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52 results for “Warning signal”
Data from: Appearance before performance? Nutritional constraints on life-history traits, but not warning signal expression in aposematic moths
1. Trade-offs have been shown to play an important role in the divergence of mating strategies and sexual ornamentation, but their importance in explaining warning signal diversity has received less attention. In aposematic organisms, allocation costs of producing the conspicuous warning signal pigmentation under nutritional stress could potentially trade-off with life-history traits and maintain variation in warning colouration. 2. We studied this with an aposematic herbivore Arctia plantaginis (Arctiidae), whose larvae and adults show extensive variation in aposematic colouration. In larvae, less melanic colouration (i.e. larger orange patterns) produces a more efficient warning signal against predators, whereas high amounts of melanism (smaller orange pattern) enhance thermoregulation, correlate with better immunity and make individuals harder to detect for naïve predators. 3. We conducted a factorial rearing experiment with larvae originating from lines selected for either small or large orange signal size, which were reared on an artificial diet that had either low or high protein content. Protein content of the diet is critical for melanin production. We measured the effects of diet on individual colouration, life-history traits, immune defence and reproductive output. We also compared the responses to dietary conditions between the small and large larval signal genotypes. 4. Protein content of the diet did not affect warning colouration in the larval stage, but larval signal sizes differed significantly among selection lines, confirming that its variation is mainly genetically determined. In adults, signal line or diet did not affect colouration in hindwings, but males' forewings had more melanin on the high than on low protein diet. Contrary to colouration, diet quality had a stronger impact on life-history traits: individuals developed for longer, had smaller hindwing sizes in females and lower immune defence on the low protein content diet compared to the high. These costs were higher for more melanic larval signal genotypes in terms of development time and female hindwing size. 5. We conclude that low plasticity in warning signal characteristics makes signal expression robust under varying dietary conditions. Therefore, variation in diet quality is not likely to constrain signal expression, but can have a bigger impact on performance.
Data from: Sex differences but no evidence of quantitative honesty in the warning signals of six-spot burnet moths (Zygaena filipendulae L.)
The distinctive black and red wing pattern of six-spot burnet moths (Zygaena filipendulae, L.) is a classic example of aposematism, advertising their potent cyanide-based defences. While such warning signals provide a qualitatively honest signal of unprofitability, the evidence for quantitative honesty, whereby variation in visual traits could provide accurate estimates of individual toxicity, is more equivocal. Combining sophisticated measures of cyanogenic glucoside content and wing colour from the perspective of avian predators, we investigate the relationship between coloration and defences in Z. filipendulae, to test signal honesty both within and across populations. Mean cyanogenic glucoside concentration was not correlated with wing coloration across populations in males, yet in females higher cyanogenic glucoside levels were associated with smaller and lighter red forewing markings. Trends within populations were similarly indicative of quantitative dishonesty, and consistent differences between the sexes were apparent: larger females, carrying a greater total cyanogenic glucoside load, displayed larger but less conspicuous markings than smaller males, according to several colour metrics. The overall high aversiveness of cyanogenic glucosides and fluctuations in colour and toxin levels during an individual's lifetime may contribute to these results, highlighting generally important reasons why signal honesty should not always be expected in aposematic species.
Amata variation analysis for Eco-geographic hypotheses do not explain variation in warning signals in diurnal Amata nigriceps wasp moths
<p><span>Aposematic prey use conspicuous warning signals to advertise a secondary defense. To be effective, warning signals should be reliable throughout a prey population. However, warning signals vary considerably across and within populations, often for unknown causes.</span> <span>Here, the Australian diurnal moth <em>Amata nigriceps,</em> which has orange wing spots on a black background, was used to explore four ecogeographic hypotheses explaining warning signal variability: the thermal melanism, the photo-protection, the desiccation resistance, and the predator-loss hypotheses.</span> <span>We collected live moths from 29 populations across 746 km of coastal New South Wales, Australia, and sampled relevant museum collections from 1896 to 1982. We quantified the proportion of orange wing spots (warning signal size) relative to site-specific abiotic (temperature, precipitation, solar radiation) and biotic factors (diversity of bird predators).</span></p> <p><span>In museum specimens, warning signal size varied within the decade of collection, without a discernible temporal trend. Recent collections also varied in signal size, but we found no support for the four hypotheses. Our results are in contrast with studies that have found significant relationships between warning colours and eco-geographic factors. Local phenotypic responses in <em>Amata nigriceps </em>together with relaxed predator selection and genetic effects may explain the persistence of warning signal variation.</span></p>
Data from: Why are animals conspicuously colored? Evolution of sexual versus warning signals in land vertebrates
