source name and corresponding fitting parameters are given above each figure.</p> <p>The W2 light curves for all identified variables were presented using the mean Modified Julian Date (MJD) and the mean magnitude of each epoch. It should be noted that the full data for these light curve plots can be found in Table A1 of the published article.</p> <div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div> <div> <div> <div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>
Data sharing of: Sulfur inventory of the young lunar mantle constrained by experimental sulfide saturation of Chang'e-5 mare basalts and a new sulfur solubility model for silicate melts in equilibrium with sulfides of variable metal–sulfur ratio
<p>Data sharing of: Sulfur inventory of the young lunar mantle constrained by experimental sulfide saturation of Chang’e-5 mare basalts and a new sulfur solubility model for silicate melts in equilibrium with sulfides of variable metal–sulfur ratio</p>
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