<p>Conspicuous colors (e.g. red, yellow, blue) have evolved numerous times across animals. But the function of this coloration can differ radically among species. Many species use this coloration as a sexual signal to conspecifics, whereas others use it as a warning signal to predators. Why do different species evolve conspicuous coloration in association with one function as opposed to the other? We address this question in terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods) using phylogenetic approaches and test whether day-night activities of species help determine these patterns. Using phylogenetic logistic regression, we found that conspicuous, sexually dimorphic coloration is significantly associated with diurnal lineages (e.g. many birds and lizards). By contrast, the evolution of warning signals was significantly associated with large-scale clades that were ancestrally nocturnal (e.g. snakes, amphibians), regardless of the current diel activity of species. Overall, we show that the evolution of conspicuous coloration as warning signals or sexual signals is influenced by the ecology of species, both recently and in the ancient past.</p>
Data for article "Why do red/purple young leaves suffer less insect herbivory: tests of the warning signal hypothesis and the undermining of insect camouflage hypothesis"
<p>This data is associated with the manuscript titled “Why do red/purple young leaves suffer less insect herbivory: tests of the warning signal hypothesis and the undermining of insect camouflage hypothesis”.</p> <p>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-022-09924-x</p>
Deep learning for early warning signals of tipping points : supplementary data
<p>This data accompanies the publication by Bury et al. “Deep learning for early warning signals of tipping points” published in PNAS and the Github repository <a href="https://github.com/ThomasMBury/deep-early-warnings-pnas">https://github.com/ThomasMBury/deep-early-warnings-pnas</a>. It contains the model time series data that are used to train the deep learning algorithm. The directory ts_500 contains 500k time series used to train the 500-classifier. The directory ts_1500 contains 200k time series used to train the 1500-classifier. Both directories contain files <em>labels.csv </em>and <em>groups.csv </em>which provide numbers corresponding to the labels (Fold, Hopf, Branch, Null) and groups (Training, Validation, Test) for each time series respectively.</p>
Amata variation analysis for Eco-geographic hypotheses do not explain variation in warning signals in diurnal Amata nigriceps wasp moths
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Data from: Warning signals are seductive: relative contributions of color and pattern to predator avoidance and mate attraction in Heliconius butterflies
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Long-term empirical evidence, early warning signals, and multiple drivers of regime shifts in a lake ecosystem
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Data from: Why are animals conspicuously colored? Evolution of sexual versus warning signals in land vertebrates
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Data from: To quiver or to shiver: increased melanisation benefits thermoregulation, but reduces warning signal efficacy in the wood tiger moth
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Data from: Sex differences but no evidence of quantitative honesty in the warning signals of six-spot burnet moths (Zygaena filipendulae L.)
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Appearance before performance? Nutritional constraints on life‐history traits, but not warning signal expression in aposematic moths
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Data from: Temporal relationship between genetic and warning signal variation in the aposematic wood tiger moth (Parasemia plantaginis)
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Data from: How do predators generalize warning signals in simple and complex prey communities? Insights from a videogame
<p><span>The persistence of distinct warning signals within and between sympatric mimetic communities is a puzzling evolutionary question because selection favours convergence of colour patterns among toxic species. Such convergence is partly shaped by predators' reaction to similar but not identical stimulus, i.e. generalization behaviour. And generalisation by predators is likely to be shaped by the diversity of local prey. However, studying generalization behaviour is generally limited to simple variations of prey colour patterns. Here, we used a computer game played by humans as surrogate predators to investigate generalization behaviours on simple (4 morphs) and complex (10 morphs) communities of unprofitable (associated with a penalty) and profitable butterflies. Colour patterns used in the game are observed in the natural populations of unprofitable butterfly species such as <i>Heliconius numata</i>. Analyses of 449 game participants' behaviours show that players avoided unprofitable prey more readily in simple than in complex communities. However, generalization was observed only in players that faced complex communities, enhancing the protection of profitable prey that looked similar to at least one unprofitable morph. Additionally, similarity among unprofitable prey also reduced attack rates only in complex communities. These results are consistent with previous studies using avian predators but artificial colour patterns and suggest that mimicry is more likely to evolve in complex</span> communities where increases in similarity are more likely to be advantageous.</p>
Data from: Biased generalization of salient traits drives the evolution of warning signals
The importance of receiver biases in shaping the evolution of many signalling systems is widely acknowledged. Here we show that receiver bias can explain which traits evolve to become warning signals. For warning colouration, a generalization bias for a signalling trait can result from predators learning to discriminate unprofitable from profitable prey. However, since the colour patterns of prey are complex traits with multiple components, it is crucial to understand which of the many aspects of prey appearance evolve into signals. We provide experimental evidence that the more salient differences in prey traits give rise to greater generalization bias, corresponding to stronger selection towards trait exaggeration. Our results are based on experiments with domestic chickens as predators in a Skinner-box-like setting, and imply that the difference in appearance between profitable and unprofitable prey that is most rapidly learnt produces the greatest generalization bias. As a consequence, certain salient traits of unprofitable prey are selected towards exaggeration to even higher salience, driving the evolution of warning colouration. This general idea may also help to explain the evolution of many other striking signalling traits found in nature.
Data from: Maternal effects and warning signal honesty in eggs and offspring of an aposematic ladybird beetle
1. The eggs of oviparous species are often subject to intense predation pressure. One parental strategy to deter predators is to produce eggs that are laced with noxious chemicals and are conspicuously coloured (i.e. aposematism). 2. Ladybird eggs are conspicuously coloured and contain alkaloids; these traits are believed to function in concert as visual signal and chemical defence, respectively, to deter predators. However, it remains unclear whether such aposematic signals reveal the strength (rather than simply the existence) of chemical defences. 3. Furthermore, additional functions of egg pigments and toxins could apply; in particular mothers might deposit such resources into eggs to aid the development of offspring, or to provide resources that could contribute to aposematic traits in offspring. 4. We bred wild-caught seven-spot ladybird beetles (Coccinella septempunctata) in the laboratory, and then measured relationships between egg colouration and toxin concentrations (i.e. the alkaloids precoccinelline and coccinelline). We also measured relationships between egg carotenoids and egg colouration, and between egg colouration and toxin levels, and the elytra colouration and toxin concentrations of offspring at eclosion for a subset of eggs that were allowed to develop. 5. Egg carotenoids predicted egg colour saturation. In turn egg colour saturation and hue positively predicted egg concentrations of precoccinelline. However, there were no significant relationships between egg coccinelline concentration and any measure of egg colouration. 6. In recently eclosed adults of both sexes elytra saturation was significantly explained by variation in egg saturation and hue. Finally, body concentrations of coccinelline were significantly explained by variation in elytra hue. 7. These results suggest that the colouration of C. septempunctata eggs is a reliable signal of the strength of chemical defences contained therein, but in addition, maternal investment of pigments and toxins into eggs may serve to influence the reliability of aposematic signalling in resultant offspring.
Data from: Relation between stability and resilience determines the performance of early warning signals under different environmental drivers
Shifting patterns of temporal fluctuations have been found to signal critical transitions in a variety of systems, from ecological communities to human physiology. However, failure of these early warning signals in some systems calls for a better understanding of their limitations. In particular, little is known about the generality of early warning signals in different deteriorating environments. In this study, we characterized how multiple environmental drivers influence the dynamics of laboratory yeast populations, which was previously shown to display alternative stable states [Dai et al., Science, 2012]. We observed that both the coefficient of variation and autocorrelation increased before population collapse in two slowly deteriorating environments, one with a rising death rate and the other one with decreasing nutrient availability. We compared the performance of early warning signals across multiple environments as "indicators for loss of resilience." We find that the varying performance is determined by how a system responds to changes in a specific driver, which can be captured by a relation between stability (recovery rate) and resilience (size of the basin of attraction). Furthermore, we demonstrate that the positive correlation between stability and resilience, as the essential assumption of indicators based on critical slowing down, can break down in this system when multiple environmental drivers are changed simultaneously. Our results suggest that the stability–resilience relation needs to be better understood for the application of early warning signals in different scenarios.
Data from: Dynamical state transitions into addictive behaviour and their early-warning signals
The theory of critical transitions in complex systems (ecosystems, climate, etc.), and especially its ability to predict abrupt changes by early-warning signals based on analysis of fluctuations close to tipping points, is seen as a promising avenue to study disease dynamics. However, the biomedical field still lacks a clear demonstration of this concept. Here, we used a well-established animal model in which initial alcohol exposure followed by deprivation and subsequent reintroduction of alcohol induces excessive alcohol drinking as an example of disease onset. Intensive longitudinal data (ILD) of rat drinking behaviour and locomotor activity were acquired by a fully automated drinkometer device over 14 weeks. Dynamical characteristics of ILD were extracted using a multi-scale computational approach. Our analysis shows a transition into addictive behaviour preceded by early-warning signals such as instability of drinking patterns and locomotor circadian rhythms, and a resultant increase in low frequency, ultradian rhythms during the first week of deprivation. We find evidence that during prolonged deprivation, a critical transition takes place pushing the system to excessive alcohol consumption. This study provides an adaptable framework for processing ILD from clinical studies and for examining disease dynamics and early-warning signals in the biomedical field.
Data from: How do predators generalize warning signals in simple and complex prey communities? Insights from a videogame
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